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Instrument Rating Knowledge > IFR Licencing > Flashcards

IFR Licencing Flashcards

1
Q

What are the privileges of ME instrument rating?

A
  1. Allows operations under the IFR and under night VFR in single or multi aeroplane
  2. Can only fly single pilot if you have passed a flight test or had an IPC single pilot
  3. Not multi engine centreline thrust without design feature endorsement
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2
Q

Proficiency check (IPC) requirements

A
  1. IPC every 12 months
  2. Expires at the end of the month in 12 months time
  3. Can renew within 3 months of expiry to have it extended by 12 months
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3
Q

IFR approach currency requirements

A

To fly IFR you need to have done

  1. 3 instrument approaches in the last 90 days
  2. 1 of these needs to be in the same category (aeroplane)
  3. To fly 2D approach, must have 1 in last 90 days
  4. To fly 3D approach, must have 1 in last 90 days
  5. To fly azimuth approach, must have 1 in last 90 days
  6. To fly CDI approach, must have 1 in last 90 days
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4
Q

Requirements to perform a circling approach

A

You must have flown a circling approach in your recent flight test (last 12 months) or last IPC

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5
Q

Requirements to fly single pilot IFR

A

1 flight of at least 1 hour with 1 instrument approach in the last 6 months (real or simulated)

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6
Q

Passenger carrying recency requirements

A

Day - 3 take offs and landings in the last 90 days

Night - 3 take offs and landings at night in last 90 days

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7
Q

Night recency requirements

A
  1. Only for passenger carrying
  2. Night VFR recency. 1 take off / landing in last 6 months
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8
Q

What are restrictions on operating under night VFR

A
  1. Must remain in VMC
  2. Cannot operate single engine CHTR passenger carrying (CAR 174B)
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9
Q

Aircraft Instrument requirements for IFR

PVT/AWK/CHTR no PAX

A
  1. Airspeed Indicator
  2. Altimeter
  3. Compass
  4. Clock (can be pilot watch)
  5. Artificial Horizon
  6. Turn/Slip/turn coordinator
  7. Directional Gyro
  8. VSI (not required for Night VFR)
  9. Power indicator for Gyro instruments
  10. OAT
  11. Pitot Heat (not required for Night VFR)

NOTES:

  • Timepiece shows hours/minutes/seconds
  • Second AH can substitute Turn (slip still required)
  • Pressure instruments either alternate static or balanced pair of static ports
  • Duplicate power for gyros unless turn/slip has different power source than AH/DG
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10
Q

Additional Aircraft Instrument requirements for IFR CHTR with PAX

A
  1. Second AH
  2. Second Altimeter

NOTE

  • Timepiece now cannot be pilot watch
  • Third AH can substitute Turn (slip still required)
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11
Q

Radio requirements for IFR

A
  1. 1 x VHF, plus 1 x HF if cannot maintain radio communication with VHF (PCA chart)

AIP GEN 1.5

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12
Q

Navigation aid requirements for IFR

A

RPT/CHTR
1 x GNSS (any) + 1 ADF/VOR
OR 2 x GNSS (TSO-C145/146/196)

PVT/AWK

1 x GNSS (TSO-C129) + 1 ADF/VOR
OR 1 x GNSS (TSO-C145/146/196)

AIP GEN 1.5

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13
Q

Lighting requirements for IFR

A

Required when flying at night or por visibility

  1. Navigation lights red(left), green(right), white(tail)
  2. Anti collision light
  3. Landing light - 2 with PAX
  4. Instrumentation lights
    Dimmable
    2 x power sources
  5. Passenger compartment lights
  6. Pilot compartment lights for docs and maps
  7. Shock proof electric torch per crew member

CAO 20.18

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14
Q

What are autopilot requirements for IFR?

A

Required in RPT/CHTR/Air Ambulance/RFDS

Must be 2 axis with heading and alt hold

Not required if dual control with suitably qualified co-pilot

In CHTR/AWK can fly without for up to 3 days

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15
Q

What are altitude indicating equipment requirements?

A
  1. Must have assigned altitude indicator in CTA
  2. Above FL150 must have altitude alterting system
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16
Q

What are takoff minima for IFR flights?

(not qualifying aircraft)

A
  1. 300ft and 2km VIS for cat A/B
  2. Must consider requirement to return with engine failure for multi engine. Then require minima of instrument approach
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17
Q

What are the requirements for an alternate?

A

“Alternates Could Very Well Prove Life Savers”

Aids (ENR 1.1 11.7.3)
PVT/AWK - 1 instrument approach
CHTR/RPT - must be able to suffer failure of an aid
If no instrument approach and by day - no alternate required if no more than SCT below LSALT + 500ft and 8KM VIS

Cloud
No more than SCT below alternate minima
Alternate minima = IAP or
LSALT + 500 / 8KM VIS for no approach

Visibility
Not less than alternate minima

Wind
Xwind or tailwind > max for aircraft

Prob/Provisional
Provisional or NO TAF = alternate
Prob 30/40 considered

Lighting (ENR 1.1 11.7.4)
If portable lighting needs to be responsible person
If no standby power
If PAL needs to be responsible person

Storms

Thunderstorms = Alternate

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18
Q

What are the lighting requirements for an aerodrome?
AND
when does it need to be available at night?

A
  1. Threshold lighting
  2. Runway Edge lighting
  3. Wind Direction Indicator lighting
  4. Obstacle lighting

Departure: 10 minutes before to 30 minutes after
Arrival: 30 minutes before ETA until taxi and landing complete

AIP ENR 1.1 11.8

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19
Q

IFR procedures in class A/C/D/E/G?

A

Class A - IFR only
Class C - clearance required. Separation provided from IFR/Special VFR/VFR
Class D - clearance required. Separation provided from IFR/Special VFR. Traffic provided for VFR
Class E - clearance required. Separation provided from

Class G - No separation provided, but need to request traffic before changing track/level

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20
Q

Can an alternate due lighting be PAL?

A

Yes, Alternate can have PAL if your aircraft has

  • Dual VHF OR
  • VHF + HF and 30 minutes holding fuel
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21
Q

What is the list of 2D approaches?

A

Non Precision Approaches (NPA)

  • *DGA (DME GNSS Arrival)**
  • Must use ground aid for tracking
  • GNSS can be used for distance
  • Can manouver in sector until FAF

VOR

NDB

LOC

LNAV

LNAV+V
Still responsible for altitude steps

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22
Q

What is the list of 3D approaches

A

Precision Approach

ILS

Approach with Vertical Guidance (APV)

LNAV/VNAV
- Requires Temp/QNH entered

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23
Q

What takes priority - MSA or LSALT of the route?

A

Can descend to MSA if it is lower once within 25nm

If LSALT is lower, you can use the lower altitude if you stay on the route.

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24
Q

When can you descend below LSALT/MSA?

A
  1. On an instrument approach
  2. Visual approach
25
Q

What are the requirements for a visual approach during the day?

A
  1. Within 30nm
  2. Clear of cloud
  3. In sight of ground/water
  4. Visibility >= 5km
  5. above minimum height AGL requirements
26
Q

What are the requirements for a visual approach at night?

A
  1. Clear of cloud
  2. In sight of ground / water
  3. Visibility >= 5km
  4. Within circling area
  5. within 5nm of a PAPI/T-VASIS
    (7nm with an ILS)
  6. within 10nm not below glideslope on an ILS
27
Q

What is PBN (performance based navigation)?

A

Framework for implementing area navigation via GNSS

OR

PBN is area navigation based on performance requirements for aircraft operating along an ATS route, in an instrument approach or in designated airspace

28
Q

What is the difference betwee TSO-c129 and TSO-c145/146?

A

TSO-c129

  • non WAAS
  • provides FD

TSO-c145/146

  • WAAS
  • provides FDE
29
Q

What are the ADS-B requirements for IFR?

A

ADS-B required - via extended squitter on 1090MhZ via Mode S transponder

TSO-C129 GPS not capable so not suitable unless ADS-B available otherwise

30
Q

How many satellites required for GNSS?

A

4 for a position

5 for FD

6 for FDE

Reduce by 1 with baro aiding

31
Q

What are the navigation requirements of ATS routes/STAR-SID/Approaches?

A

ATS routes - RNP2

STAR/SID - RNP1

Approach - RNP APCH (0.3)

Approach required for RNP AR APCH

32
Q

Difference between RNAV/RNP

A

RNAV - area navigation. No requirement for error detection

RNP - Required Navigation performance - error detection

RAIM = Receiver Autonomous Integrity Monitoring

33
Q

What do the numbers mean in RNAV 1 / RNP 2 etc

A

Tolerance to be achieved 95% of the time.

RNP - withing 2 x range 99.9999% of the time

34
Q

How is LSALT calculated on the ERC/TAC?

A

LSALT for RNP2 = 5nm around track

35
Q

Circling - how is the circling area calculated?

A

An arc drawn from the end of each useable runway and joined by tangents.

Cat A - 1.68nm

Cat B - 2.66nm

36
Q

Circling - when can you descend below MDA?

A
  • When within the circling area
  • can maintain the required visibility along the intended flight path
  • maintain visual contact with the landing runway environment
  • In day VMC - maintain obstacle clearance until final (300ft Cat A/B)
  • In night/day Non VMC - intercept standard descent profile
37
Q

Circling - When does no cicling area not apply

A

When in day VMC no circling area does not apply

38
Q

Circling - how do you initiate a missed approach?

A

Initially make a climbing turn towards the landing runway and overhead where you can then establish the aircraft climbing on the missed approach track.

39
Q

When must you initiate a missed approach

A
  • During the final segment of the IAP you go out of tolerance of the aid
  • During an IAP and melow MSA the performance of the aid becomes suspect
  • Visual reference is not established at or before the MAPT or DA
  • A landing cannot be effected from a runway approach unless a circling approach can be done
  • visual reference is lost during a circling approach
40
Q

What defines visual reference for a runway or circling approach?

A
  • Runway threshold or approach lights or identifiable markings and

For Circling - clear of cloud, in sight of ground/water, and flight visibility not less than circling
For Runway - visibility not less than that specified

AIP ENR 1.5 1.10.1

41
Q

Adverse Weather: What to do in case of turbulence

A

Reduce speed to Va (higher weight, higher Va)
Va is the manouvering speed which is maximum speed at which full inputs will not cause stress to the aircraft - it will stall first.

In PA44, 112kt - 135kt. 127kt in the training configuration

42
Q

Adverse weather: Icing

A
  • Below freezing in visibile moisture
  • Cannot plan to be in icing without deicing equipment (CAR238)
  • Plan route with lower LSALT to allow descent into warmer air
  • Below BKN cloud, or if SCT can plan higher
  • Pilot heat on if in cloud < 5degrees

Clear ice = 0 -> -15
Rime ice = -10 -> -30

43
Q

Adverse weather: What to do when in icing?

A
  • DESCEND to LSALT
  • DIVERT to lower terrain - use grid LSALT
  • CLIMB - but you will need to descend again
44
Q

Adverse weather: Thunderstorms

A
  • Severe turbulence, icing, hail, microbursts
  • Avoid at all costs
  • If in cloud you cannot see them, fly above or below.
    Give lateral separation 10nm upwind, 30nm downwind

If in thunderstorm

  1. Slow to Va
  2. Hand fly
  3. Avoid turns
45
Q

Emergency Procedures: Radio Failure

A
  • Squawk 7600
  • Continue transmitting with ‘TRANSMITTING BLIND’

In VMC/Class G
- Remain in VMC and land at nearest aerodrome

In IMC

  • Climb to LSALT or higher
  • If altitude restriction, maintain for 3 minutes
  • If clearance limit, hold for 3 minutes
  • If holding, fly 1 more holding pattern
  • If vectored, maintain for 2 minutes
  • Proceed with cleared route at planned level
  • Proceed with flight plan
  • At destination use most suitable instrument approach
  • Track to IAF once inside 25nm MSA
  • Use light/modulated aids for landing at towered aerodrome
46
Q

Emergency Procedures: Total Comm/Nav failure

A

In VMC/Class G
- Remain in VMC and land at nearest aerodrome

In IMC

  • Climb to LSALT
  • Establish visual navigation
  • Land at suitable aerodrome
47
Q

Emergencies: GNSS

A

In CTA, notify ATC if

  • GNSS RAIM unavailable for > 5 minutes
  • GNSS in DR mode > 1 minute
  • Displacement of track of 2 nm
48
Q

Actions: GNSS issues on approach

A
  • If RAIM warning or loss of RAIM after IAF then initiate missed approach
  • After MA selected if RAIM warning disappears then can use for MA
  • If not, then alternative means or dead reckoning must be used to fly the MA
49
Q

What climb gradient, obstacle clearance does missed approach give?

A

100ft clearance at 2.5% (152 ft/nm)

50
Q

IFR planning

A
  • OCTA can plan anything, but should be 30 min / 200 nm
    CTA must be published routes.
    Also - ERSA gives textual requirement (mandatory) and common routes (advised but optional)

LSALT calculated - grid or track LSALT

51
Q

How to calcualte LSALT

A

For RNP2 - 5nm around track

52
Q

Cat A handling speeds

A

Intermediate: 90kt - 150kt
Final: 70kt - 100kt
Circling: 100kt
Missed: 110kt
Reversal: 110kt

53
Q

Cat B handling speeds

A

Intermediate: 120kt - 180kt
Final: 85kt - 130kt
Circling: 135kt
Missed: 150kt
Reversal: 140kt

54
Q

Holding speed limits

A

230kt up to FL140
170kt if only a Cat A/B approach

55
Q

Climb Gradients

A

Missed approach - 2.5%
gives 100ft of obstacle clearance

Takeoff - 6% @ Vtoss

One engine AWK/CHTR - 1% up to 5000ft

Landing Go Around - 3.2% @ 1.3 Vs

56
Q

Tracking tolerances of nav aids

A

VOR
1/2 scale deflection (full scale = 10 degrees, each dot = 2 degrees)

NDB
5 degrees

DME arc
2 nm

ILS
1/2 scale deflection
LOC = 2.5 degrees full scale
GS = 0.7 degrees full scale

57
Q

ILS minimum requirements

A

Published Cat 1 minimum except

Min visibility 1.5KM when HIAL not available

Min visibility 1.2KM unless

  • Flight director or autopilot used to minimum
  • Failure warning system for alt and head ref
  • High intensity runway edge lighting is available

Min 0.8KM
- if RVR not available

58
Q

Localiser minimum requirements

A

If HIAL not available - vis increased by 900M

Instrument Rating Knowledge (1 decks)

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