ied Flashcards
(410 cards)
1
Q
The foundation of British empire in India was laid by which battle
A
Battle of Plassey
2
Q
Battle of Plassey was fought in which year
A
1757 
3
Q
How is Indian economy described before the advent of British rule
A
Prosperous, agrarian, well-known handicraft industry 
4
Q
Name the experts who estimated national income and per capita income during colonial period
A
Dadabhai Naoroji, William Digby, Findlay Shirras, VKRV Rao, RC Desai
5
Q
Who is estimates were considered significant in the calculation of per capita and national income
A
VKRV Rao
6
Q
In the first half of 20th century what were the estimates for national income and per capita income
A
7
Q
What was the main reason for stagnation in agricultural sector during colonial times
A
Land settlement system, commercialisation of agriculture, low level of productivity, scarcity of investment 
8
Q
Profits accruing out of agricultural sector went to the mean about in the form of?
A
lagaan
9
Q
Name to cash crops which were produced as the commercialisation of agriculture increased
A
Cotton and jute
10
Q
Under commercialisation of agriculture, British rule promoter shifting of _____ crops to ____ crops
A
food, cash
11
Q
What resulted in low level of productivity in agriculture
A
Lack of irrigation facilities, negligible use of fertilisers, low levels of technology
12
Q
In which fields was agriculture facing scarcity of investment?
A
Terracing, flood control and drainage
13
Q
Due to partition, a sizeable portion of the undivided country’s highly irrigated and fertile land went to Pakistan. This caused a setback to which industry? 
A
Jute producing industry
14
Q
What were the reasons for poor state of industrial sector during colonial period
A
Deindustrialisation, adverse effects of decline of handicraft industry, lack of capital goods industry, low contribution to GDP, limited role of public sector
15
Q
How did the British government systematically de-industrialise the handicraft industry
A
To get raw materials from India at cheap rates and sell finished products of British industries in India at higher prices
16
Q
What were the adverse effects of decline of handicraft industry
A
High level of unemployment, import of finished goods
17
Q
The displaced artisans took up which livelihood what was the adverse effect of this
A
Agriculture, overcrowding in agriculture
18
Q
______ Refer to those industries which can produce machine tools, which are, in turn, used for producing articles for current consumption
A
capital goods industry
19
Q
Where were the cotton textile mills located
A
Maharashtra and Gujarat
20
Q
Where were the jute mills located
A
Bengal
21
Q
Tata iron and steel company was set up in which state in which year
A
Jamshedpur Bihar-1907
22
Q
What was the state of India’s foreign trade during British rule
A
Exporter of primary products and importer of finished goods, monopoly control of British rule, drain of Indian wealth during British rule
23
Q
More than half of India’s trade was restricted to Britain while the rest was allowed to few countries like?
A
China, Ceylon, Persia 
24
Q
When was the Suez Canal opened
A
1869
25
When was the first official census conducted
1881
26
Which year is known as the year of great divide
1921
27
India transitioned from which stage to which stage after 1921
1st to 2nd
28
Demographic condition during colonial time is characterised by?
High birthrate and death rate, extremely low literacy rate, poor health facilities, high infant mortality rate, low life expectancy, widespread poverty
29
What was the birth rate and death rate during colonial times
48 and 40 per thousand respectively
30
What was the literacy level and female literacy level
16 and 7
31
What was the infant mortality rate
218
32
What was the life expectancy
44 years
33
What was the occupational structure like
75% of workforce was occupied in agriculture.
| 
34
Which states witnessed a decline in dependence of workforce on the agriculture sector
Tamil Nadu Andhra Pradesh, Kerala, Karnataka, Maharashtra, West Bengal
35
Which states witnessed an increase in share of workforce in agriculture
Odisha, Rajasthan, Punjab
36
What was the state of roads during colonial period
Roads were built to mobilise the army and shift raw materials.
There always remained an acute shortage of all-weather roads.

37
Most important contribution of the British rule in infrastructure was?
Railways established in 1850
38
How were the railways helpful
Enabling people to undertake long-distance travel, promoted national integration, enhanced commercialisation of Indian agriculture
39
Which canal was abandoned due to huge cost
Coast Canal on Odisha coast
40
Introduction of the expensive system of electric telegraph in India was done for?
Maintaining law and order
41
List some of the positive contributions of British rule
Self-sufficiency in food grain production, better means of transport, check on famines, shift to monetary economy, effective administrative set up 
42
In which economy the means of production are owned and controlled and operated by the private sector
Capital list economy
43
Under the capitalist economy how are the central problem solved
What to produce: under this system, only goods that are profitable in the market are produced
How to produce: Cheaper techniques of production are used, either capital intensive or labour-intensive
For whom to produce: goods are distributed among people on the basis of their income/purchasing power
44
Under which economy means of production are owned and controlled and operated only by the government
Socialist economy
45
Under a socialistic economy how are the central problem solved?
What to produce: government decides what to produce
How to produce: government decides how goods will be produced
For whom to produce: based on people’s needs and not what they can purchase
46
In which system the public sector and private sector are allotted their respective roles for solving the central problems of the economy?
Mixed economy
46
In which system the public sector and private sector are allotted their respective roles for solving the central problems of the economy?
Mixed economy
46
In which system the public sector and private sector are allotted their respective roles for solving the central problems of the economy?
Mixed economy
47
In which system the public sector and private sector are allotted their respective roles for solving the central problems of the economy?
mixed economy
48
In which system the public sector and private sector are allotted their respective roles for solving the central problems of the economy?
mixed economy
49
In which system the public sector and private sector are allotted their respective roles for solving the central problems of the economy?
mixed economy
49
In which system the public sector and private sector are allotted their respective roles for solving the central problems of the economy?
mixed economy
49
In which system the public sector and private sector are allotted their respective roles for solving the central problems of the economy?
mixed economy
49
In which system the public sector and private sector are allotted their respective roles for solving the central problems of the economy?
mixed economy
50
In which system the public sector and private sector are allotted their respective roles for solving the central problems of the economy?
mixed economy
50
In which system the public sector and private sector are allotted their respective roles for solving the central problems of the economy?
mixed economy
50
In which system the public sector and private sector are allotted their respective roles for solving the central problems of the economy?
mixed economy
50
In which system the public sector and private sector are allotted their respective roles for solving the central problems of the economy?
mixed economy
51
In which year was the industrial policy resolution formed
1948
52
In which year was planning commission set up
1950
53
Who was the chairman of the planning commission
Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru
54
What is to be achieved over a period of 20 years is called which plan
Perspective plan
55
When was the first five year plan launched
1 April 1951
56
What are the goals of five-year plans
Growth, equity, modernisation, self-reliance
57
Increase in the country’s capacity to produce the output of goods and services within the country is known as
Growth
58
What is the indicator of economic growth called
Gross domestic product
59
What two aspects does modernisation include?
Adoption of new technology and change in social outlook
60
Overcoming the need of external assistance is called
Self-reliance
61
Self-reliance aims at?
To reduce foreign dependence for food and avoid foreign interference in policies
62
Which concept states that every person should be able to meet their basic needs and inequality in the distribution of wealth should be reduced
Equity
63
What does equity aim at?
To raise the standard of living for all people and promote social justice
64
What were the problems of agriculture from 1950 to 1990
Low productivity, disguised unemployment, high dependency on rainfall, subsistence farming, outdated technology, conflict between tenant and landlord
65
What two policies were adopted for growth of agriculture
Land reforms and green revolution
66
Change in the ownership of land holdings is called
land reforms
67
What were some of the steps taken in land reforms
Abolition of intermediaries, land ceiling
68
Why was the goal of equity not fully served by abolition of intermediaries
Former zamindars continue to own large areas of land by finding loopholes in the legislation
Tenants Were evicted and Zamindars claimed to be self cultivators

69
Fixing a specified limit of land which would be owned by an individual is called
Land ceiling
70
What was the purpose of land ceiling
To reduce the concentration of land ownership in few hands
71
In which two states were land reforms successful
Kerala and West Bengal
72
When was Green Revolution strategy adopted
Third plan
73
Large increase in production of food grains due to use of high yielding variety seeds is called
Green Revolution
74
From mid-sixties to mid-70s which states benefited from high yielding variety seeds the most
Andhra Pradesh, Punjab, Tamil Nadu
75
What were the benefits of green Revolution
Attaining marketable surplus, buffer stock of food grains, benefit to lower income groups
76
What are the risks involved under Green Revolution
Risk of pest attack and rise of rise in income inequalities
77
How did the government ensure that the risks did not come true
By providing loans at a lower interest to small farmers
78
Arguments in favour of subsidies are
79
Arguments against subsidy are
80
What was the need to develop public sector in industrial development
Shortage of capital with private sector, lack of incentive for private sector, objective of social welfare
81
When did the industrial policy resolution come into existence
1956
82
How many categories were the industries classified into according to the industry policy resolution
Three
83
How many industries were included in schedule A what were these industries
Schedule a included industries which would be exclusively owned by the state, 17 industries were included in this
84
Schedule be included what industries how many industries were there
12 industries were placed. These are progressively state-owned. The state would take initiative of setting up industries and private sector would supplement efforts of the states
85
Schedule C included how many industries. What were these industries?
all the remaining industries. The state would facilitate and courage the development of these industries but they were to be set up by private sector
86
How are the private sector industries regulated
Through a system of licences in enforced under industries (development and regulation) act 1951
87
What was the license required for?
Diversification of products, setting up of new industries, expansion of existing ones
88
The village and small-scale industries committee was also called?
89
The village and small-scale industries committee was also called?
in which year did the karve committee recognise the possibility of using small scale industries to promote rural development?
what is the present limit for maximum investment in small-scale industry
small-scale industries help in?
how does the government ensure that the small-scale industries are protected from big firms?
what policy was being used in foreign trade in the 1950s
The policy of import substitution was used for how many plans
The policy of replacement or substitution of imports by domestic production is called
which two ways were used to protect the goods produced in India
Who is known as the architect of Indian planning
PC Mahalanobis
which plan was based on the ideas laid down by PC Mahalanobis
Second plan
what were the reasons for economic reforms
```
poor performance of public sector
deficit in balance of payments
Fall in foreign exchange reserves
inflationary pressures
huge burden of debt
inefficient management
```
which two institutions did the Indian government approach during the crisis of 1991
another name for World Bank is
what was the loan amount granted to India during the crisis of 1991
what was the three conditions laid down by the institutions to India
When was the new economic policy announced
The economy policy can be broadly classified into two kinds of measures
removal of entry and growth restrictions on private sector is called
transfer of ownership, management and control of public sector to private sector is called
integrating the national economy with world economy is called
what five aspects did liberalisation include
industrial sector reforms, financial sector reforms, tax reforms, foreign exchange reforms, trade and investment policy reforms
when was the new industrial policy released
July 24, 1991
what were the parts of industrial sector reforms
reduction in industrial licensing
decrease in role of public sector (17 to 3)
de-reservation under small scale industries (investment celing increased, goods dereserved)
monopolies and restrictive trade practices act
Financial sector reforms
change in role of RBI from regulator to facilitator
Origin of private banks
increase in limit of foreign investment in banks- 51%
ease in expansion process- freedom to set up new branches
tax reforms
reduction in taxes- to encourage savings and voluntary disclosure of income
reforms in indirect taxes
simplification of the process
GST was passed in the Parliament on? GST came into affect on? The aim of the tax was? It is also called?
29 March 2017, 1 July 2017
To avoid tax evasion, One nation one tax one market
foreign exchange reforms
devaluation of the rupee- which resulted in inflow of foreign exchange
Market determination of exchange rate
trade and investment policy reforms
removal of quantitative restrictions on imports and exports
removal of export duties
reduction in import duties
relaxation import import licensing system
transfer of ownership management and control of public sector enterprises to the entrepreneurs is known as
This is done through two ways, what are the two ways?
transfer of ownership and disinvestment of public sector undertakings
integrating the national economy with world economy through removal of barriers on international trade and capital movements
- automatic permission to high technology and high investment priority industries to 51% of the equity
- Currency devaluations in July 1991 by 20%
- Indian rupee was made partially convertible in the budget of 1992-93
- Indian budget made the rupee fully convertible in the budget of 1993-94
- customs duty reduced from 250% to 10%
in favour of globalisation-arguments
greater access to global markets, advanced technology, better future prospects
against globalisation-arguments
Benefits are shared more by developed countries than by developing countries
it compromises the welfare of people belonging to poor countries
contacting out of some of its activities to a third party which were earlier performed by the organisation is called
why are multiple multinational corporations outsourcing from India
due to low wage rates and availability of skilled manpower
which organisation was set up prior to World trade organisation
General agreement on trade and tariff
when was general agreement on trade and tariff set up
1948
How many countries were initially a part of GATT
23
which organisation was founded as successor to GATT
World Trade Organisation
when was world trade organisation established
1995
how many members does WTO have at present
164
What are the functions of WTO
to facilitate international trade, to establish rules-based trading, to enlarge production and trade of services, to ensure optimum utilisation of world resources and to protect environment
what are some of the negatives of WTO
people feel that major volume of international trade occurs among developed nations and developing countries are being cheated as they are forced to open their markets to developed countries
What proportion of the world’s poor live in india
1/5 Or 270 million people
what are the common characteristics of poor people
1. Hunger, starvation and malnutrition
2. poor health
3. Limited economic opportunities
4. debt trap
5. lack of facilities of electricity and water
6. gender inequality
7. bigger families
which poverty refers to poverty of people in comparison to other people
relative poverty
how does relative poverty help
it helps in understanding the relative position of different segments of the population
The total number of people living below poverty line is called
absolute poor
Who propounded jail cost of living
Dadabhai Naoroji
in which year did planning commission set up a study group
1962
The task force on projections of minimum needs and effective consumption demand was formed in which year
1979
The expert group was formed in which year
1989
A cut-off point on the line of distribution, which usually divides the population of the country as poor and nonpoor is called?
poverty line
which measure is used to determine the poverty line
monthly per capita expenditure
which organisation had defined poverty line on the basis of recommended nutritional requirements
planning commission
what are the recommended nutritional requirements for rural and urban areas
2400 calories per person per day for rural area and 2100 cal per person per day in urban area
according to planning commission’s which methodology the minimum monthly per capita expenditure in monetary terms is calculated
Tendulkar methodology
what is the minimum monthly per capita consumption expenditure in rural and urban areas
816 per person in rural areas and Rs.1000 in urban areas
people who are always poor and those who are usually poor are called
chronic poor
people who are churning poor and occasionally poor are included in
transient poor
people are nonpoor are included in
non poor
people who regularly move in and out of poverty are called
churning poor
people who are rich most of the times and poor sometimes are called
occasionally poor
Who pioneered the Sen index for poverty
amartya sen
proportion of people below poverty line is known as
headcount ratio
Who makes the official data on poverty available to the public
planning commission
Who collects data for poverty estimation
National sample survey Organisation
how many poor people were there in India in 1973-74
320 million
how many poor people were there in India in 2011-12
270 million
which five states account for about 70% of India’s poor
Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, West Bengal and Odisha
what are the three reasons why agriculture still continues to the highest number of poor
low success rate of land ceilings, majority of small and marginal farmers, fragmentation of land holdings
The causes of poverty are?
- population explosion
- Low level of economic development
- poor state of agriculture
- high illiteracy
- High level of unemployment
- High level of indebtedness
- inequalities of income
- inflation
what are three approaches of government to remove poverty
growth oriented approach, poverty elevation programmes, minimum needs programme
The growth oriented approach was initiated in which five year plan
first
which approach expects that effects of economic growth would spread to all sections of society and benefit the poor sections also?
growth oriented approach
why did the growth oriented approach fail
- population growth resulted in low growth in per capita income
- Green Revolution increased disparities between large and small farmers
- benefits of economic growth did not trickle down to the poor
poverty elevation programmes were initiated in which five year plan
third
minimum needs programme was initiated in which five year plan
fifth
three programmes under minimum needs programme are?
public distribution system, midday meal scheme, integrated Child development scheme
poverty elevation programmes in India can be divided into parts, they are?
wage implement programmes and self-employment programmes
capital which includes all those inputs which are required for further production like machinery, plant, factory et cetera is called
physical capital
Stock of skill, ability, exporters, education and knowledge in body in the people is called
human capital
how is human resource turned into human capital formation
by using their skills, knowledge, productivity and educating them and making them more healthy
What are the sources of human capital formation
- expenditure on education
- Expenditure on health
- On-the-job training
- expenditure on migration
- Expenditure on information
what are the various forms of health expenditure
- preventive medicine
- curative medicine
- social medicine
- provision of clean drinking water
- good sanitation facilities
which german bank in its report on global growth centres identified that india would identity as one of the 4 major growth centres by 2020?
deutsche bank
what % of increase did deutsche bank target for india between 2005-2020?
40%
which organisation wrote the report, india and the knowledge economy?
world bank
what does the report india and the knowledge economy state?
that india should make a transition to the knowledgeable economy
what is the importance of human capital formation?
- effective use of physical capital
- higher productivity and production
- inventions, innovations and technological improvement
- modernisation of attitude
- increases life expectancy
- improves quality of life
- Control the population growth
problems of human capital formation
- insufficient resources
- serious inefficiencies
- Brain drain
- high growth of population
- several imbalances
- lack of proper manpower planning
Why is it necessary for government intervention in education and health sector
- expenditure on education and health make substantial long-term impact
- individual consumers of the services do not have knowledge
- providers of education and health may acquire monopoly and exploit
Full form of NCERT
Full form of UGC
Full form of AICTE
all India Council of technical education
Full form of ICMR
Indian Council of medical research
Which sector does the government spend the most on for education
Elementary
what percentage of the GDP does the government spend on for education
4%
Which committee appointed by Indian government estimated an expenditure of one lakh crore on education
When was the Tapas Majumdar committee established
1998
Right to education act came into existence in which year
2009
Education cess value is
2%
90
in which year did the karve committee recognise the possibility of using small scale industries to promote rural development?
91
what is the present limit for maximum investment in small-scale industry
92
small-scale industries help in?
93
how does the government ensure that the small-scale industries are protected from big firms?
94
what policy was being used in foreign trade in the 1950s
95
The policy of import substitution was used for how many plans
96
The policy of replacement or substitution of imports by domestic production is called
97
which two ways were used to protect the goods produced in India
98
Who is known as the architect of Indian planning
| PC Mahalanobis
99
which plan was based on the ideas laid down by PC Mahalanobis
Second plan
100
what were the reasons for economic reforms
101
```
poor performance of public sector
deficit in balance of payments
Fall in foreign exchange reserves
inflationary pressures
huge burden of debt
inefficient management
```
102
which two institutions did the Indian government approach during the crisis of 1991
103
another name for World Bank is
104
what was the loan amount granted to India during the crisis of 1991
105
what was the three conditions laid down by the institutions to India
106
When was the new economic policy announced
107
The economy policy can be broadly classified into two kinds of measures
108
removal of entry and growth restrictions on private sector is called
109
transfer of ownership, management and control of public sector to private sector is called
110
integrating the national economy with world economy is called
111
what five aspects did liberalisation include
industrial sector reforms, financial sector reforms, tax reforms, foreign exchange reforms, trade and investment policy reforms
112
when was the new industrial policy released
| July 24, 1991
113
what were the parts of industrial sector reforms
reduction in industrial licensing
decrease in role of public sector (17 to 3)
de-reservation under small scale industries (investment celing increased, goods dereserved)
monopolies and restrictive trade practices act
114
Financial sector reforms
change in role of RBI from regulator to facilitator
Origin of private banks
increase in limit of foreign investment in banks- 51%
ease in expansion process- freedom to set up new branches
115
tax reforms
reduction in taxes- to encourage savings and voluntary disclosure of income
reforms in indirect taxes
simplification of the process
116
GST was passed in the Parliament on? GST came into affect on? The aim of the tax was? It is also called?
29 March 2017, 1 July 2017
To avoid tax evasion, One nation one tax one market
117
foreign exchange reforms
devaluation of the rupee- which resulted in inflow of foreign exchange
Market determination of exchange rate
118
trade and investment policy reforms
removal of quantitative restrictions on imports and exports
removal of export duties
reduction in import duties
relaxation import import licensing system
119
transfer of ownership management and control of public sector enterprises to the entrepreneurs is known as
120
This is done through two ways, what are the two ways?
transfer of ownership and disinvestment of public sector undertakings
121
integrating the national economy with world economy through removal of barriers on international trade and capital movements
122
- automatic permission to high technology and high investment priority industries to 51% of the equity
- Currency devaluations in July 1991 by 20%
- Indian rupee was made partially convertible in the budget of 1992-93
- Indian budget made the rupee fully convertible in the budget of 1993-94
- customs duty reduced from 250% to 10%
123
in favour of globalisation-arguments
greater access to global markets, advanced technology, better future prospects
against globalisation-arguments
Benefits are shared more by developed countries than by developing countries
it compromises the welfare of people belonging to poor countries
124
contacting out of some of its activities to a third party which were earlier performed by the organisation is called
125
why are multiple multinational corporations outsourcing from India
due to low wage rates and availability of skilled manpower
126
which organisation was set up prior to World trade organisation
General agreement on trade and tariff
127
when was general agreement on trade and tariff set up
| 1948
128
How many countries were initially a part of GATT
| 23
129
which organisation was founded as successor to GATT
| World Trade Organisation
130
when was world trade organisation established
| 1995
131
how many members does WTO have at present
| 164
132
What are the functions of WTO
to facilitate international trade, to establish rules-based trading, to enlarge production and trade of services, to ensure optimum utilisation of world resources and to protect environment
133
what are some of the negatives of WTO
people feel that major volume of international trade occurs among developed nations and developing countries are being cheated as they are forced to open their markets to developed countries
134
What proportion of the world’s poor live in india
| 1/5 Or 270 million people
135
what are the common characteristics of poor people
1. Hunger, starvation and malnutrition
2. poor health
3. Limited economic opportunities
4. debt trap
5. lack of facilities of electricity and water
6. gender inequality
7. bigger families
136
which poverty refers to poverty of people in comparison to other people
relative poverty
137
how does relative poverty help
| it helps in understanding the relative position of different segments of the population
138
The total number of people living below poverty line is called
absolute poor
139
Who propounded jail cost of living
| Dadabhai Naoroji
140
in which year did planning commission set up a study group
| 1962
141
The task force on projections of minimum needs and effective consumption demand was formed in which year
1979
142
The expert group was formed in which year
| 1989
143
A cut-off point on the line of distribution, which usually divides the population of the country as poor and nonpoor is called?
poverty line
144
which measure is used to determine the poverty line
| monthly per capita expenditure
145
which organisation had defined poverty line on the basis of recommended nutritional requirements
planning commission
146
what are the recommended nutritional requirements for rural and urban areas
2400 calories per person per day for rural area and 2100 cal per person per day in urban area
147
according to planning commission’s which methodology the minimum monthly per capita expenditure in monetary terms is calculated
Tendulkar methodology
148
what is the minimum monthly per capita consumption expenditure in rural and urban areas
816 per person in rural areas and Rs.1000 in urban areas
149
people who are always poor and those who are usually poor are called
chronic poor
150
people who are churning poor and occasionally poor are included in
transient poor
151
people are nonpoor are included in
| non poor
152
people who regularly move in and out of poverty are called
| churning poor
153
people who are rich most of the times and poor sometimes are called
occasionally poor
154
Who pioneered the Sen index for poverty
| amartya sen
155
proportion of people below poverty line is known as
| headcount ratio
156
Who makes the official data on poverty available to the public
planning commission
157
Who collects data for poverty estimation
| National sample survey Organisation
158
how many poor people were there in India in 1973-74
| 320 million
159
how many poor people were there in India in 2011-12
| 270 million
160
which five states account for about 70% of India’s poor
| Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, West Bengal and Odisha
161
what are the three reasons why agriculture still continues to the highest number of poor
162
low success rate of land ceilings, majority of small and marginal farmers, fragmentation of land holdings
163
The causes of poverty are?
- population explosion
- Low level of economic development
- poor state of agriculture
- high illiteracy
- High level of unemployment
- High level of indebtedness
- inequalities of income
- inflation
164
what are three approaches of government to remove poverty
growth oriented approach, poverty elevation programmes, minimum needs programme
165
The growth oriented approach was initiated in which five year plan
first
166
which approach expects that effects of economic growth would spread to all sections of society and benefit the poor sections also?
growth oriented approach
167
why did the growth oriented approach fail
- population growth resulted in low growth in per capita income
- Green Revolution increased disparities between large and small farmers
- benefits of economic growth did not trickle down to the poor
168
poverty elevation programmes were initiated in which five year plan
third
169
minimum needs programme was initiated in which five year plan
fifth
170
three programmes under minimum needs programme are?
| public distribution system, midday meal scheme, integrated Child development scheme
171
poverty elevation programmes in India can be divided into parts, they are?
wage implement programmes and self-employment programmes
172
capital which includes all those inputs which are required for further production like machinery, plant, factory et cetera is called
physical capital
173
Stock of skill, ability, exporters, education and knowledge in body in the people is called
human capital
174
how is human resource turned into human capital formation
| by using their skills, knowledge, productivity and educating them and making them more healthy
175
What are the sources of human capital formation
- expenditure on education
- Expenditure on health
- On-the-job training
- expenditure on migration
- Expenditure on information
176
what are the various forms of health expenditure
- preventive medicine
- curative medicine
- social medicine
- provision of clean drinking water
- good sanitation facilities
177
which german bank in its report on global growth centres identified that india would identity as one of the 4 major growth centres by 2020?
deutsche bank
178
what % of increase did deutsche bank target for india between 2005-2020?
40%
179
which organisation wrote the report, india and the knowledge economy?
world bank
180
what does the report india and the knowledge economy state?
| that india should make a transition to the knowledgeable economy
181
what is the importance of human capital formation?
- effective use of physical capital
- higher productivity and production
- inventions, innovations and technological improvement
- modernisation of attitude
- increases life expectancy
- improves quality of life
- Control the population growth
182
problems of human capital formation
- insufficient resources
- serious inefficiencies
- Brain drain
- high growth of population
- several imbalances
- lack of proper manpower planning
183
Why is it necessary for government intervention in education and health sector
- expenditure on education and health make substantial long-term impact
- individual consumers of the services do not have knowledge
- providers of education and health may acquire monopoly and exploit
184
Full form of NCERT
185
Full form of UGC
Full form of AICTE
all India Council of technical education
Full form of ICMR
Indian Council of medical research
186
Which sector does the government spend the most on for education
Elementary
187
what percentage of the GDP does the government spend on for education
4%
188
Which committee appointed by Indian government estimated an expenditure of one lakh crore on education
189
When was the Tapas Majumdar committee established
| 1998
190
Right to education act came into existence in which year
| 2009
191
Education cess value is
| 2%
192
Which commission had recommended that at least 6% of the GDP should be spent on education
education commission
193
Percentage of students completing the last year of primary school is called
Primary completion rate
194
Percentage of people of ages 15-24 who can, with understanding, read and write a short, simple statement on their everyday life is called
Youth literacy rate
195
An individual who is involved in some economic activity, to earn a living is called
worker
196
According to 2011-12 data total number of workers are?
473 million
197
All those people who are working and though not working, are seeking and are available for work, are deemed to be in?
Labour force
198
are unfit people included in labour force?
No
199
People who are not willing to work are included or not included in labour force?
Not included
200
Which age group is excluded from labour force
Children below the age of 15 and people above the age of 60 
201
What is labour force participation rate
Ratio of labour force to total population
202
Number of persons who are actually employed at a particular time are known as
Workforce
203
How do we calculate the number of unemployed people using labour force and workforce 
Labour force - workforce = to unemployed people
204
Worker population ratio is ? 
Total number of workers divided by population multiplied by hundred
205
For every hundred persons how many workers are there in India
38.6%
206
Why is male worker population more than female worker population
Because men are able to earn higher incomes and therefore families discourage female members taking up jobs
207
Why is ratio of female workers in rural areas more than that of urban areas
Because people in rural areas cannot afford to stay at home due to their poor economic condition
208
An activity which enables a person to earn a living is called
employment
209
Employment may be in the form of two types _____ and ____ 
Self employment, wage employment
210
An arrangement in which a worker uses his own resources to make a living is known as?
Self employment
211
An arrangement in which a worker sells his labour and earns wages in return is known as
Wage employment
212
Wage employment can be categorised into two parts _____ and ____
Regular workers and casual workers
213
Whenever a worker is engaged by someone or by an enterprise and is paid wages on a regular basis then such a worker is called
Regular salaried employee
214
Workers who are casually engaged and, in return, get remuneration for the work done are called
Casual workers
215
_____ workers are not hired on a permanent basis, do not enjoy the benefits of regular income, protection from government, job security and social benefits
Casual workers
216
What type of workers occupy the highest percentage in India
Self-employed
217
Regular salaried employees are more in rural or urban sectors?
Urban
218
Agriculture, mining and quarrying, manufacturing, electricity, gas and water supply, construction, trade, transport and storage, and services. Classify these as primary secondary and tertiary activities
Agriculture and mining and quarrying-primary
Manufacturing, electricity, gas and water supply, construction-secondary
Trade, transport and storage, services-tertiary
219
Which sector is the main source of employment for majority of workers in India
Primary
220
____ refers to a situation in which people are willing and able to work at the existing wage rate but do not get work
Unemployment
221
Which authority collects information on the economic activity of people
census of India
222
Which authority collect data through sample surveys and gives annual estimate of employment in India
National sample survey Organisation
223
Which authority has been implementing the Employment market information scheme for the last 30 years
Directorate general of employment and training
224
What are the three types of unemployment in India
Disguise, seasonal, open
225
Three sources of unemployment data in India
NSSO, Census of India, DGET
226
A state in which more people are engaged in work than are really needed is called
Disguised unemployment
227
Unemployment that occurs at certain seasons of the year is called
Seasonal unemployment
228
Unemployment in which people are able and willing to work but fail to get work
Open unemployment
229
Which is the most predominant form of unemployment in the agriculture sector of India
Disguised unemployment
230
Unemployment in which apparently all seem to be employed but marginal productivity of the surplus labour is zero is called
Disguised unemployment
231
In which form of unemployment are the workers totally idle
Open unemployment
232
What are the causes of unemployment
```
Slow rate of economic growth
Population explosion
Underdeveloped agriculture
Defective educational system
Slow growth of industry
Decline of cottage and small scale industries
Faulty planning
inadequate employment planning
Low capital formation
```
233
Why is the prevailing education system in India full of defects and how does it cause unemployment
Because it fails to make any provision for imparting technical and vocational education
234
How is faulty planning responsible for unemployment
Plans could not stop the migration of rural population in urban areas
plans were unable to encourage use of labour intensive technique
235
What are the remedial measures for unemployment
```
- Accelerating growth rate of GDP
- Controlling population growth
- Development of agricultural sector
- Reform of education system
- Encouragement to small-scale industries
- Manpower planning
- Creation of self-employment opportunities
- Improvement of employment exchanges
- Self employment programmes
- Improvement in infrastructure

```
236
How does government provide indirect employment
With increase in output of goods and services of government enterprises, private enterprises providing raw material to government enterprises will also raise their output. as a result number of employment opportunities will rise
237
What is informalisation of workforce
Proportion of workers in informal sector to total work force increases
238
Two sectors of employment are
Formal and informal
239
All the public enterprises in private establishments which employ 10 or more hired workers are called
Formal sector
240
Informal sector includes all those private enterprises which hire less than ____ workers
10
241
The gap between the growth of GDP and employment is widening this is a result of
Jobless growth
242
A situation when the economy is able to produce more goods and services without a proportionate increase in employment opportunities is called
Jobless growth
243
The process of moving from self-employment and regular salaried employment to casual wage work is called
Casualisation of workforce
244
All such activities, services and facilities, which are needed to provide different kinds of services in an economy is called
Infrastructure
245
Infrastructure can be categorised into two parts, these are called:
Social infrastructure and economic infrastructure
246
Which infrastructure includes energy transportation and communication
Economic infrastructure
247
Which infrastructure is associated with education, health and housing?
Social infrastructure
248
What are the reasons of importance of infrastructure
- Facilitates functioning of the economy
- Agricultural development
- Better quality of life
- Economic development
- Provides employment
- Facilitates outsourcing
249
Energy can be classified into two types of energy based on its sources
Commercial energy and non-commercial energy
| 
250
Energy which commands a price and the users have to pay a price for it, is exhaustible, is called
commercial energy
251
Sources of energy which generally do not command the price, are renewable, free of cost are called?
Non-commercial energy
252
Classify the following is commercial and non-commercial sources of energy:
Coal, firewood, petroleum, cow dung, electricity, manure
Coal, petroleum, electricity are commercial sources of energy

firewood, cow dung, manure are non-commercial sources of energy
253
Energy can also be classified according to sources from which it is derived
conventional and nonconventional
254
Sources of energy which are in use since long and can be stored, are nonrenewable are called
Conventional sources of energy
255
Sources of energy which have come into use only recently, are renewable energy are called
Nonconventional sources of energy
256
Give four characteristics of non-conventional sources of energy
They are abundant in nature, renewable, eco-friendly, cheaper
257
Which sector occupies the largest share of total consumption of commercial energy
industrial
258
Which sector has witnessed a continuous fall in the share of consumption of commercial energy
transport
259
The three sources of power generation are? 
Thermal power, hydroelectric power, nuclear/atomic
260
when power is generated from water is a fast flowing rivers or high dams it is called
hydroelectric power
261
When power is generated from radioactive elements like uranium, thorium and plutonium it is termed as
Nuclear power
262
What is the biggest source of power generation in India
thermal power
262
What is the biggest source of power generation in India
thermal power
263
What are the challenges in the power sector
```
in adequate electricity generation
under utilisation of installed capacity
Poor performance of state electricity boards
shortage of imports
Limited role of private sector
lack of public cooperation
```
264
Since Independence, power management in Delhi has changed hands how many times?
Four
265
when was the Delhi State electricity board set up
1951
266
When was the Delhi electric supply undertaking set up
1958
267
when was Delhi Vidyut board set up
1997
268
After the privatisation of DVB, which two private players are now in charge of electricity in Delhi
reliance energy Ltd and Tata power
269
BSES is responsible for power distribution to what proportion of Delhi?
two third
270
Tata power is responsible to distribute power to what portion of Delhi
One third
271
which organisation monitors the tariff structure and other regulatory issues for power
Delhi electricity regulatory commission
272
what are the measures to meet the power crisis
- improvement in plant load factor
- Control of transmission and distribution losses
- increase in productive capacity
- promote role of private sector
- encourage use of renewable resources
- development of hydro potential
273
The union government evolved broad policies and plans about health through which organisation
Central Council of health and family welfare
273
The union government evolved broad policies and plans about health through which organisation
Central Council of health and family welfare
274
India’s health infrastructure and healthcare is made up of a three tier system, the three tiers are? 
primary, secondary, tertiary health care
274
India’s health infrastructure and healthcare is made up of a three tier system, the three tiers are? 
primary, secondary, tertiary health care
275
maternal and child health care, immunisation, promotion of mental health, promotion of food supply, proper nutrition, adequate supply water, education concerning prevailing health problems are all a part of which tear of health care
Primary health care
275
maternal and child health care, immunisation, promotion of mental health, promotion of food supply, proper nutrition, adequate supply water, education concerning prevailing health problems are all a part of which tear of health care
Primary health care
276
electro cardiogram and other better facilities for surgery are available at which tier of healthcare
secondary
276
electro cardiogram and other better facilities for surgery are available at which tier of healthcare
secondary
277
Which tier of healthcare includes premier institutes which not only impart quality medical education and conduct research but also specialised healthcare
Tertiary, eg: AIIMS
278
Some private practitioners or not even registered doctors and are known as?
quacks
278
Some private practitioners or not even registered doctors and are known as?
quacks
279
foreigners come to India for surgeries, liver transplants, Dental and even cosmetic care. This phenomena and is called?
Medical tourism
280
Indian systems of medicine includes how many system of healthcare under AYUSH
```
6-
Ayurveda
Yoga
Unani
Sidhha
Homeopathy
Naturopathy
```
280
Indian systems of medicine includes how many system of healthcare under AYUSH
```
6-
Ayurveda
Yoga
Unani
Sidhha
Homeopathy
Naturopathy
```
281
which indicator is used by experts to measure the number of people dying prematurely due to particular diseases and the number of years spent by them in a state of disability owing to the disease
Global burden of diseases
281
which indicator is used by experts to measure the number of people dying prematurely due to particular diseases and the number of years spent by them in a state of disability owing to the disease
Global burden of diseases
281
which indicator is used by experts to measure the number of people dying prematurely due to particular diseases and the number of years spent by them in a state of disability owing to the disease
Global burden of diseases
281
which indicator is used by experts to measure the number of people dying prematurely due to particular diseases and the number of years spent by them in a state of disability owing to the disease
Global burden of diseases
281
which indicator is used by experts to measure the number of people dying prematurely due to particular diseases and the number of years spent by them in a state of disability owing to the disease
Global burden of diseases
282
What percentage of GBD does india share?
20%
282
What percentage of GBD does india share?
20%
282
What percentage of GBD does india share?
20%
283
What are the deficiencies of health infrastructure
- malnutrition
- inequitable distribution of health services
- communicable diseases
- Poor sanitation facilities
- lack of manpower
284
What is the full form of SARS
Severe acute respiratory syndrome
285
The total planetary inheritance and totality for resources is called
environment
286
environment includes two types of elements:
biotic and abiotic elements
287
What are the functions of environment
provides resources for production, environment assimilates waste, environment sustains life, provides aesthetic services
288
what are the two types of resources that the environment provides for production
renewable and nonrenewable
288
what are the two types of resources that the environment provides for production
renewable and nonrenewable
288
what are the two types of resources that the environment provides for production
renewable and nonrenewable
288
what are the two types of resources that the environment provides for production
renewable and nonrenewable
289
What does carrying capacity mean
resource extraction should remain below the rate of resource regeneration and generation of waste should remain within the absorptive capacity of the environment
290
What are the reasons for environmental crisis
Population explosion, advent of Industrial Revolution, intensive and extensive extraction of both renewable and nonrenewable resources, extinctions of many resources, waste generation beyond absorptive capacity, pollution, global warming and ozone depletion
291
Reversal of supply demand relationship is the reason for environmental crisis, True or false
True
292
The observed and projected increase in average temperature of earth’s atmosphere and oceans is called
293
Global warming is due to increase in which gases
methane, water vapour, carbon dioxide, ozone
294
What factors lead to increase of greenhouse gases in the environment
Burning of coal and petroleum, deforestation, methane gas released in animal waste
295
What are the effects of global warming
ice melting which results in rise in sealevel, hurricanes and tropical storms, tropical diseases, extinction of polar bears
296
destruction of ozone in the ozone layer due to presence of chlorine from man-made chlorofluorocarbons is called
297
the origin of chlorine and bromine compounds is from?
chlorofluorocarbons are found in AC and refrigerator, aerosol propellants and bromofluorocarbon are found in fire extinguishers
298
which protocol was adopted to decrease the usage of chlorofluorocarbons
Montréal protocol
298
which protocol was adopted to decrease the usage of chlorofluorocarbons
Montréal protocol
299
What are the main effects of ozone depletion
skin cancer, lower production of phytoplankton which affects aquatic animals
300
Which organisation designed the Montréal protocol
United Nations
300
Which organisation designed the Montréal protocol
United Nations
301
By which year did all the signing members agreed to freeze the consumption of CFC
2013
302
When did India signed the Montréal protocol
India signed the montreal protocol along with its London amendment on 17 September 1992
303
India’s environment problems pose a dichotomy how?
poverty is causing environmental degradation and affluence in living standards is also causing environmental degradation
304
Decline in overall quality of soil, water or vegetation condition, commonly caused by human activities is called
Land degradation
305
Factors responsible for land degradation are?
deforestation, overgrazing, improper crop rotation, indiscriminate use of fertilisers and pesticides, extraction of groundwater in excess, shifting cultivation
306
permanent destruction of indigenous forests and Woodlands is called
Deforestation
307
Surface soil is washed away through excessive rains and floods, this phenomena is called
soil erosion
308
variability among living organisms from all sources, including terrestrial, marine and other aquatic ecosystems and the ecological complexes of which they are a part is called
biodiversity loss
308
variability among living organisms from all sources, including terrestrial, marine and other aquatic ecosystems and the ecological complexes of which they are a part is called
biodiversity loss
308
variability among living organisms from all sources, including terrestrial, marine and other aquatic ecosystems and the ecological complexes of which they are a part is called
biodiversity loss
308
variability among living organisms from all sources, including terrestrial, marine and other aquatic ecosystems and the ecological complexes of which they are a part is called
biodiversity loss
309
presence of the materials in air in such concentration, which are harmful to the man in environment is called
Air pollution
309
presence of the materials in air in such concentration, which are harmful to the man in environment is called
Air pollution
309
presence of the materials in air in such concentration, which are harmful to the man in environment is called
Air pollution
310
what are some ways to control air pollution
Promotion of public transport, promotion of cleaner fuels, use of cleaner fuels 
311
The Central pollution control board was set up in which year
1974
312
Development which will allow all future generations to have potential average quality of life that is at least as high which is being enjoyed by the current generation is called
Sustainable development
313
The term sustainable development came from which organisation
International union for conservation of natural resources IUCN
314
Which report used the term sustainable development for the first time
World commission strategy report 1980
315
How to achieve sustainable development
1. Restrict use of renewable resources
2. Substitute nonrenewable resources
3. Control population
4. Control pollution
5. become input efficient
316
strategies for achieving sustainable development are?
1. Use of nonconventional sources of energy
2. Use of cleaner fuels
3. Establishment of mini hydel plants
4. Traditional knowledge and practises
5. Use of bio compost
6. Control of bio best using eco-friendly methods
7. Changing unsustainable patterns of consumption
317
When did China, India, Pakistan get independent
1949 and 1947
318
When did India Pakistan and China announce their First five year plan
India-1951, Pakistan-1956, China-1953
319
What were the five economic campaigns that happened in China
1. Great leap forward campaign
2. Great proletarian cultural Revolution
3. Reforms introduced in China
4. Dual pricing in the reforms process
5. Special economic zones
320
When was the great leap forward campaign set up
1958
321
Who introduced the great leap forward campaign
Mao 
322
What was the aim of the great leap forward campaign
To transform an agrarian economy into a modern economy through the process of rapid industrialisation 
323
Rural communes were started in which reform? 
Great leap forward campaign
324
What is a commune?
Under the commune system, people collectively cultivate land
325
Where were the people encouraged to set up industries as a part of GLF campaign
Their backyards
326
When was the great proletarian cultural Revolution? 
1965
327
What happened under the great proletarian cultural Revolution
students and professionals were sent to work and learn from countryside
328
How did the great proletarian cultural Revolution come to an end
when Russia fought with China and withdrew its professionals
329
When were reforms introduced in China in two phases
1978
330
What happened in the initial phase of reforms in China
Commune lands were divided into small plots which were allocated to individuals. They were allowed to keep all income from the land after paying stipulated taxes
331
What happened in the later phase of reforms in China
Private sector firms and enterprises were allowed to produce goods
332
What was the dual pricing system in China
farmers and industrial units were required to buy and sell fixed quantities of inputs and outputs on fixed prices by the government.
rest all commodities were to be bought and sold at market prices
333
explain the features of Pakistani economy
1. mixed economy
2. In 1950s-60s, growth of domestic industry
3. Green Revolution
4. 1970s nationalisation, late 1970s denationalisation of capital goods industries
5. Financial support from Western nations and remittances from Middle Eastern immigrants

334
In which year did Pakistan introduce reforms
1988
335
Continuous and comprehensive social economic process, attempting to improve all aspects of life is called
Rural development
336
Areas which need initiatives for development include
1. Human resources-health and literacy
2. Infrastructure-irrigation, credit, transport, electricity
3. Land reforms- elimination of exploitation, increasing productivity
4. Alleviation of poverty
5. development of productive resources

337
Why are farmers in strong need of credit
Due to long time gap between crop sowing and realisation of income
338
sources of rural credit can be divided into two parts, those parts are?
institutional sources and non-institutional sources
338
sources of rural credit can be divided into two parts, those parts are?
institutional sources and non-institutional sources
339
List some institutional sources
cooperative credit, land development banks, commercial bank credit, rural bank credit, government, NABARD, self help groups
340
name some non-institutional sources of credit
moneylenders, relatives, traders and commission agents, rich landlords
341
How does cooperative credit system help farmers
Cooperative give credit at very low interest rate
342
Which institution provides credit to farmers against mortgage of land, for permanent improvement of land, purchasing agricultural inputs?
Land development banks
343
In which year did nationalisation of commercial banks happened
1969
344
What are regional rural banks
345
What are loans provided by the government for emergency and distress to farmers called
taccavi loans
346
What is the full form of NABARD? What is it also called
National bank for agricultural and rural development.
Apex bank

347
How do self help groups function
Minimum contribution from each member-pooled money-credit given to needy members at reasonable interest rates which is to be repaid in small instalments
348
What are the problems faced in rural banking
1. Volume of rural credit is insufficient
2. Inadequate coverage of institutional sources
3. In adequate amount of sanction
4. Less attention to poor or marginal farmers
5. Growing over dues
349
A process that involves assembling, storage, processing, transportation, packaging, grading and distribution of different agricultural commodities across the country is known as
Agricultural marketing
350
Problems faced by farmers in agricultural marketing are
manipulation by big traders, lack of market information, lack of storage facilities
351
Measures to improve agricultural marketing
regulated markets, infrastructure and facilities, operative marketing, different policy instruments
352
What policies are included in different policy instruments for rural development
Minimum support price, buffer stock maintenance, public distribution system
353
alternate marketing channels are?
Original farmers market and alliance with national and multinational corporations
354
what are farmers markets called in Punjab, Haryana and Rajasthan
apni mandi
355
What are farmers markets called in Pune
Hadaspur mandi
355
What are farmers markets called in Pune
Hadaspur mandi
356
What are farmers market called in Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu
Rythu bazars, uzhavar sandies
357
what are the two types of diversification of agricultural activities
diversification of crop production and diversification of productive activities
357
what are the two types of diversification of agricultural activities
diversification of crop production and diversification of productive activities
357
what are the two types of diversification of agricultural activities
diversification of crop production and diversification of productive activities
358
What does diversification of crop production mean
shift in cropping pattern from foodgrains to cash crops or single cropping system to multicropping system
359
What does diversification of productive activities mean
increasing labour force in non-farm sectors
360
What are the five areas of non farm employment
1. IT
2. dairying
3. animal husbandry
4. horticulture
5. fisheries
361
implementation of which program led to the rise in milk production in India
operation flood
361
implementation of which program led to the rise in milk production in India
operation flood
361
implementation of which program led to the rise in milk production in India
operation flood
361
implementation of which program led to the rise in milk production in India
operation flood
361
implementation of which program led to the rise in milk production in India
operation flood
361
implementation of which program led to the rise in milk production in India
operation flood
362
operation flood was under the guidance of
verghese kurien
362
operation flood was under the guidance of
verghese kurien
363
Which state is held a success story for efficient implementation of cooperatives
Gujarat
363
Which state is held a success story for efficient implementation of cooperatives
Gujarat
364
Which state is held a success story for efficient implementation of cooperatives
Gujarat
365
Form of agriculture that relies on techniques such as crop rotation and green manure et cetera
Organic farming
366
Form of agriculture that relies on techniques such as crop rotation and green manure et cetera
Organic farming
366
Form of agriculture that relies on techniques such as crop rotation and green manure et cetera
Organic farming
367
What are the benefits of organic farming
economical farming, generates income through exports, healthy food, source of unemployment, safety of environment
