Ifs

Question 1

What is evidence-based practice (EBP) in physical therapy?

Answer 1

EBP is the careful use of the best current evidence to make decisions about patient care.

EBP combines clinical expertise with research evidence to provide scientifically supported treatments.

Question 2

Why is EBP important in physical therapy?

Answer 2

EBP helps move from traditional knowledge to scientifically valid methods and ensures treatments are tailored to patient needs.

It promotes patient-centered care by using the latest research.

Question 3

How does EBP begin in physical therapy?

Answer 3

Start with a specific clinical question related to the patient’s issue.

Followed by searching for and appraising relevant research.

Question 4

Why is it important to look at physical therapy practice from multiple perspectives?

Answer 4

To avoid variations and errors that could harm patients and to understand the impact on healthcare costs and access.

Cognitive biases can mislead clinical decisions, making EBP essential.

Question 5

What are common biases that can impact clinical decision-making?

Answer 5

Common biases include:
* Ascertainment Bias
* Confirmation Bias
* Recency Effect
* Representativeness Bias
* Value Bias

These biases can distort clinical judgments.

Question 6

How can clinicians reduce bias in their practice?

Answer 6

By relying on high-quality evidence consistently.

This helps to counteract biases in clinical decision-making.

Question 7

What is a hierarchy of evidence?

Answer 7

A hierarchy of evidence organizes evidence by reliability and ability to minimize bias.

Systematic reviews are at the top, while animal studies are at the bottom.

Question 8

Why are evidence hierarchies useful in physical therapy?

Answer 8

They help clinicians quickly understand the potential bias level in studies.

However, reliability varies across systems.

Question 9

What makes good evidence in physical therapy?

Answer 9

Good evidence should have:
* Relevance
* Patient Similarity
* Consistency with Practice
* Peer-Reviewed Source

Peer-reviewed studies are generally more reliable.

Question 10

Why does the American Physical Therapy Association (APTA) emphasize EBP?

Answer 10

EBP is central to APTA’s goal of making PTs the preferred healthcare providers and ensures high-quality care.

It optimizes outcomes and aligns with patient-centered values.

Question 11

Why is it important to synthesize and analyze data from multiple sources?

Answer 11

It provides comprehensive insight and focuses on quality human studies for clinical decisions.

Using diverse data sources helps create a full picture.

Question 12

What are limitations of evidence hierarchies, and how can clinicians ensure accuracy?

Answer 12

Limitations include variability in reliability across hierarchies. Clinicians should conduct their own evaluations of each study.

This confirms quality and applicability.

Question 13

What are the three main types of research designs?

Answer 13

The three main types are:
* Quantitative Research
* Qualitative Research
* Mixed Methods Research

Each type serves different research purposes.

Question 14

What is quantitative research?

Answer 14

Quantitative research uses empirical data in numerical form to measure and analyze phenomena.

Examples include blood pressure and range of motion.

Question 15

What types of quantitative designs exist?

Answer 15

Types of quantitative designs include:
* Experimental Design
* Non-Experimental (Quasi-Experimental) Design

Experimental design explores cause-and-effect relationships.

Question 16

What is qualitative research?

Answer 16

Qualitative research explores the ‘why’ and ‘how’ of a phenomenon, focusing on participants’ experiences and perceptions.

Data examples include participant testimonies and narratives.

Question 17

What are common qualitative study methods?

Answer 17

Common methods include:
* Case Studies
* Narrative Discourse
* Ethnography
* Phenomenology
* Grounded Theory

These methods explore different aspects of participant experiences.

Question 18

What is mixed methods research?

Answer 18

Mixed methods research combines quantitative and qualitative methods to provide a fuller understanding of a topic.

It offers a more complete perspective but requires more resources.

Question 19

What is the goal of literature searches in physical therapy?

Answer 19

The goal is to efficiently find relevant research articles for evidence-based practice.

Libraries often provide specialized databases for this purpose.

Question 20

What is the difference between databases and search engines?

Answer 20

Databases are organized collections with focused content, while search engines match keywords across the web.

Example databases include PubMed for health sciences.

Question 21

What are some key databases for physical therapy research?

Answer 21

Key databases include:
* PubMed
* ProQuest
* PEDro
* Cochrane Database
* CINAHL
* Gale Power Search

These databases provide targeted resources for physical therapy.

Question 22

What is the significance of using PubMed Clinical Queries?

Answer 22

PubMed Clinical Queries is designed to help clinicians quickly find high-quality evidence.

It categorizes searches by therapy, prognosis, and diagnosis.

Question 23

What are the key components of a PICO question?

Answer 23

The components of a PICO question are:
* P: Patient or Problem
* I: Intervention
* C: Comparison Intervention
* O: Outcome

PICO questions guide clinical decision-making.

Question 24

What is a foreground question in research?

Answer 24

A foreground question provides specific knowledge for clinical decisions about a patient with a specific condition.

It contrasts with background questions that seek general knowledge.

Question 25

What are the two parts of a background question?

Answer 25

The two parts are: * A question word with a verb * A condition, diagnosis, test, or intervention ## Footnote Example: 'What are the best exercises for shoulder pain?'

Question 26

What does the 'P' in a PICO question refer to?

Answer 26

'P' refers to the Population or Patient and their Problem or condition. ## Footnote It is the first step in formulating a PICO question.

Question 27

What does the 'I' in a PICO question stand for?

Answer 27

'I' stands for Intervention, the treatment or approach being studied. ## Footnote It is essential for defining the focus of the question.

Question 28

What does the 'C' in a PICO question represent?

Answer 28

'C' stands for Comparison Intervention or Control group, which is what the intervention is being compared to. ## Footnote This helps clarify the context of the intervention.

Question 29

What does the 'O' in a PICO question refer to?

Answer 29

'O' refers to the Outcome, the result being measured, such as improvement in a patient's condition or function. ## Footnote It is critical for assessing the effectiveness of the intervention.

Question 30

Provide an example of a PICO question based on elderly people with shoulder injuries.

Answer 30

'In elderly patients with shoulder injuries, are stretching exercises or resistance exercises more effective for increasing mobility and movement?' ## Footnote This question illustrates the PICO format.

Question 31

What are some keywords you would use for a literature search based on the PICO question about elderly people with shoulder injuries?

Answer 31

Keywords would include: * elderly * shoulder injury * stretching exercises * resistance exercises * mobility * movement ## Footnote Identifying keywords helps narrow down literature searches.

Question 32

What is the significance of identifying keywords when performing a literature search?

Answer 32

Identifying keywords helps narrow down the search and ensures that the literature found is relevant. ## Footnote This improves the efficiency of the literature search process.

Question 33

Provide an example of a PICO question based on elderly people with shoulder injuries.

Answer 33

In elderly patients with shoulder injuries, are stretching exercises or resistance exercises more effective for increasing mobility and movement? ## Footnote PICO stands for Population, Intervention, Comparison, Outcome.

Question 34

What are some keywords you would use for a literature search based on the PICO question about elderly people with shoulder injuries?

Answer 34

Keywords would include: * elderly * shoulder injury * stretching exercises * resistance exercises * mobility * movement ## Footnote Keywords help streamline the literature search process.

Question 35

What is the significance of identifying keywords when performing a literature search?

Answer 35

Identifying keywords helps narrow down the search and ensures that the literature found is directly relevant to the research question. ## Footnote This improves search efficiency and effectiveness.

Question 36

In the scenario about elderly individuals with shoulder injuries, what would be a comparison treatment for stretching exercises?

Answer 36

A comparison treatment could be resistance exercises. ## Footnote This allows for evaluating the effectiveness of stretching exercises against a control.

Question 37

What is the main outcome you're looking to improve in the elderly shoulder injury scenario?

Answer 37

The main outcome is improving mobility and movement in the shoulder. ## Footnote This reflects the primary goal of the interventions.

Question 38

In the second case scenario involving elderly individuals cooking for themselves, what is the intervention being compared to?

Answer 38

The intervention being compared to is a stand-alone educational program about nutrition (brochures or handouts). ## Footnote This helps assess the effectiveness of the educational program.

Question 39

In the case scenario about early intervention for children with severe disabilities, what is the primary intervention being studied?

Answer 39

The intervention being studied is the inter-professional collaborative practice protocol (IPCP). ## Footnote IPCP aims to enhance service delivery through teamwork.

Question 40

In the same case scenario, what is the comparison treatment for the IPCP protocol?

Answer 40

The comparison treatment is the traditional, less collaborative, multidisciplinary intervention model. ## Footnote This allows for evaluating the benefits of IPCP.

Question 41

For the case scenario with elderly adults with balance and cognitive deficits, what is the research question you could develop?

Answer 41

What are effective rehabilitation interventions for elderly adults with balance and cognitive deficits experiencing falls? ## Footnote This question addresses the specific needs of the target population.

Question 42

In the final scenario about elderly adults with balance and cognitive deficits, which two interventions are being compared in the PICO question?

Answer 42

The two interventions being compared are dual task training and balance exercise interventions. ## Footnote This comparison aims to identify which intervention is more effective.

Question 43

How do you refine your PICO question if the initial search doesn't provide relevant results?

Answer 43

You can rework the PICO elements or adjust your search terms to refine the question. ## Footnote This may involve narrowing or broadening specific terms.

Question 44

What is the purpose of a background question in developing a literature search?

Answer 44

A background question is used to gather general information on a condition or intervention before narrowing down the focus for a more specific PICO question. ## Footnote This helps build a foundational understanding for further research.