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Stage 1 Check > IFR Instruments > Flashcards

IFR Instruments Flashcards

0
Q

Instrument scanning:

2 techniques

A
  1. Control and performance:
    -control instruments are set to a desired setting (from the maneuver guid)
    -Attitude indicator set to certain pitch attitude
    -Manifold pressure is set to desired power setting
    -Tachometer is also a control instrument
    ~Performance instruments display how the helicopter is performing with the control settings
  2. Primary/supporting technique:
    -For every flight maneuver there is a primary and supporting instrument for bank, pitch and power
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1
Q

Instrument scanning techniques

3 fundamentals of instrument flying

A
  1. C-Cross check (scan) instruments
  2. I-Interpretation of instruments
  3. A-Aircraft control
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2
Q

Instrument scans

A
  1. L-Scan
    -AI/HSI/VSI plus one other instrument
  2. Bar Scan + 1 (if AI fails)
    -TC/HI/VSI plus one other instrument
  3. Inverted V scan + 1 (if AI,HSI, fails)(vacuum fail)
    -TC/MC/VSI plus one other instrument
  4. Scanning errors
    F- Fixation
    O- Omission
    E- Emphasis
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3
Q

IFR instruments required for IFR flight (FAR 91.205)

A
  • All VFR day and night (Goal, nail, matsfoolmats, and flapa)
    -Also
    G- Gyro: Attitude indicator
    G- Gyro: heading indicator
    G- Gyro: turn indicator
    I- Inclinometer
    C- Clock
    A- Altimeter
    R- Radio/navigation equipment
    A- Alternator/generator
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4
Q

Gyroscopes

A
  • Rigidity in space: once a gyro is spinning it remains fixed and resists external forces
  • Gyroscopic precession: when an external force is applied to a gyro it will react as if that force was applied at a position 90 degrees further in the direction of rotation
  • Gyros are spun up 2 ways
    1. Vacuum driven: high speed air is drawn into the instrument case. Vacuum system powered by engine driven suction pumps.
    2. Electrically: we have this system, need both to qualify for instrument flight.
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5
Q

Attitude indicator: this instrument is the foundation of all instrument flight. It provides a direct and immediate picture of pitch attitude and bank angle.

A

Foundation of IFR flight

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6
Q

Attitude indicator:

How it works

A
  • works on the principle of rigidity in space
  • self erecting gyroscope (5 min maximum)
  • spins parallel to the horizon line (vertical spin axis)
  • the gyro remains in a fixed position relative to the horizon as the helicopter rotates around it
    2 gimbals 1. Pitch information
    2. Bank information
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7
Q

Attitude indicator:

Display components

A
  • artificial horizon; remains level as the helicopter banks and pitches around it
  • miniature airplane; fixed in the case of the instrument that moves with the helicopter while the horizon bar remains level with the real horizon
  • bank angle markings; 10, 20, 30, 60, and 90 degrees. Useful for maintaining standard rate turns. Airspeed/10+half
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8
Q

Attitude indicator

Limitations

A
  1. Accelerate- indicates a climb
  2. Decelerate- indicates a decent
  3. Tumble error happens when pitch is 60-70 degrees or bank is 100-110 degrees
  4. Turns- indicates a slight climb in the opposite direction. The maximum error happens when you roll out from a 180 degree turn can be as much as 5 degrees
    - the turning error will cancel itself out if you turn a complete 360 degrees
    - preflight:
  5. Wings level
  6. No flag or red X
  7. No cracks, noises, and glass is intact
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9
Q

Heading indicator: the heading indicator is used because a magnetic compass only works when the helicopter is flying straight and Loveland in un-accelerated flight.

A
  • HI has vertical gyro and works on the principle of rigidity in space
  • Must align HI with magnetic compass every 15 minutes during straight and level flight
  • advantages tick marks reduce mental math
  • HI has a precession error- acceptable up to 3 degrees in 15 minutes
  • limitations- power failure
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10
Q

Remote indicating compass

A
  • the RIC is an advantage of the HI, which includes a magnetic sensor (flux valve) that detects magnetic direction and sends the information to the HI
  • this process is known as slaving- the heading indicator should not have to be corrected for precession since the RIC corrects for this precession
  • limitations- power failure
  • precession error only happens in free mode
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11
Q

Horizontal situation indicator; the HSI is an advancement of the RIC

A
  • HSI is a slaved HI (RIC) superimposed with VOR/ILS navigation indications
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12
Q

HSI: 5 parts

A
  1. Flux valve (magnetic sensor)- under PIC feet senses magnetic north
  2. Slave- free mode switch; located at the base of the cyclic
  3. Directional gyro- under PAX seat
  4. VHF navigation receiver- GPS GARMIN 430 brand
  5. Cockpit display- electronic instrument
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13
Q

HSI: limitations

A
  1. (HDG flag) = power failure

2. (NAV flag) = no nav signal or signal is too weak to use to navigate

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14
Q

HSI: Preflight

A
  1. Matches magnetic compass
  2. In slave mode
  3. No flags, noises, and glass is intact
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15
Q

Turn indicators:

A
  • function is to show rate of turn
  • works off precession
  • two types of turn indicators
    1. Turn and slip indicator- shows rate of turn only
    2. Turn coordinator- shows rate and roll
  • both indicators have a horizontal gimbal axis but the turn coordinator (TC) gimbal is angled up to 30 degrees, this is what allows the TC to show rate of turn and rate of roll
16
Q

Inclinometer: shows quality of turn and direction of g-forces, Gravity and centrifugal force moves the ball.

A
  • only yaw indicator
  • shows a skid or slip:
    1. Skid (skidding turn)- the ball is on the outside of the turn
    2. Slip (slipping turn)- the ball is on the inside of the turn
    3. Step on the ball
17
Q

Turn indicators/inclinometer:

Limitations and preflight

A 
Limitations:
1. Turn indicator shows rate of turn only
2. Susceptible to power failure
Preflight:
1. No cracks
2. No flags
3. Wings level
4. Ball is at lowest point and full of fluid
18
Q

Other instruments

A

Power indicators:

  1. Manifold pressure gauge:
    - measures the power in the intake manifold
    - measures the power the gauge is producing
  2. Tachometer:
    - engine sensor is located on the right of the magneto
    - rotor sensor located between flex coupling and MR transmission
    - engine gauges
19
Q

Magnetic compass

A

V- variation= difference between true and magnetic north
D- deviation= interference from electronic fields in the aircraft
M- magnetic dip= earths magnetic fields pull compass bar and magnet down and out
O- oscillation= fluid dampens the movement of the compass
N- northerly turning error- pilot must undershoot north and overshoot south
A- acceleration/deceleration error= ANDS on east and west headings if you accelerate compass will point towards the north, if you decelerate compass will point towards the south (does this because of weight)

20
Q

Clock

A

It’s required to either have a sweep second pointer or digital seconds representation is on board (H:M:S)

21
Q

Pitot static system

A 
Pitot air
Static air
Airspeed indicator:
- diaphragm measures ram air vs. static air
Limitations:
- position error; 
- will not work if pitot or static port is blocked
Preflight:
-pitot and static port clear
- airspeed indicator should read zero
- glass is intact
22
Q

Altimeter

A
  • aneroid wafers are sealed at standard pressure
  • kohlsman window (sensitive altimeter which is required for IFR)
  • gives either true (if adjusted correctly) or pressure altitude
    Limitations:
  • when below 18,000 it must be adjusted often, errors based on temperature change
  • will not work if static port is blocked
    Preflight:
  • static port open
  • within 75ft of field elevation
  • glass is intact
23
Q

Vertical speed indicator (VSI)

A

-shows rate of climb or descent
- has metered link
- 6-9 second delay in equalizing pressure
1. Trend indicator
Limitations:
- will bounce in rough air
- will not work if static port is blocked
Preflight:
- VSI is 0 (if not use deviation as 0 in flight)
- no cracks
- static port is open

Stage 1 Check (3 decks)

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