IEC

Question 1

What are the principles of IEC?

Answer 1

• Preserve Life
• Prevent deterioration
• Promote recovery

Question 2

What is the average HR & resp. Rate for an adult?

Answer 2

HR: 60-80 BPM
Resp: 16-20 Breaths / minute

Question 3

What is the average HR & resp rate for a child?

Answer 3

HR: 100-140 BPM
Resp: 20-30 Breaths / minute

Question 4

What is the average HR & resp. rate for an infant?

Answer 4

HR: 140 BPM+
Resp: 30 breaths / min +

Question 5

What is the protocol for a choking adult?

Answer 5

• ‘ARE YOU CHOKING?’
• ‘TRY TO COUGH’
• 5 back slaps
• 5 abdominal thrustsRepeat until resolved or patient unresponsive

Question 6

What is the protocol for a choking child?

Answer 6

As adult, but modify abdominal thrusts

Child must go to hospital

Question 7

What is the protocol for a choking infant?

Answer 7

Infant onto arm, face down and angled down.

5 SWEEPING back slaps, check mouth after each

5 chest thrusts (as CPR, 2 fingers @ nipple line)

Infant must go to hospital.

Question 8

What pneumonic covers BLS / ALS primary survey?

Answer 8

D -Dangers present
R -Response(Alert,Vocal,Pain,Unresponsive)
A -Airway
B -Breathing
C -Circulation
D -Disability (Head trauma? CNS/Neurological?)
E -Exposure (clothes off if required)

Question 9

What are indicators of a head injury?

Answer 9

-Lumps, bumps, deformities
-Mechanism of injury
-Difference in pupils
-Cerebral spinal fluid at ear canal / nostrils
-Erratic or aggressive behaviour
-Warm, dry and flushed skin (neurogenic shock)
-Vomiting
-Convulsions
-Unusual posturing (pointed toes,unusual arm
position)

Question 10

What is the composition of inspired and expired Air?

Answer 10

Inspired: 79% Nitrogen, 21% Oxygen

Expired: 79% Nitrogen, 16% Oxygen,
5% Carbon Dioxide

Question 11

What rate do we administer O2 at?
What’s the capacity and pressure of a ZD cylinder?
What is the Woking duration at our dosage!

Answer 11

• 15 LPM
• 600 Litres @ 300 Bar
• 600 L @ 15 LPM = 40 minutes

Question 12

What initial action do you take with a suspected drowning?

Answer 12

5 rescue breaths

Question 13

With an arresting child what actions do you begin with and why?

Answer 13

5 rescue breaths and two 30:2 CPR cycles.( ‘ minute to win it ‘ )

It’s unusual that a child will be in cardiac arrest, so treat for respiratory arrest / drowning.

Question 14

What injuries can occur to the chest affecting breathing?

Answer 14

•Flail segment/ stove-in-chest
-Several ribs broken resulting n mechanical
in efficiency and paradoxical breathing.

•Pneumothroax
-Air entering the chest cavity between the lung
and Pleura, collapsing a lung

•Heamothorax
-Blood entering the chest cavity between the Lung
and Pleura, collapsing a lung

Question 15

What are the different types of Pneumothorax?

Answer 15

• Pneumothorax - blunt trauma to ribs
resulting in lung puncture

• Open - where the chest cavity is compromised
resulting in a sucking chest wound.

•Tension- where the air within the chest cavity
exerts pressure onto the organs,
collapsing and shifting the organs,
putting pressure on the Vena Cava

Question 16

How should you set up beside a casualty?

What are the roles of a 2 person crew?

Answer 16

Approach from the head end and set the bag up to the ‘North East’ of the casualty (where their feet are south). This allows the LAS access to the patients right side.

The person at the head is Number 1, they had command of all movements, control and maintain the airway and operate the Defib.

Number 2 preps the patient, attaches pads, sets up O2 and mask then takes over compressions and breathing.

Question 17

What ratio of compressions to breaths are used during ALS

Answer 17

Initially 30:2

Once the Airway is secured, Defib is set up and operating and any ancillaries are in place ready to be used, a ratio of 15:2 can be adopted.

If resources allow task rotation can take place, ideally when the Defib is analysing.

Question 18

What are the 6 common causes of respiratory arrest?

Answer 18

• Asthma
• Chronic Obstructive Pulmanory Disease
• Epiglotitis
• Anaphylaxis
• Choking
• Smoke Inhallation

Question 19

What process governs breathing?

Answer 19

Hypoxic Drive: when the level of CO2 in the
bloodstream rises, the need
for Oxygen causes breathing.

Question 20

What is unique in the treatment of COPD?

Answer 20

COPD patients are in a constant state of Hypoxia (low blood O2). This means their hypoxic drive is overly sensitive due to the constant high concentration of CO2 in their blood. By administering high concentration O2 the patients hypoxic drive will lessen as there is a sudden influx of O2, leading to a reduced breathing rate.

Question 21

At what respiration rate do we administer breaths with a BVM?

Answer 21

< 10 breaths per minute

Question 22

What concentration of 02 does:

a. The BVM deliver?
b. The Hudson free flow deliver?

Answer 22

a. 85%

b. 95%