IFR Flashcards
Categorical Outlooks
VFR: 3000ft / >5sm
MVFR: 1000-3000ft / 3-5sm
IFR: 500-1000ft / 1-3sm
LIFR: <500ft / <1sm
Required IFR Equipment
§91.205 - GRABCARDN
Generator/Alternator
Radio, Nav+Com
Altimeter, sensitive and adjustable
Balls, slip/skid indicator
Clock, hrs/min/sec
Attitide Indicator
Rate of Turn Coordinator
Directional Gyro
Navigational Equipment for route to be flown
Needs to be reported to ATC
MARVELOUS VFR 500
Missed approach
Aairspeed changes +/-10kts | 5% TAS
Reaching holding fix or clearance limit
Vacating Altitude
ETA changes +/- 3mins
Leaving holding fix or clearance limit
Outer Marker
Unforcasted Weather
Safety of Flight
VFR on top altitude change
Final Approach Fix (FAF)
Radio or Navigation Failure
500 ft/min unable to climb/descent
Malfunction Report
§91.187 - NEDD
Number (Tailnumber)
Equipment Affected
Degree of Impairment/Affection
Desired Assistance
Magnetic Compass Errors
Dip Error - ANDS
Accelerate
North
Decelerate
South
CoG Offset Error - UNOS
Undershoot
North
Overshoot
South
VOR Checks
§91.171 - VODGA
VOT: CDI Centered, OBS 360 FROM / 180 TO
Own: 20NM, Airway, prominent ground point
Dual: same VOR, Bearing difference less than 4°
Ground (+/-4°)
Airborne (+/-6°)
Aircraft Log (VOR Check)
DPES
Date
Place
Error
Signature
Holding Clearance
DFRATE
Direction
Fix
Radial
Aaltitude
Turns
EFC
Alternate Airport/Weather Minima
ETA + 1hr
400ft above lowest appl. approach minima
2 sm visibility
1000ft ceiling
1 sm visibility
200ft above approach being flown
IFR Communications (Position Reports)
IPTATEN
Identification
Position
Time (UTC)
Altitude
Type of aircraft (VFR/IFR)
ETA of next fix
Next fix
Communication Failure (IFR)
Route - AVEF
Assigned
Vectored
Expected
Filed
Altitude (highest) - AME
Assigned
MEA
Expected
Safety Pilot
§91.109
- min PVT pilot in category and class
- adequate vision to all sides
- dual controls
IPC, who can do it
§61.57 (d) Instrument Proficiency Check
- Examiner
- person authorized by U.S. Armed Forces
- Company Check Pilot
- Authorized Instructor
- person approved by Administrator
Spatial Disorientation
SLICES
Somatographic - acceleration, nose up
Leans - aprupt correction
Inversion - sudden level off - tumbling backwards
Coriolis - head movement in turn
Elevator - turbulences
Spirals/Spins - prolonged turn/graveyard spiral
Illusions other than SLICES
Autokinesis - stat. object appears to be moving
False Horizon - night, shoreline/street
Sloping runways - upslope feels like far away
Runway width - narrow feels like far away
Empty Field Myopia - artificial nearsightedness
Fundamentals of Instrument Flying
Instrument Cross-check - Radial/Rectangular Scan
Instrument Interpretation
Aircraft Control - result of accurately interpreting instruments. Control and Performance
Errors of Scanning
Fixation
Emphasis
Omission
Aircraft Control (2 Types)
Primary and Supporting
Control and Performance
Initiate with control instruments, monitor with performance
Control: Attitude, MAP, Tach
Performance: ASI, ALT, VSI, DG, Slip/Skip
Attitude Indicator
(gimbals, axis, principle, errors)
double gimbals - vertical axis
Rigidity in space
Acceleration -> nose high
Turning Error -> slight climb, opposite roll (after 180 steep)
Directional Gyro
(gimbals, axis, principle, errors)
double gimbals - horizontal axis
Rigidity in space
15°/hr -> FREE/SLAVE mode
Flux Gate Compass
Turn Coordinator
(gimbals, axis, principle)
single gimbal - hor. Axis
gyroscopic precession
Limitations of VOR Stations
Cone of Confusion
Zone of Ambiguity
Line of Sight
Reverse Sensing
GNSS - Countries and Numbers
GPS (US) - 24
Glonass (Russia) - 24
Galileo (Europe) - 30
Bei Dou (China) - 30
GNSS - Operation/TSO
Global Navigation Satellite System
Trilateration
4 for 4 dimensions (Long, Lat, Alt, Time)
WGS-84
TSO-C129/ C145,146 (Technical Standard Order)
