IEC Flashcards by ... ...

3 Principles of IEC

Preserve life
Prevent deterioration
Promote recovery

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Consent is to check and act unless refused
Capacity to consent requires them to know:

Time
Place
Person

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Test of capacity:

Communicate info

Retain info

Communicate back

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5 Principles of Capacity

Mental Capacity Act 2005

• A presumption of capacity

• The right to be supported when making decisions

• An unwise decision cannot be seen as a wrong decision

• Best interests must be at the heart of all decision making

• Any intervention must be with the least restriction possible

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Unequivocal sign of death (no CPR):

• decomposition
• decapitation
• incineration (95%)
• massive cranial deconstruction

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If you find someone who has drowned:

5 rescue breaths
CPR 1 minute
Get help

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When in doubt

Oxygen and reassurance

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When to press the child button of AED?

8 and under

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Patient assessment:

Danger
Response
Catastrophic bleed
Airway
Breath and chest movement
Circulation
Disability
Expose and Examine

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If mild choking?

Encourage coughing

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If severe choking?

5 black slaps
5 abdominal thrusts

If unconscious start CPR

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Where does clinical waste go?

Ambulance service

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How long is the casualty form kept for?

7 years by law

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From the patient assessment, what is AVPU?

AVPU is a systematic approach relating to Response;

Alert
Verbal
Pinch
Unresponsive

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How often do you check on a patient?

Every 1 minute

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Chain of survival:

Early recognition
Early CPR
Early defibrillation
Early advanced care (hospital)

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Oxygen in the cylinder is?

15L

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NP and OP stand for what?

NP = nasopharyngeal
OP = oropharyngeal

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Can’t use an NP when?

Basal fracture
Children (under 12)

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Can’t use an OP when?

There is no jaw
Trismus has occurred
If conscious

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How to measure up an OP and NP?

OP = hard to hard (bottom of jaw to front tooth)
NP = soft to soft (bit in front of ear to tip of nose)

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COPD stands for?

Chronic
Obstructive
Pulmonary
Disease

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How many lobes do the lungs have?

3 on the right
2 on the left

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Oxygen breathed in?
Oxygen breathed out?

21% in
16% out

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The only vein that carried oxygenated blood?

Pulmonary vein

External respiration takes place in the? Internal respiration takes place in the?

External = lungs Internal = tissues

Assessing patients breathing (secondary assessment):

**R**ate **E**ffort **S**ounds **P**osition **S**ats

Assessing patients breathing (primary assessment):

Look for chest movement Listen to breathing Feel for chest movement

Red blood cells are called?

Erythrocytes

Hypoxia is? Symptoms are?

Lack of oxygen • Euphoria • Blue skin

The normal oxygen range for someone with COPD?

88% - 92%

The normal oxygen range is?

95% and above

Breathing is a function of the?

Diaphragm and Intercostals

The normal respiratory rate is?

12 to 20 breaths per minute

Signs of respiratory arrest for babies are?

Grunting Chest sucking Use of accessory muscles

Signs of smoke inhalation:

Scorched facial hair Blisters Difficulty breathing Soot in or around the nose Coughing; possibly bringing up blackened sputum

Asthma can be affected by?

Weather Cold Heat

How to recognise airway obstruction?

Snorting Swelling

Hyperventilation is? Symptoms are?

Too much oxygen • tingly • sweaty • high heart rate

Where to take the pulse for; Adult? Child?

Adult = radial Child = brachial

The two types of oxygen masks are?

BVM (bag-valve-mask) None rebreather

CPR

Cardio Pulmonary Resuscitation

Heart attack

Myocardial infarction

If no oxygen, brain damage occurs within?

3 minutes

AED is used to treat?

VF = ventricular fibrillation VT = ventricular tachycardia * Must be unconscious

How far must you push when doing CPR?

5 - 6cm or ⅓ of chest

CPR ratio and compressions in a minute?

30:2 100/120 per minute

ROSC

**R**eturn **O**f **S**pontaneous **C**irculation

Sign of cardiac arrest?

None-purposeful movements

Swap CPR every X minutes?

2 minutes * AED does analysis every 2 minutes

CPR on pregnant women

Lump to left at 30° (something under right hip)

Drowning patient

5 rescue breaths first before CPR

CPR ratio for infants and children

15:2 * Infant 0-1 Child 1-18

Every minute heart not pumping, how much dies?

10%

AED commands

"stand clear, oxygen away"

Pregnant women have ?% more blood and can lose ?% of blood before hypovolemic shock

50% 35%

ATMISST for LAS transfer

**A**ge **T**ime **M**echanism of injury **I**njury **S**igns **S**ymptoms **T**reatment

Oxygen for baby

Woft mask to avoid burns to skin and eyes

5 types of shock:

Hypovolemic Cardiogenic Neurogenic Septic Anaphylaxis

Babies head during CPR

Head must be neutral Put something under head

Lateral impact

Possible damage to pelvis, head, and spine

Peha-haft

Dressing that sicks to itself, ideal for head injuries and direct pressure

Positional asphyxia

Stopping chest rising and falling

Contrecoup

Head injury

What is the most critical chest injury?

**Tension** (pneumo/haemo) thorax

MILS

**M**anual **I**n **L**ine **S**tabilisation

Pulmonary Embolism

Blockage in the lung artery

SAMPLE

**S**igns and Symptoms **A**llergies **M**edication **P**ast medical history **L**ast time they ate/drank **E**vent * Symptoms = can't see Signs = can see

A seizure is an...

... electrical disturbance in the brain * Always time a seizure. 5 minutes until LAS administrator drugs

Fainting is

A loss of oxygen (blood pressure) to the brain. I.e. transient loss of consciousness

Myocardial infarction (MI) symptoms are

Chest pain Pale/clammy Respiratory rate up Nausea/vomit

Angina

Narrow arteries - spray GTN Same signs and symptoms of an MI

Hyperglycaemia

Sugar too high • pear drop breath • fidgety • sweaty • high heart rate • urination

Hypoglycemia

Sugar too low • angry • headache • tired • irritable • confused

Stroke

Blockage of blood flow to the brain or bleed in the brain

Stroke check FAST and PEARL

**F**ace **A**rms **S**peech **T**ime **P**upils **E**quals **A**nd **R**eactive to **L**ight

T.I.A.

Transient ischemic attack (mini-stroke)

Stroke patient needs to be seen within

10 hours

Heat stroke Heat exhaustion Normal range Hypothermia

Organ shutdown 41°c - 42°c Heat stroke 40°c Heat exhaustion 38°c and above Normal range 36.5°c - 37.5°c Hypothermia 35°c and below Shivering stop at 34°c ~

Burn types

Superficial - sunburn Partial thickness - down to dermal layer Full thickness - nerve ending damage

How to treat burns

Cool burn for 20 minutes with tepid water • can cool a burn for up to 3 hours after • cling film - prevent dirt and hides nerves

60% full thickness burn =

Death (likely due to infection)

How to measure a burn

Their palm = 1% Rule of 9: Back = 18% Chest = 18%

Chemical burns

Don't clingfilm

Ten Second Triage (TST)

P1 immediate P2 urgent P3 delayed/walking P4 not breathing

Necrosis

Death of body tissue