I.D.s Flashcards

Question

Winthrop, John

Answer 1

The first governor of the Bay Colony. His past includes him being a successful attorney and one of the manor lords in England, he chose to accept the position of mayor because he thought it was a calling from god, his position would last for 19 years because of his skillset. He was able to help Massachusetts prosper in fur trading, fishing, and shipbuilding which become some of the important industries. It was quickly made one of the biggest outposts of New England. It was John who brought the colony to prosperity. (46)

Answer 2

A preacher centered in Northampton, Massachusetts. He was an intellectual pastor and was known as one of the deepest theological mind in America at the time, he proclaimed with a passion that salvation was obtainable through good works and depending on god. He used preaching techniques that scared his followers of hell and to live a life of salvation, it was his preaching style that was observed by others and he was the first to ignite the Great Awakening of religious revival. (96)

Answer 3

Known as the religious revival that spread very rapidly through the colonies. Jonathan Edwards was responsible for starting the Great Awakening, it was he that proclaimed that the only way to salvation was through good works and depending on god, he created a vision of hell that he portrayed to his followers and it was the preaching style that he used that would later be part of the Great Awakening. It was before the great awakening that religion was less of an influence than it had been, as time went on, more and more people turned their heads to religion especially what had happened at the Massachusetts Bay Colony. So this type of environment caused the Great Awakening as if it were the perfect stage for religious revival. (96-97)

Answer 4

Due to America finding more international trade places rather than Britain such as France, Parliament had passed the Molasses Act which was restrictions on where America could sell goods and export items to. The main idea of this act was to stop the trading between America and the French West Indies. The scheme was to deal a crushing blow to American international trade and hinder the standard of living for colonists. A way for merchants to get around this act was to bribe the local law enforcement or smuggle the items out. (93)

Answer 5

a march of Scots-Irish frontiersmen that protested the Quaker oligarchy’s policies that were focused towards the natives. The protest happened in Philadelphia in 1764. A few years later, they ran the regulator movement in Northern Carolina, it was a protest against the eastern domination of the colony’s affairs. The reason for many of the protests by the Paxton Boys was because of the fact that they disagreed with the British government and showed them no compassion because of the fact that they were uprooted by them. (88)

Answer 6

Created by Benjamin Franklin (1706-1790) is a book written that contains thoughts on religion such as “A good Example is the best sermon” or “Many have quarreled about religion that never practiced it” It is a book that probably portrayed how religion should be worshiped, it was probably near the time period of the great awakening and acted as a guide for people of different faiths. This book contained Franklin’s thoughts on religion and how it should be practiced. (96)

Answer 7

It was another trade route but it was infamous way for getting a large amount of profit. It was trade along the atlantic ocean that was connected to Africa, Europe, and the Americas. Triangle trade was also responsible for the start of slavery because of the fact that Europeans and colonists could get slaves for nearly nothing, an example from the book would be were a colonist takes a few bottles of rum and returns with a plethora of slaves. The reason why it was so popular was because the places they traded to did not know of European goods, therefore, they paid more for it and in this case it would be through slaves. It was one of the many ways for Europeans to make a profit. (92-93)

Answer 8

A preacher such as Jonathan Edwards that changed the preaching style later in years. He had booming voice that enticed his listeners, he used speech as a way to say what he had to say about religion and about man’s helplessness. His speech was eloquent and some actors at the time said that he could sweep the audience off their feet just by pronouncing Mesopotamia. It is showed in the picture on page 96 that Americas of both genders and any race were spellbound by his voice and how he compelled to emotion when he preached, he was another preacher just like Edwards. (97)

Answer 9

It was one of the steps toward freedom of speech. It was Peter Zenger’s argument that was an achievement for freedom of the press and for new steps towards democracy. The newspaper that Zenger oversaw was one that denounced the corrupt royal governor, causing Zenger to be accused of seditious libel. But through his argument he stated that it was the printed truth and due to the power of British rule being challenged, they deemed him not guilty because they court did not want any uprisings, that is why it was the first step towards freedom of speech. (100-101)

Answer 10

It was the British takeover of the city of Quebec on September 13, 1759. British went around the city scaling the cliffs and defeated the French Army there. This first battle caused a domino effect of the French losing Montreal, which was the last French bastion in North America. This caused conflict to arise among British and French for another 2 years until being halted after the Treaty of Paris had been signed causing France to no longer be a colonial power in North America (118)

Answer 11

The leading figure of the French settlement of Quebec in 1608. He was a soldier and explorer, his leadership abilities earned him the title “father of new France.” He started off the colony by making friendly relations with the local Huron Native tribes. He was also successful in aiding the natives in a battle against the Iroquois tribes in the upper New York region. He was the first to successfully establish a French colony until the colony was later overran by the British in 1759. (107)

Answer 12

A formidable British fort that was in the process of being erected by the French who were taking out forts among the Ohio river. The reason why it was so powerful was the fact that it was on the junction where the Allegheny River joined the Monongahela River to form the Ohio. It was here were George Washington was sent to secure this land, they encountered a small detachment of French soldiers about 40 miles from the fort. The leader was killed and Washington proceeded on to finish the claims he was assigned to. (112)

Answer 13

A British Leader of the common people and a passionate believer in his cause. He was responsible for leading a powerful expedition in 1758 against Louisbourg, a French fortress that fell after a siege lead by Pitt. He was responsible for being a part of taking the French settlement of Quebec and starting conflicts with them, this was done by scaling the cliffs and taking the city by force. His successes caused later conflicts with France but also rejoicing in Britain. (115)

Answer 14

Led by Ottawa Chef Pontiac in 1763 along with French traders, was a span of violent campaigns to drive the British out of Ohio country. They took over Detroit in 1763 as well as took over 3 British posts to the west of the Appalachian Mountains. Over the time, 2000 British were killed. The British reacted to this cruelly by using biological warfare, one example of this was ordering blankets infected with smallpox to be distributed to the Indians which took them out swiftly. The uprising was now crushed and Pontiac himself fell to the hands of a rival chieftain in 1769 (120)

Answer 15

a treaty established by the London government to prohibit settlement of any area beyond the Appalachian Mountain Range. It was basically used to work out the Indian problem fairly and prevent future uprisings rather than restrict colonists. It was a deterrence and a safeguard. The only problem was that Americas did not agree to this and were angered. They defied the orders and instead took 1,000 wagons and rolled up west. (121)

Answer 16

A peace agreement between Britain and France as well as its Spanish ally. Britain was rewarded with French populated Acadia as well as Newfoundland and Hudson Bay. The British also won limited trading rights in the Spanish America region. As a result of this, smuggling became prevalent and the France settlement of St. Lawrence became choked as they were cut off from supply and were no longer able to sustain a population there. It the end the agreement gave Britain, the victor, everything that it was fighting for as well as opening up small trade. (110)

Answer 17

A peace settlement at Paris that caused French power to be thrown out of America, only leaving the population for French speaking people in Canada. The peace treaty was an agreement to stop all conflicts among the French and British after the taking of Quebec in 1759 as well as ending the 7 years war. French power fell leading America to emerge as the dominant power in North America, this was also true to the fact that Britain had the strongest and most feared navy. (116, 118)

Answer 18

A man part of the First Continental Congress of 1774. He was one of the 55 most respected men in all of the colonies as well as one of all the men that signed the Declaration of Independence. He was also known as a ringleader of the colonists in the eyes of the British when they came to seize colonial gunpowder from Lexington and Concord. Adams was a leading figure in hosting the Boston Tea Party as well as being known as an organizer of the rebellion. (130, 134)

Answer 19

The evening of March 5, 1770 when 2 regiments of troops opened fired on citizens and killed/wounded 11 people. The soldiers felt provoked by the crowd that was taunting them with snowballs. The people were protesting about the death of a boy who was shot by a British trooper during another protest involving a merchant defying the colonial boycott of British goods. One important figure was Crispus Attucks who was a runaway “mulatto” as well as one of the leaders of the mob. Both sides of this were to blame for their actions. (129, 130)

Answer 20

The Boston Tea Party occurred on the night of December 16, 1773. It was in sense a protest to the tax on tea. American colonists disguised themselves as Indians called referred to this as “making the Boston Harbor a teapot” They threw chests of British imported tea into the harbor worth thousands of dollars. As a result of this, the British passed the intolerable acts, among them was the Boston Port Act that required the colonists to pay off all the damages or else the port would be closed. (132)

Answer 21

Groups that had one goal of spreading the spirit of resistance to British rule by exchanging letters and keep opposition alive towards the British. The first one was set up in Boston in 1772 and after a while, 80 towns had set up similar ones. The next step was intercolonial committees that were set up in Virginia in 1773, they created a committee that took the place of the house of Burgesses. These groups would then form in every colony and eventually form into the first American congresses. (131)

Answer 22

It was a meeting in Philadelphia to discuss some of the colonies issues that were occurring due to the Intolerable acts. This occurred in 1774 were all the colonies met together bringing the first steps of unification. Among this meeting were 55 of the most well respected men in all of the colonies such as John and Samuel Adams, George Washington, and Patrick Henry. It was considered a convention rather than a congress when it occurred from September 5 to October 26. They came to the agreement of several documents such as the Declaration of Rights. (133-134)

Answer 23

These were acts in response to the Boston Tea party in order to prevent a revolution from occurring. They were designed for Massachusetts but for the city of Boston in particular. It was known as the massacre of American liberty to American colonists at the time, examples of some include the Boston Port Act which required that the colony pay off all damages or the Port will be closed off. The British no longer trusted Boston and they stripped the city of its rights due to the event of the Boston Tea Party (132)

Answer 24

A skirmish between the British Army and the Colonist Militia. The British commander sent a group of troops to seize gunpowder in Lexington and Concord in April 1775. At Lexington, the British Brutally shot men that apparently didn’t leave the area quick enough and that was known as the Lexington Massacre. At Concord, the British fought and had to retreat due to the fact that the American Colonists were placed strategically and were ready to fight off the British. (134)

Answer 25

Passed by Prime Minister George Grenville expressing his resentment towards colonists by ordering the British navy to enforce the navigation laws in 1763. It was to restrict colonial expansion and was one of many acts that would later be passed. This was one of the acts before the quartering act and stamp act and was one of the first steps to rebellion by the colonists as the British imposed these new rules. (125)

Answer 26

Imposed by Prime Minister George Grenville in 1765, it required that certain colonies had to provide food and shelter for British troops. Colonists were upset with this due to the fact that the troops would abuse the place they were staying at and colonists could not deny any troop. Another reason as to why this was passed was due to the resentment Grenville had towards the colonists (125)

Answer 27

The Quebec act passed in 1774 guaranteed the French their Catholic religion and that they were permitted to continue with their traditional customs. It also extended the boundaries of Quebec towards the south to the Ohio River. However this caused the colonists to worry about land restrictions as well as be angered that land was snatched from them. It also upset anti-Catholics that were shocked that the land area was extended for Roman Catholics. This act was believed as a good act but in bad company. (133)

Answer 28

Colonial protestors against British rule that took the law into their own hands. They cried out Liberty, Property, and No Stamps. They were also known for coating loyalists and British officials with tar and feathers which was public humiliation. They broke into houses of unpopular officials, took their money, as well as humiliated them publicly. This violence and protest caused the stamp agents to surrender and be forced to resign. (127)

Answer 29

Another method to get Britain out of debt and raise revenue to support their military force. The stamp act of 1765 required that stamps be put on all types of legal/commercial documents. This certified that the tax was paid. Another reason as to why people were upset with this was the fact that they had no say in this and they repeatedly cried out no taxation without representation. They wanted a say in this before it was passed by Britain. (125, 126)

Answer 30

A group of 27 distinguished delegates from nine colonies that met together in New York City in 1765 to create a statement of their rights and grievances to tell the king. It was a statement that asked for the king and Parliament to repeal the repugnant legislation. However it was ignored in England. However even though it made a small impact, it was seen as one of the first steps of unity among the colonies. (127)

Answer 31

The tea act was yet again a tax on tea however it made some of the tea cheaper to the American colonists, therefore they viewed as a trick. They thought the cheaper tea was bait into making them accustomed to taxes in general. They started paying the tax because legal tea was no cheaper than tea that was from England or was smuggled. The reason as to why the tea was so cheap was because they had over 17 million pounds of unsold tea and they were becoming burdened with it and needed a way to raise revenue quickly to pay off debt (131)

Answer 32

Was another method of getting Britain out of debt after the war with France. This failed to produce revenue, it was yet another tax on the colonists that only produced 295 euros each year which was nothing compared to the 170,000 euros of military costs. This angered the colonists and drove them toward rebellion. It was known as a failed attempt by King George the 3rd and prime minister, Lord North, to keep power over the colonies as well as getting them out of debt. (130)

Answer 33

The battle in which General John Burgoyne surrenders his army to the Americans because he cannot advance or retreat becoming cornered. This even occurred on October 17, 1777 and it is ranked highest on decisive battles in History. This battle also made it possible for America to receive foreign aid from France since they were reluctant on providing aid in the first place. Now that the British were present, France provided the aid that would help ensure American Independence. (153, 154)

Answer 34

After the British had to fall back from Virginia to Chesapeake Bay at Yorktown, they stayed there and waited for reinforcements and supplies. The men there were hoping that the navy would come to give them aid but that navy was in a period of time were it was no longer the best. It was Washington who was coming from New York and the French army coming in the opposite direction. The British army was then cornered and caused General Cornwallis to surrender over seven thousand men on October 19, 1781. However to was by the help of the French that America could win this battle since they established naval superiority as well as providing half the ground troops. (158)

Answer 35

Known as Gentleman Johnny, he was responsible for pushing down the Lake Champlain route. He was one of the strongest generals for the British army, he made a slow and steady invasion with 7,000 men but it was until the battle of Saratoga on October 17, 1777 when he became cornered by Washington’s Army and he was able to advance or retreat forcing him to surrender by the American General Horatio Gates. (153)

Answer 36

Published in 1776, it was considered one of the most influential pieces of writing ever made. The author was Thomas Paine and his piece became a whirlwind best seller in the few coming months, reaching a number or 120,000 sold copies. Common Sense was another way to fight the war but through psychological warfare by promoting the rebellion with Britain and gaining the support of the colonists (144)

Answer 37

The British General that lead his men into battle and was driven back from Virginia. He fled to Yorktown to regroup and resupply but it was there were he became cornered by the French and American armies due to the British Navy failing, he surrendered over seven thousand men. He was also beaten by the Quaker General, Nathanael Greene and was uprooted out of Georgia and South Carolina. (157, 158)

Answer 38

established on July 1775 after the battle of Bunker Hill, it was a proclamation professing the American loyalty to the crown, it asked the king to end any hostilities. This was futile because after Bunker Hill, King George III declared that the colonies were in rebellion in August 1775, ending all hopes of reconciliation. (141)

Answer 39

Met on May 10, 1775, a month after Lexington and Concord in April. It was a response to this battle and this time all 13 colonies were represented. Even though they discussed the battle, there was still no plan present whether or not they wanted independence, they only wanted more resistance so the king and parliament would readdress the grievances. It was this meeting were the British and Americans were on the brink of war.(140)

Answer 40

This signifies the end of the war where the British formally recognize that the United States has become independent. The British also granted generous boundaries by giving them land in the north and south, probably to appeal to outside help as well (Spanish and French). The United States was now divorced from the empire, they received their share of the priceless fisheries in Newfoundland. Another side note was the Canadians were unhappy about this (160)

Answer 41

A convention held in Massachusetts to draft its constitution. The final draft was submitted to the people for ratification. Later adopted in 1780, the Massachusetts constitution could only be changed by another constitutional convention. These were held over by congress to draft the constitution and eventually one for all of the United States since most of the state constitutions were nearly the same. They took the idea that a constitution was an accumulation of customs, procedures and laws for the federal constitution that would later be signed in 1787. (168, 180)

Answer 42

A group of people that would elect the president indirectly rather than directly. It was an early form of democracy however it was choosing the leaders by a select few instead of the general public. Electoral Colleges determined the number of electoral votes a state had, more people in the state meant more representatives in the Electoral College. These Lordly Senators were to be chosen using the same methods of electing presidents by the state legislatures. (181)

Answer 43

A book written by John Jay and James Madison that gave commentary of the constitution through penetrating words to the public. It is sold in a book form and was widely sold. These two people wanted to give support to the idea of federalism. One example of the popular book was Federalist Number 10, which stated that it was impossible to have a republican form of government over such a large land territory over all 13 colonies. (185)

Answer 44

A plan to come into agreement on how states would be represented in congress. The larger states would be given representation by population in the House of Representatives and the smaller states were protected in the fact that they were given equal representation in the Senate. Each state would have 2 senators regardless of size and whether or not they were in poverty. However the big states had yielded more, to counter this, the delegates agreed that every tax bill would originate in the house in which population was counted heavily. This compromise made success within reach to unify the colonies. (180)

Answer 45

It was known as one of the first red letter laws providing that the acreage of the Old NW would be sold and the profit made will be used to pay off national debt. The area would be surveyed before purchase and settlement and the land there would be divided to form townships. The Old Northwest is an area of land that was northwest of the Ohio River and east of the Mississippi as well as south of the Great Lakes (174)

Answer 46

It was also known as the small state plan, it provided equal representatio0n in Congress by states regardless of how large it was or how much the population was. The people of New Jersey created this because they feared that the stronger states would work together and control the smaller states, they wanted equal representation. It caused large amounts of debate and people including Ben Franklin took precautions to make sure that no one get hurt, so he started everything with a prayer (179)

Answer 47

Compared to the Land Ordinance of 1785 as being more important because of the fact that it related to governing the area of Old Northwest. Congress was running into the problem of how a nation should deal with its colonies and who should govern them. What they first did was establish the area and then the area would receive 60,000 settlers to make it become owned land property. Another side note is that this ordinance prohibited slavery as well. (174)

Answer 48

An uprising that was caused in Massachusetts in 1786. Most of them were back country farmers with some being Revolutionary war veterans, were losing farmland through mortgage foreclosures and tax. The rebellion was led by Captain Daniel Shays, a fellow war veteran during the revolution. They demanded that the state issue paper money and lighten taxes, they seized muskets and attempted to enforce the demands made. During a skirmish in Springfield 3 of these members were killed and the movement failed. (176)

Answer 49

It was a compromise between the debate whether a slave of the southern states count as a person in apportioning direct taxes. The North said that they were not citizens and they also demand additional representation based on its horses while the south said yes because they wanted influence. As a compromise to this, a slave would count as 3/5’s of a man which would solve the debates but still cause the slaves to have no rights (181)

Answer 50

This occurred at the Philadelphia convention and was the exact opposite of the New Jersey plan. It was known as the large state plan because of the fact that it stated that representation should be based off of population which would favor larger states such as Virginia. This caused the New Jersey plan to occur to contradict this plan because of the fact that the smaller states did not want to be overpowered by larger states. The large state plan however was never passed. (179)

Answer 51

These were laws that were meant to minimize people that opposed Jefferson and Federalism. One of them was aimed at “aliens” which were most European immigrants at the time, these people lacked money and were scorned by the Federalist party. These laws deterred immigrants from coming by raising the residence requirements, violating the traditional American policy of open immigration. Another law was imposed in which the president was able to deport dangerous foreigners during times of war. Finally the last act, the lockjaw sedition Act, stated that any individual who disagreed with officials and the government could receive heavy fines and time in prison (205)

Answer 52

Proposed by Hamilton as the capstone for his idea of a financial system in which the government would be a major stockholder where the federal treasury would deposit surplus money. The bank would print money if needed and provide stable currency for the nation. Federal funds would stimulate businesses in the US by keeping money in circulation making the bank useful, however it ran into the debate of whether it was useful or not. (195)

Answer 53

A rep of the French Republic that arrived in Charleston in South Carolina, he outfitted privateers to take advantage of the Franco-American Alliance. He believed that the Neutrality Proclamation did not reflect the true wishes of the American people, he embarked on un-neutral activity that he had not been authorized for by the French Alliance, one example was the recruitment of armies to invade Spanish Florida. After several outbreaks and threatening to appeal over the head of “Old Washington,” the president demanded his removal and replacement.(199)

Answer 54

the result of France declaring war on Austria and declaring itself a republic, after centuries of pent-up “poison,” the people decided to behead the king in 1793, attack the church and start a reign of terror. The impact of the revolution was that America started to become worried about France, calling them blood-drinking cannibals for instance. The revolution would affect future relations with France and the Americas such as creating the Franco-American Alliance. (198)

Answer 55

(1755-1804) He is believed to be the youngest and most brilliant of all the founding fathers. He had the opportunity to become president but after problems arose such as his ultraconservatism, committing of adultery, and losing to a duel, he could not (especially after the duel). He favored a strong central government unify the new nation and encourage industry with plans like the Bank of the United States. His rival was Thomas Jefferson who emphasized liberty ant that the US should remain agricultural society, Hamilton even suggested that the British Government was the best in the world. (193)

Answer 56

In an effort to avert war with Britain, Congress sent John Jay to London in 1794 in which people feared he would sell the country out. Jay’s treaty seemed like surrender to Britain and causing planters to pay a major share of debts from the Revolutionary war. His treaty also caused Spain to strike a deal with the US. Pinckney’s treaty of 1795 granted Spain basically anything that they demanded, this included free navigation of the Mississippi in a disputed territory north of Florida. This treaty also caused Washington to retire as president. (201)

Answer 57

Created by the first congress to create effective federal courts under this act, it organized the Supreme Court which would have a chief justice and five associates. It created a federal district and circuit courts as well as established an office of the attorney general. The collaborator of Madison’s Federalist papers, known as John Jay became the first chief justice of the United States. This was an act to preserve and create a strong central government. (192,193)

Answer 58

in fear of prosecution for sedition, this was signed in secret by Jefferson in 1780. It was a series of resolutions drafted by both Jefferson and Madison, each document stressing the same idea of the compact theory. It is a concept that stated that the 13 colonies had entered a compact or contract that would regard its jurisdiction, it stated that the national government was the creation of the states. The Kentucky resolutions concluded that the federal regime had exceeded constitutional powers. Both resolutions were a formulation of the states’ rights view regarding the Union, both were documents that were created to develop opposition to the federalist party. (206, 207)

Answer 59

A treaty in which American neutrality favored France. The Americans would supply the French West Indies with foodstuffs but not enter the war with Britain because British fleets would cut them off of supply. America was an ally to France but was more useful by becoming a reliable neutral provider than being blocked and doing nothing. It stated that self-interest is the basic cement of alliances and this is how America and France became neutral during the war with Britain. (199)

Answer 60

signed in August of 1795, it caused the confederacy to give up areas of the northwest such as present day Indiana and Ohio, the Indians would receive a payment of 20000, an annual annuity of 9000, rights to hunt the lands ceded by them and the recognition of Indians that they were of a sovereign status. This treaty would stop the American tribes from terrorizing American settlers coming into this territory. (200)

Answer 61

Washington became tired after the diplomatic and partisan battles during his second term, he retired and this contributed to establishing a two term tradition for American Presidents, hence why presidents today serve 2 terms at most. He delivered his Farewell Address to the nation in 1796 through the use of newspapers. In his address he gave advice that America avoid permanent alliances such as the Franco-American Treaty of 1778 and stated that America should favor temporary alliances for emergencies when needed, this is so America would not be taken advantage of. He retired but still gave America the advice to achieve and mature over time. (201)

Answer 62

a challenge to the new national government by southwestern Pennsylvania in 1794. People viewed Hamilton’s high tax on pioneer folk as a burden on an economic necessity. This caused distillers to erect whiskey poles similar to the liberty poles during the stamp act in 1765 as well as raising the cry of Liberty and NO Excise. This is because ye and corn crops distilled into alcohol were cheaper to transport to eastern markets than bales of grain. (196)

Answer 63

These were necessarily a set of bribes known as XYZ. Adam’s envoys reached Paris in 1797 in hopes of meet Talleyrand, foreign minister of France. The French spokesmen demanded an un-neutral loan of 32 million florins and a bribe of 250000 in order to talk with Talleyrand. The American trio knew that bribes were standard diplomatic devices in Europe and they gagged at the thought of paying that much to talk with the minister. It was the basic idea that Adams’s envoys were asked to pay a bribe in order to do diplomatic business, causing Americans to retaliate to this. (203)

Answer 64

This was established during the Election between Jefferson and Adams in which Jefferson had reached a deadlock in electoral votes for him and Burr. Under the constitution, the tie was only about to be broken by the House of Representatives. The house held voting sessions in which who will win the election but it kept coming up as a tie, vote session after vote session came after a few federalists didn’t vote after exhaustion and the idea that they would receive moderation from Jefferson. (214)

Answer 65

The French Dictator that quickly rose to power, he was a strong general as well as a corrupt leader, wanting to seize control of larger amounts of land from other nations, he wanted world domination. He wanted to create a new world empire in Louisiana. When he received the trans-Mississippi region of Louisiana from the king of Spain he was quick to sell it after he received news that America would possibly be making an alliance with Britain, so he wanted to create good relations with America, therefore he sold the Louisiana Purchase cheap. (204, 220, 221)

Answer 66

One of burr’s acts was when he joined with a group of Federalist extremists that plotted to secede New England and New York, when Hamilton stopped the plot, Burr killed him in a duel. Burr killed the “brightest brain” out of the Federalist Party. He then proceeded to ally himself with General James Wilkinson, they planned to separate the western part of the US from the East and expand by invading Spanish territory. In 1806, he was betrayed by Wilkinson after he learned that Jefferson had found out about the plot. Burr was arrested and tried for treason. (224, 225)

Answer 67

This event was what had caused the Embargo act to take place, it was when a royal British frigate overhauled a US frigate known as the Chesapeake, the captain demanded the surrender of 4 British deserters suspected of being on the Chesapeake. The captain refused and was unprepared to fight. In response to the refusal, the warship fired 3 cannons at the merchant ship, killing 3 Americans and wounding 18 of them. The Deserters were dragged away and the ship barely made it back to port, this inspired the Embargo act so merchant ships wouldn’t be caught amongst the warring nations. (226)

Answer 68

Passed in 1807, the Embargo act forbade the export of all goods from the US, whether it was in an American or foreign ship. This was in response to the warring nations in Europe depending on America heavily for supplies. Jefferson believed that if America cease trade with them, it will cause the nations to “bow their heads” and recognized them as a nation and respect their rights. The problem with this act is that the American economy started to fail before it could make an effect on the countries of France and Britain. Another fact was that they were becoming overstocked with the amounts of cotton, grain, and tobacco. It seemed as if Jefferson was starting a war with his citizens that could in turn hurt the republic. During this time, the Federalist Party started to rise again, after a “storm of public anger” congress repealed the act on March 1st of 1809. (226, 227)

Answer 69

Known as the “deathbed” Judiciary Act of 1801, passed by the diminishing Federalist congress as one of its last laws to pass. It would create 16 new federal judgeships and more judicial offices. It had bitter resentment, packing the spots of the federal judgeships with anti-Jeffersonian supporters. The new republican Congress repealed the act a year after it was passed and they removed all 16 benches and the “overnight judges.” It was a last-ditch effort made by the Federalists. (218)

Answer 70

The 2 American explorers appointed by and tasked by Jefferson to explore the northern part of the Louisiana Purchase in 1804. Meriwether Lewis and William Clark, with the aid of Shoshoni woman Sacajawea, ascended the Missouri River from St. Louis. They climbed the Rockies and descended the Columbia River to the Pacific Coast. They found the northwest. The expedition took 2 ½ years to complete and it yielded an abundance of scientific observations, maps, as well as the knowledge of Indians in the area. (222, 223)

Answer 71

Came from two events that made this possible and that was when America was deciding to create an alliance with Britain and during the slave revolt that happened on the Island of Santo Domingo. Napoleon at the time sold the land of Louisiana to America so he could create good relations with America as well as get rid of an area that demanded more supplies, so it gave France money as well. He also sold this land cheaply out of desperation and fear that the British would make him “gift” the land to the colonies. (221)

Answer 72

(1743-1803) Ex-slave and well educated in the military, he organized a slave revolt on the island of Santo Domingo known as modern day Haiti. He put up a stubborn resistance to the French troops who also had to deal with the mosquitos on the island, these two factors made this the first successful slave takeover in history. L’Ouverture later died in a French Dungeon and he indirectly helped set up the sale for Louisiana through his slave revolt. (221)

Answer 73

This came after the Embargo act and it stated that if either Britain or France repeals its commercial restrictions, America would then enact the embargo against the nation that did not repeal. It was the revival of the embargo act in a sense. It indirectly stated that the US could not survive without at least one of the allies to trade with commercially. But it gave the nations a choice as to who would be America’s ally. The problem with this was Britain saw no need to trade with America and Napoleon saw this as an advantage so when America reestablished the embargo act on Britain, it took them a step closer to war. (228)

Answer 74

a court case on who had the final authority to determine the meaning of the constitution. Based on Marshall’s decision to promote the contrary principle of judicial review, it caused Jeffersonians to seek revenge and that was through the impeachment of the Supreme Court Justice, Samuel Chase. However this was not possible due to the fact that he was only hated and did not commit any crimes, therefore they could not trial him as guilty. Therefore Chase was never removed.

Answer 75

It was more like a revolution without bloodshed during the election of 1800 between Jefferson and Adams. He had won by a majority of 73 electoral votes over 65 and he also was able to have Adams be replaced as the VP. John Adams was in fact the last federal president in the united states and the republicans took over which caused a revolution of some sort due to the leadership of America going from Federalist to Republican. However this “revolution” barely made it because of the fact that there was a 250 vote difference in New York between Adams winning the election. (214, 215)

Answer 76

He, along with Tenskwatawa inspired a movement of Indian unity and cultural renewal, giving up things like textile clothing for traditional, buck-skin garments. He also abandoned the idea of “ownership.” Tecumseh is a Shawnee Indian who was born in Ohio Country and another idea that he held was that he would not permit the selling of land unless all Indians agreed to it because he believed this land belonged to the Indians. When Harrison’s army retaliated after a small Shawnee attack on the army, they then proceeded to burn down one of the settlements, causing Tecumseh to alliance with Britain. When the war with Britain came, he fought alongside the British until he died in 1813 during the Battle of the Thames. (230, 231)

Answer 77

Unsatisfied by the amount of tribute money given to him, the pasha of Tripoli declared war on the US by cutting down the flag of the American consulate. Jefferson dispatched ships to the shores of Tripoli where the conflict started in 1801. From there, 4 years of fighting occurred. In 1805, Jefferson was able to extort a treaty of peace from Tripoli in which America only had to pay 60,000 for ransom of American soldiers. This war also leads to the building of small gunboats that Jefferson was fascinated by. (220)

Answer 78

A form of nationalism in economics in response to the British sending their overstocked items to America after the hostilities ended in 1815. The system had 3 parts in the fact that it began with a strong national bank system, providing easy credit to the nation. Revenues from the tariffs would provide funds and the system was established as a network of roads and canals for transportation. This made it easy to transport foodstuffs and raw materials from the South and West to Northern and Easter locations. It was industrialization and how it would later spread throughout the country. (241)

Answer 79

This was in January 8 of 1815 when the confident British army thought that the American army would be an easy win. When they launched a front assault on New Orleans they made the mistake in the fact that they met riflemen and cannoneers. This hit the British army hard in the fact that the death toll was over 2,000 and it was the most devastating defeat of the entire war in a battle that only lasted an hour and a half. However it was viewed as an astonishing for Jackson and his men and caused widespread cheering occurred in the country and Andrew Jackson became a hero. (235, 236)

Answer 80

This is best defined as the retreat of the American Militia of 6,000 men in Bladensburg in response to the imposing British force that was rapidly advancing on Washington. The British Invaders then set fire to the capital and public buildings such as the Capitol and White house. Even though the capital was lost to the siege, men in Baltimore still put up a strong fight and they were hammered by British artillery but still stayed strong. This proposed the song, “Star-Spangled Banner” which grew popular after this battle. (235)

Answer 81

a Court case occurring in 1821 that gave Chief justice John Marshall the opportunity to express federal power. The Cohens were found guilty by the Virginia courts of illegal selling of lottery tickets. Causing Virginia to win the case however this was not the true result because of the fact that Marshall asserted the right of the Supreme Court to review the decisions in which he would challenge the power of the state supreme courts and power of the federal government. This then led to the Gibbons V. Ogden case known as the steamboat case of 1824 (249)

Answer 82

this goes into the aspect that states cannot change laws that would conflict with the federal constitution as stated by Marshal. So during this case in 1819, the college was granted a charter by King George III in 1769 but New Hampshire state legislature (mostly democratic) saw it best to change it. Marshall put the states in their place by stating that the original charter must stand and that it was contract that the constitution protected. This was beneficial in the aspect that it guarded business enterprises from being dominated by state governments. (250)

Answer 83

The phrase used to describe the term of Monroe as president. It was also the era of rising nationalism from Monroe’s campaign. During the election he won a crushing 183 electoral votes over 34 over his federalist opponent. Nationalism emerged from different aspects of his presidency including one time when he went to take a tour of the military defenses in 1817. He was well loved in the fact that even people in federalist states would welcome him even though it was called “enemy territory” Even though that tranquility and prosperity was in the era of good feelings, the period was still a troubled time because of issues of the tariff, bank and improvements on the sale of public lands. Another aspect that was part of the era was the rising tensions of the conflict over slavery. (242)

Answer 84

Known as the steamboat case in 1824. It was a law suit that was the result of an attempt made by New York to grant a private monopoly for commerce between New York and New Jersey. Marshall dealt another blow to the states’ rights by reminding them that only congress alone had the control of interstate commerce. It was a strong blow to states’ rights but it still upheld the powers of the federal government. After this case, interstate streams were cleared of this problem with monopolies. (249)

Answer 85

the known author of the well-loved song, The Star-Spangled Banner. He was a detained American on board of a British ship that had the opportunity to see the bombardment of Fort McHenry, he was inspired by the defenders of the fort to write the lyrics to this song and this song would later grow in popularity after the battle had been won. (235)

Answer 86

In order to populate the west and make in stronger in population and influence, it demanded for cheap acreage and this was achieved by the land act of 1820 in which it authorized a buyer to purchase 80 unsettled acres at a minimum of $1.25 an acre in cash. In order for the west to become strong it also needed cheap transportation and cheap money. The west had to literally dispute with the Bank of the United States to reach its goal. This act was a way to populate the west quickly and cheaply which would then encourage migration. (246)

Answer 87

This was the case in which Chief Justice John Marshall expressed the power of the federal government at the cost of the states. It was during this case in 1819 that the suit involved an attempt by Maryland to destroy a branch of the Bank of the United States by creating taxes on its notes

Answer 88

lasting 34 years but was vital for the forming young republic and it preserved the shaky compact of that the states had held during that time. It was a balance between states that opposed slavery and wanted slavery in order to keep the states unified. It didn’t resolve the problem but only prolonged it. This as well as the panic of 1819 would later lead to future conflicts between north and south.

Answer 89

the Monroe Doctrine was established in the late year of 1823 when Adams convinced Monroe of his ideas of thinking. It was a warning to European Powers about two basic things which was non-colonization and non-intervention. The first one was directed toward Russia in the Northwest that the era of American colonization was over and that hunting season was closed. It means that nations would not be allowed to conquer and take over land. Monroe also warned against foreign intervention. He directed this statement towards the European nations with their monarchical systems and in turn the US would not interfere with the war that the Greeks were fighting against Turks for Independence. This lead to Europe being angered at Monroe’s Doctrine (253)

Answer 90

ended the era of good times when the economy met a paralyzing panic and it brought deflation, depression, bankruptcies, unemployment, and bank failures. It is similar to the more known economic depression of the 1920’s and 30’s. This was the first national financial panic since the time when Washington was in office. The main factor to contribute this was the over speculation of the new frontier lands from the Louisiana Purchase. The Bank of the US became deeply involved during this event when trying to populate the west. The region hit hardest was the west in which it would become paralyzed because the bank could no longer provide loans to purchase land, therefor halting westward expansion during the time because of the fact that banks had to shut down mortgages and the panic of 1819 would continue to paralyze the economy for years to come, limiting expansion. (243)

Answer 91

this was in response to the engagement American and British ships had in the great lakes and in 1817 the agreement between Britain and the United States limited naval armament of the lakes. The effect of this treaty was that better relations brought the last border fortifications down later in the 1870’s and Canada would share the Great Lakes region with the United States (239)

Answer 92

This occurred before the Missouri compromise in which the House of Representatives passed the Tallmadge amendment. It state that no more slaves should be brought into Missouri and it provided the slowly growing emancipation of the children born into a slave family that was already present there. This lead to an outburst of anger from slaveholding southerners who joined the ones most affected by the depression favoring expansion of the west. They viewed the Tallmadge amendment as a threat to balance between slaveholding states. (246)

Answer 93

an agreement with Britain that permitted Americans to share the Newfoundland fisheries with Canadian settlers. The agreement also fixed the problems with borders in Louisiana and along the 49th parallel. It also created access to Oregon country for a 10 year joint occupation which would mean that neither America nor Britain would have to surrender claims to that territory. This treaty was established during the Monroe administration leading to the Monroe doctrine that would be established later. (251)

Answer 94

this was an agreement for the purchase of Florida from Spain in 1819. Spain had ceded Florida as well as its claims to Oregon. In exchange for these claims, America had to abandon its unclear claims of Texas which was soon to become a part of Spanish territory that would later become independent from Spain, calling the territory Mexico. The agreement was that the western boundary of Louisiana was made to run in a zig zag like border along the Rockies to the 42nd parallel, then turning west to divide Oregon country from Spanish claims. Both the treaties of 1818 and 1819 were over disputes of land territories, this treaty being the dispute over land with Mexico. (252).�

Answer 95

Signed on Christmas Eve in 1814, both the British and American armies would agree to stop fighting and to restore land that was conquered. Another aspect that promoted this was that the Tsar, Alexander I of Russia wanted the British to keep its strength during the Napoleonic wars instead of fighting America. What was different about this treaty was the agreement that they would stop fighting, there was no mention of the Indian menace, search and seizure, impressment, as well and the confiscations the British made towards the Americans. All the things that they went to conflict about were not mentioned in the treaty. (237)�

Answer 96

Occurred in 1832, the bank war was the result of Daniel Webster and Henry Clay presenting to congress a bill that would renew the charter of the bank of the united states, however this was used as a political tactic because of the fact that they wanted the charter to be renewed four years in advance so that it would be an issue in the election of 1832 even though the charter was supposed to expire in 1836. Clay’s plan was to have Jackson in a compromising situation. If he signed it, he would alienate his western followers. If he chose to veto it, he would lose his presidency by alienating the wealthy and influential, where he would lose the election for doing so. (268)

Answer 97

They were the nicknames given to Irish immigrants who had recently arrived to America after the potato famine that happened in Ireland. Tens of thousands fled to America in search of a better life but they had a rough start given the fact that they women took jobs in kitchens as maids and the men were pushed into hard labor as a source of income. This was also how canals would be supplied with workers were some of the men died on the spot from disease and accidental explosions. It was if these men and women were trying to find opportunity but were met with struggles. (292)

Answer 98

A court case involving the supreme court of Massachusetts where it dealt with labor unions. They rules that labor unions were not illegal nor were they conspiracies as long as their methods were honorable and peaceful. That was in result to the strikes that had occurred at the factories, some proving unsuccessful. The issue with labor unions would still be uneasy for years to come after the case in 1842 until even terms would be met. (306, 307)

Answer 99

signifies the end to “old-style elections” after this event took place in 1824. It was between the four rivals all professing that they are republicans between John Quincy Adams, Henry Clay, William H Crawford and Andrew Jackson. When the election came to a deadlock, congress chose the top three and eliminated Clay, but it was not over since clay influenced that Adams would be president and in fact it was Adams that bribed clay with the position while clay would be secretary of state. During this debate, John Randolph publically embarrassed the two by talking about the alliance between them. This outraged clay and caused him to challenge him to a duel even though the outcome was a bloodless duel since they both missed. There is still no formal evidence today to prove that Adams and Clay entered into a bargain. (256, 257, 258)

Answer 100

It was one of the extensive projects to build a larger canal far more larger than those in colonial days. New Yorkers cut off from the federal aid by states and instead dug the Erie Canal themselves. It linked the Great Lakes with the Hudson. By the leadership of Governor DeWitt Clinton, the project was completed and was nicknamed “Clinton’s Big Ditch” and “The Governor’s Gutter” It began construction in 1817 and was eventually extended to 363 miles after being completed in 1825. The interchanging of waters from both lakes symbolized the marriage of the waters. In result to the canal, land costs along the canal grew in price and promoted new cities to be built such as Rochester and Syracuse (312)

Answer 101

1793-1863, he was a soldier in Tennessee, then a lawyer, a congressman, and a governor. He later became the chief leader as well as the hero of the Texas Rebels. He was elected to the US Senate to govern Texas. He retired later during the civil war when his love for the union conflicted with the confederate states. He was the general that conquered General Santa Anna when he retreated to San Jacinto (Modern Day Houston) and turned the tables by attacking them during their siesta (Mexican nap) and captured Santa Anna. In result, Santa Anna signed a treaty that designated the Rio Grande as a border to Texas. (277, 280)

Answer 102

It was a policy that uprooted more than 100,000 Indians in 1830. During this year, congress passed the Indian removal act and it actually hurt more of the civilized native tribes. It was this act that forced Indians to march towards newly established Indian Territory. It was the forced migration of Indian tribes to the west of the Mississippi river in order to prevent rebellions as well as make room from American settlers. (266)

Answer 103

: This idea was adopted in 1850 and it sets the model for modern day mass production lines in which is speeds up the time to assemble a product. The idea of interchangeable parts gave the union an upper hand in mass production of war materials during the civil war and it was also encouraged by Eli Whitney with his idea of the cotton gin. It gave the union factories the ability to flourish in the north giving the union the advantage in the upcoming dispute even though they did not know about it yet. (303)

Answer 104

This was established by more “noisier” American nationalists in response to the increase of Irish and German immigrants and the growing population of Roman Catholics. They demanded political action and they formed the Order of the Star-Spangled Banner in 1849 which was known as the “Know-Nothing Party” because of the fact that the name was derived from its secretiveness. They proposed for rigid restriction on immigration and dealing with aliens in the United States as well with the idea of deportation. This group also promoted violence because of the fact that a Catholic convent near Boston was burned down by a mob and later attacks on catholic schools. (296, 297)

Answer 105

Occurred in 1836 when Texans declared independence under the lone star flag, naming Sam Houston as the commander in chief. The odds were against the Texans, the large army of Santa Anna leading 6,000 men against 200 Texans at the Alamo in San Antonio. It was here where they stayed and fight claiming that it would be victory or death. As a result of this battle, heroes such as Jim Bowie and Davy Crockett were remembered and the traditional phrase of remember the Alamo was said all across the United States. (276, 277)

Answer 106

He is known as the man that invented the telegraph that would further enhance communications among states especially during the civil war. It was a step towards modern civilization. The telegraph was an experiment at first and Morse was granted 30,000 to experiment with his talking wires. In an experiment in 1844, he put a wire from Washington to Baltimore and tapped out the historic message known as “what hath god wrought” and it was that message that gave him fame and fortune and it gave distant people the ability to communicate over vast distances. When the civil war era reached, a vast array of wires was strung from every state in the union to tell news, diplomacy and finance. (303)

Answer 107

They are nationalists in a sense because there were enraged by the amount of immigrants in the country during the 1840’s and 50’s. They feared that these foreigners would outbreed, outvote, and overwhelm the old national stock. They believed that these foreigners took the American “native” jobs and this racism towards these immigrants was directed towards the Irish and a small amount of Germans, especially towards Roman Catholics. This was displayed in the fact that some Americans regarded the Church of Rome as a brothel. They would later form the Know Nothing party. (296)

Answer 108

They were known s the nullifiers because they tried to muster the 2/3rds vote for nullification in the South Carolina Legislature. However their plan was blocked by the minority union known as submission men. In order to combat this issue as well, congress passed the new Tariff of 1832. In the election of 1832, there were clashes between the nullifiers and unionists. The Nullies wore palmetto ribbons on their clothing to signify their loyalty to the Palmetto State. They caused the existing Tariff of 1832 to be null and void within South Carolina (264)

Answer 109

It was the result of the financial “sickness” or crisis occurring at the time. It was the result of different factors such as gamblers in the west betting national money that was borrowed, most of that borrowed being shaky because of the fact that it was from the “wildcat banks.” Also factors with the craze of canals, roads, railroads, and slaves lead to the crash. Jacksonian financial plans such as the Bank War and Specie Circular gave additional issues to the already unbalanced financial structure along with the failures of wheat crops which deepened distress. Grain prices went high and caused mobs and riots. Hardship kept spreading and banks started shutting down by the hundreds which carried several million in colonial dollars. It was the Whigs that came forward with the proposal for active government aids for the economy (274)

Answer 110

This system was what the fur-trapping empire was based on. Each summer, traders went from St. Louis to the Rocky Mountain Valley. There they would make camps and wait for trappers and Indians to arrive with beaver pelts to trade for goods from the east. This trade would thrive for another 2 decades because of the fact that beaver hats were in high demand until becoming out of fashion later on. Another commodity to this system was the trading of buffalo robes which lead to the massive annihilation of the once massive herds of bison that roamed in the western prairies. The rendezvous system was the organized meetings to trade during this time. (289)

Answer 111

Known as the father of the Factory System in America. He was the one that started the mass production of textiles with his knowledge of assembling textile machines, he went to America at the age of 21 where he reconstructed the essential apparatus with the help of a carpenter and blacksmith. In the year of 1791 he put the first ever efficient American machine for spinning cotton thread and this would later lead to Eli Whitney’s invention of the cotton gin. However it was Slater’s ideas that lead to the mass producing assembly line idea.

Answer 112

a policy in which Jackson authorized the treasury to issue this. It is the requirement of all public lands to be purchased with hard money such as silver and gold. It was a way to combat the wildcat banks and make the unreliable printing of paper money somewhat better in restricting it. However it did the opposite because it slammed the brakes in progression and turned it into the other direction which would later lead to the economic panic of 1837 and the crash which got rid of all the pet banks and put many banks and businesses out of business.(272)

Answer 113

It was known as rewarding the political supporters with public office, it is best compared to the term the spoils of war except in politics. It was introduced into the federal government on a large scale in the fact that it was as old as politics. Jackson defended this idea of democratic terms that every man is as good as his neighbor. He believed that a role in office was simple enough to learn quickly. It got rid of the idea of government being run by the federalists and takes a more democratic way of government in removing the aristocratic ruling system. He believed that it was better to bring in new blood and that each generation deserves its turn in government known as the public trough. (262)

Answer 114

The tariff issue was touchy in the fact that tariffs protected American industry against competition from the European markets but it also drove up prices for everyone in America. It was in 1828 that the Tariff of Abominations drove many people in the state of South Carolina to think about secession. This tariff promoted a high tariff bill and many people thought it would not got passed but they were wrong which caused civil distress. Southerners especially were major consumers of manufactured goods and they were hostile to the idea. They believed that this “Yankee tariff” discriminated against them. (262, 263)

Answer 115

It was the forced migration of the Cherokee Indian tribe that attempted to assimilate into white society by going to school and learning the ways of the white man. However this was not good enough and they forcibly migrated the Indians to an Indian reserve west of the Mississippi River. On the way many of them would die due to disease and the hardship of travel. They tried to embrace white civilization. This also caused the uprooting of 5 other civilized tribes and it was the forced migration of over 100,000 Indians. As a result of this, the Indian removal act would later be passed (265, 266)

Answer 116

They Whigs came forward with proposals to end the panic of 1837 by encouraging active remedies in government for the economic illness. The proposed the expansion of bank credit, higher tariffs, as well as more internal improvements. However these proposals were turned down by Van Buren who was strict with the Jacksonian idea of the government keeping away from the economy. The Whig party was yet another political party with diverse elements and was even mocked because of the fact that it was an organized incompatibility. The only aspects that kept this group together were that they did not like Jacksonian policies. (272)

Answer 117

A man of French Decent that was known for painting birds in their natural habitat. He was the one that illustrated the Bids of America in which this painting received great amounts of popularity. He is known as an astute naturalist as well as a gifted artist and received fame as America’s greatest ornithologist. The Audubon Society that protects birds in their natural habitat was named after him despite the fact that he did shoot birds in his free time as a sport. (335)

Answer 118

Following the idea of plain living and high thinking as well as the philosophy of transcendentalism, the Brook Farm was about 200 acres of farmland in Massachusetts. This started in 1841 by the hands of about 20 intellectuals committed to completing this philosophy. The farm prospered considerably well until the year of 1846 when one of the communal buildings was lost to a fire, leaving the idea of plain living and high thinking in debt due to the fire. In another side note, the experiment inspired to creating of The Blithedale Romance (1852) by Nathaniel Hawthorne. (334)

Answer 119

1802-1887 She was responsible for the reform of treatment towards mentally ill patients. Was also appointed the superintendent of women nurses during the Civil War for the Union forces. She traveled 60,000 miles in the time span of 8 years to report and take notes on insanity and asylums from direct observation. She was responsible for better treatment such as during 1843 when she wrote a petition about the holding cells of these patients and how it changed the minds of many. (329)

Answer 120

A man who believed that temptation should be removed by legislation, he was the mayor of Portland and an employer of labor and he was a reformer who witnessed the effects of alcohol and believed that it should be banned after seeing many of his employees coming to work drunk and in return, Dow losing money and time from alcohol. He was known as the “Father of Prohibition” because of the fact that he sponsored the Maine law of 1851, prohibiting creation and distribution of alcohol. However, within a decade, this law was deemed unconstitutional and repealed. (330)

Answer 121

One of the greatest revival preacher during the second great awakening. He was known for his voice and gaining a large number of supporters and converts. He is said to have converted over half a million people during his series of revivals after the construction of the Erie Canal in cities such as Rochester and New York City in 1830-1831.

Answer 122

Another man during the age of reform, a graduate from Brown University and secretary of the Massachusetts Board of Education. He campaigned for more and better schoolhouses and to extend the period of school terms. With this he also demanded higher pay for teachers and a more expanded and diverse curriculum. His accomplishments spread to other schools as well encouraging more reform in education as well as providing more education to lower income families. (325)

Answer 123

the founding father of the Oneida Community, a community that similar to the Brook Farm experiment in which free love was encouraged as well as the use of birth control. He wanted to create a community that resembled the old Puritan doctrines that God was vengeful and that mankind was doomed to the Vale of tears, so he encouraged them to become happier and get more acquainted with God, declaring that it is their special duty is to be happy. (336)

Answer 124

This experiment happened after the Brook Farm idea and it was slightly more radical in the fact that it was founded in New York in 1848 and it was the idea of free love in the community known as complex marriage and the use of birth control. It was also a form of eugenic selection of parents to produce the best offspring. This enterprise had prospered for more than 30 years. One aspect of this was because the artisans made superior steel traps. This experiment was under the idea of creating a wilderness utopia or a utopia in general that was like a paradise. (334)

Answer 125

A spread of religious revival to the masses on the frontier by having huge camp meetings of preaching and receive the gospel served up by a preacher. Many of the men and women that were spiritually starved received it by going to these mass preachings, in which it was full of happiness and joy that acted like an ecstasy. However many of these men and women would later slip back into their sinful lives even though this revival raised church membership and also stimulated new reforms to the public and social needs. (321)

Answer 126

It was a Women’s rights convention held in Seneca Falls, New York. This was where Elizabeth Cady Stanton read the Declaration of Sentiments which was a document derived from the spirit of the Declaration of Independence and it declared that all men and women are created equal. With this they demanded the right to vote for females. Even though it received a lot of scorn and denunciation from the press, the convention started the modern women’s rights movement. (332)

Answer 127

The founder of the Book of Mormon and the Church of Latter Day saints, Joseph Smith reported to the public that he received golden plates from an angel and these plates translated to the book of Mormon, he led preachings and campaigns as well as faced heavy opposition to his cause. In 1844 he and his brother were murdered by a mob in Carthage, Illinois. Even though the movement was near a collapse, it was Brigham Young who led them to safety to Zion. (323)

Answer 128

It was known as the golden age of American literature and was known as the Athens of America. It occurred in the 1830’s and resulted in part from the Puritan theology of straightjackets. The followers of this rejected John Locke’s idea that all knowledge comes to the mind through the senses. They believed that it rather transcends the senses and possesses and inner light that can illuminate the highest truth to a point where he or she can come into direct contact with god known as the “Oversoul”. (341)

Answer 129

The man who “took the falling torch” from the deceased Joseph Smith, he continued his preachings and was known as the Mormon Moses. He only received 11 years of schooling but was proven to be a gifted leader and eloquent preacher. He was determined to escape persecution and led the followers of the Mormon church over the vast plains of Utah into Zion Country from 1846-1847

Answer 130

A group like many that were the effects of the widespread loathing of blacks. These were early abolitionists that focused on transporting blacks back to Africa. This society was founded for that purpose in 1817. In 1822, the Republic of Liberia, located on the West African Coast, was established for former slaves to reside in. The capital of Monrovia was named after the President. 15,000 slaves were reported to be transported there over the next 40 years. By the year 1860, all southern slaves were no longer African but in fact native born, African Americans. (362, 364)

Answer 131

Known as the vast amount of black slaves that populated the southern part of the United States. Slavery was becoming more of a problem after it was revived by the Cotton Boom after Eli Whitney’s invention the cotton gin. Most regions of the south had about 10 to 50 percent of slave population but there were patches of slaves located in south Carolina that were over 50 percent of slave population. (355, 356)

Answer 132

Known as one of the greatest of the black abolitionists, he escaped bondage in 1838 at the age of 21. He was recognized when he blew away a crowd of abolitionists with a stunning speech at the antislavery meeting in Massachusetts. He then continued to lecture for his cause despite the fact that it put his life in danger. He published the autobiography, Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass in 1845 where it talked about his origins as the son of a black slave and white father as well as how he learned to read and write and eventually escape. After the emancipation, he battled for civil rights of his people and served as the US minister to Haiti nearing the end of his career. (365, 366)

Answer 133

Known as one of the most vilified abolitionists. He was a poor organizer to his cause and he favored secession form the South as well as talked down to both sides about his cause. He is actually known for “firing one of the first barrages” to the civil war when he published his antislavery newspaper, The Liberator. The effects of this was a debate between different views of the topic. He was a man that was stubborn and wanted his way and often appeared to be more interested in self-gain and his own righteousness rather than dealing with the issue at hand. He called the North Virtuous and the South wicked. He even burned a copy of the Constitution for his cause in seceding the North and South. (365, 366)

Answer 134

Not a person but the idea that the south focused their economy on the harvest of cotton. The Cotton Kingdom grew into a large agricultural factory that was benefited by Eli Whitney’s Cotton Gin as it increased production having them be able to grow into a larger market and get more cotton cleaned. In the South’s eyes, it was a form of power and they believed that cotton was king in the economy. However it did make the colonies interdependent on each other such as the south creating the cotton, the north with industrialization as well as the West with crops and grains. It was with cotton that it accounted for half the value of all American Exports after the year of 1840. (350, 351)

Answer 135

a black abolitionist who was a freed black woman in New York. She fought tirelessly for emancipation of blacks as well as women’s rights. She was simply known as Isabella and she held audiences that were baffled by her deep resonant voice who also carried a religious passion with her speeches, talking about how slavery was a sin and still is. (365)

Answer 136

a man responsible for leading a rebellion that sent a wave hysteria over southerners in which He and others slaughtered 60 Virginians mostly women and children in response to Vesey’s uprising. They were scared after the rebellion of 1831 to the point where the farmers slept with pistols under their pillows. When looking at William Lloyd Garrison, he was actually not affiliated with Turner. However due to the Liberator appearing at the same time, he was marked as a terrorist. (362, 367)

Answer 137

A free black that led another rebellion in Charleston South Carolina. His rebellion was a failure due to the fact that he was betrayed by his informers in the year 1822. He along with 30 other followers were publicly hung in the gallows. His actions would later cause Nat turner to lead an uprising. (362)

Answer 138

When the abolitionist movement changed and now resembled the British movement of freeing their slaves, Weld was one of the main abolitionists. He was a self-educated man and appealed to the power of rural audiences of farmers who were often un educated. He along with several others in 1832 organized a debate that lasted 18 days on slavery. He was also responsible for organizing a propaganda pamphlet on American Slavery as It Is which was one of the most effective abolitionist movements and greatly influenced the writing of Uncle Tom’s Cabin (364)

Answer 139

the man that increased the production of cotton from 1 pound of cotton per day to 1,000 pounds of cotton cleaned per day. He made it possible for the wide-scale cultivation of cotton as well as creating the South’s title of king cotton. The Gin was known as King Cotton’s throne because it became the dominant southern crop which would replace tobacco, rice, and sugar. However it also did increase slave demand for them to use the machines and it revived the slavery of the south. It also threatened the survival of the nation itself because it also made the nations interdependent. (350)

Answer 140

It was the area of Oregon Country as well as the slogan for James K. Polk. It was the southern tip of the Alaska panhandle that was claimed at one time by four different nations which included Britain, The United States, Russia, and Spain. After the treaty of 1819, Spain gave up claims to that area as well as claims to Florida. Russia gave up the claim after both treaties of 1824 and 1825 because of the fact that America and Britain had claims on it as well. The dispute between the two nations of America and Britain were that Britain claimed the Northern half and America claimed it near the Columbia River due to the Lewis and Clark expedition. Eventually they came to an agreement on the border with Britain claiming the northern half as modern day Canada. (376, 377)

Answer 141

The Caroline Raid was known as the attacking of the American steamer the Caroline that was carrying supplies to insurgents across the Niagara. It was attacked on the shore of New York by a British force that proceeded to set it ablaze. In the raid, one American was killed due to the ship sinking. It lead to the violation of neutrality. A similar incident occurred when a Canadian was arrested for talking about how he was part of this raid, this was 3 years later and lead to conflicts with borders between the US and Britain. (374)

Answer 142

Occurred in the campaign of 1844 that it was God who had manifested the westward expansion of America for better hopes of economic prosperity. Americans felt the sense that it was a mission to spread their influence all over the continent and into south America as well. They believed in the Re-annexation of Texas and the Reoccupation of Oregon. One thing that can best describe it is a picture of an Angel pointing to the west as thousands of pioneers head in that direction with wagons and horses. (378)

Answer 143

It was known as the migration to the Oregon Coast in hopes of better economic prosperity as well as better farmland. They went on the 2 thousand mile Oregon Trail where restless pioneers threw off the balance of British and American settlers. The journey was usually hard due to long distance. The British became outnumbers as they received more and more neighbors on their land. This population issue would later be discussed in the election of 1844 (177- 178)

Answer 144

He was the general in command of the expedition towards Mexico City. His task was to push inland from Vera Cruz and take out the enemy’s vitals. He was an old hero from the War of 1812 and known as Old Fuss and Feathers due to his uniforms and his ways of discipline. However during his campaign, he had inadequate numbers of troops however despite the handicap, he still succeeded in fighting his way up to Mexico City in 1847. He was proven to be the most distinguished general in his country between 1783 and 1861 (384)

Answer 145

These were resolutions suggested by Polk as the obtaining of information as to which spot American blood was spilled on since there were debates whether it was Mexican blood or American blood. He requested information with persistence that he came to be known as Spotty Lincoln and that he could die of Spotted fever due to all the spot resolutions. This policy also arose the question of did Polk provoke War with Mexico. (382)

Answer 146

Ordered by James K Polk to lead 4,000 men on January 13, 1846 from the Nueces River to the Rio Grande. He was, like other presidents, a war hero. He was first attacked by the Mexican troops after he crossed the Rio Grande in which only 16 Americans were killed or wounded. He was known as Old Rough and Ready because of his iron constitution and the fact that he hardly ever appeared as a soldier. He would even wear a Mexican straw hat. He lead his troops across the Rio Grande into Mexico, won several victories and made it to Buena Vista. There, his 5,000 men were attacked by 20,000 Mexican troops and it was there that he was victorious and named the Hero of Buena Vista and that he could be elected president in 1848 by “spontaneous combustion” (382, 384)

Answer 147

Signed by Nicholas P. Trist on February 2nd, 1848, the treaty confirmed the American title of Texas as well as yielded to the area that stretched westward to Oregon. The treaty was a large negotiation since it was asking for about ½ of Mexico in which the United States would agree to pay 15 million for that land. They also agreed to pay the claims of its citizens against Mexico which was the amount of $3,250,000. (384)

Answer 148

A bill that never became a federal law however it would later be endorsed by legislatures of all free states except one. It brought up the discussion of the issue of slavery in the territories. Wilmot called it slavocracy and that slavery should never exist in any of the territory that is taken from Mexico, it caused dispute among slave owners and people who relied upon slaves. He believed the land taken from the Mexicans should be slave free (388, 389)

Answer 149

an agreement between Secretary Webster and Lord Ashburton with the compromise of the Maine boundary. It was agreed upon that the Americans were to keep 7,000 square miles of the 12,000 square miles of the wilderness that was debated over. Even though the British received less land, they still got the Halifax-Quebec trade route that was most desired by them. During this event, the Caroline raid was disregarded after the exchange of diplomatic notes. (374)

Answer 150

An agreement between Britain and the US that would end further confrontation by England over the dispute of Nicaragua’s Mosquito Coast after Britain had taken control of the port of San Juan. England was upset due to the fact that the United States made an agreement with the government of New Granada that the US was guaranteed transit in return for a pledge by Washington to maintain the neutrality of the route. This agreement however leads to Theodore Roosevelt’s assertion of American control of the Panama Canal zone. This treaty stopped Britain from confronting the United States by coming to the agreement that neither nation would try to take control of the zone. (402)

Answer 151

The agreement between the north and south over territories for the slave trade with the new land that was taken from Mexico after the war. For Northern Concessions, California would be admitted as a Free State as well as abolishment of the slave trade in the district of Columbia even though it did not end slavery itself. Also territory that was disputed by Texas and New Mexico would be given to New Mexico. As for Southern Concessions, Utah and New Mexico were not restricted on slavery and was open to popular sovereignty. Texas would receive 10 million as compensation and the Fugitive Slave Law would be more powerful as well as extended. Even though this was a very severe debate, what really helped this compromise was the death of president Taylor and the takeover of Vice President Millard Fillmore who was impressed by the series of compromises and passed it. (397)

Answer 152

The law gave southerners the right to reclaim their property (slaves) from northern territories if they were to escape. It was known as the “Bloodhound Bill” because southerners were able to track down their slaves even though they thought they would be free in the north. This created dangerous dispute by the north and also because of the fact that the federal commissioner would receive more money if a slave was returned to an owner rather than freed and this closely resembled a bribe. Also anyone who aided the escape of a slave was liable to heavy fines as well as jail time. Another aspect that upset northerners especially abolitionists was that they had to accompany and aid the owner in finding their slaves. This caused disputes in the compromise of 1850 (399)

Answer 153

A land agreement between Mexico over desired land that held a very valuable railroad pass in Tucson. It was James Gadsden that created the treaty in 1853 that the desired area between New Mexico and Mexico would be ceded to the US for 10 million. Northerners however disagreed with this due to the fact that they didn’t want to pay a large sum for desert and cactuses in the south. It was passed anyways. This caused the south to receive the railroad. (405)

Answer 154

The result of the South proposed the territory of Nebraska to be split into two which would be Kansas and Nebraska. However the act actually greased the slippery slope to Civil war. Northerners were unhappy and felt betrayed by the bad faith by the “Nebrascals” because it granted slavery in Kansas even though Nebraska didn’t want slavery. This lead to the death of the Proud Democrats party and the rise of the new Republican Party. (407,408)

Answer 155

It was the desire of Asian goods and trade with them because of the fact that it was successful with the British after they had won the opium war. It was through this war that the British were allowed to use the treaty ports of the conquered land as well as control of the island of Hong Kong. The United States wanted some of this trade and therefor sent messengers bearing gifts enticing trade with the Asian nations. Such gifts included six shooters, a mini train, and silk letters asking for trade and friendly relations. The Ostend Manifesto was the allure of this trade market. (403, 404)

Answer 156

He was in charge of the fleet of warships sent to japan. Despite the fleet being warships, he came with friendly relations and the ability to trade. Japan was in a period of seclusion and needed to come out. In 1852, President Fillmore sent Perry to go to japan. Even though Perry threatened to blast his way to shore, the Japanese opened up to him despite being afraid of him at first. He brought things that would impress the Japanese as well as studied about them. He came with gifts and tactically left and said he would return within a year to hear their reply whether or not they could trade. As a man of his word he came with more gifts including a mini steam engine and 350 feet of track as a persuasion. It was by him that he persuaded the Japanese to sign the Treaty of Kanagawa on March 31, 1854, bringing them out of their self-seclusion (404)

Answer 157

A fearless conductor of the Underground Railroad. She was an illiterate runaway that lead escaped slaves to freedom. She was known as General Tubman because she was effective in leading her slaves to Canada for freedom. She later served as a union spy during the civil war behind the Confederate lines. After the war she would later bring education to the freed slaves despite being illiterate. Harriet Tubman was also known for falling asleep at times when leading slaves due to a mental disorder she received from being beaten when she used to be a slave. It was a random occurrence. (395)

Answer 158

The Underground Railroad was a series of hideaways and safe houses for runaway slaves aided by the help of northerners and abolitionists. Even though the people in the south could be prosecuted and put in jail, they viewed it as a northern cause to help the slaves. The famous saying was to follow the drinking gourd which was the big dipper constellation which pointed to the North which was freedom for them and the Underground Railroad aided that. This also promoted the fugitive slave law though because slaves were escaping and the south wanted them back. A key contributor to this was the fearless Harriet Tubman. (395)

Answer 159

A ship that was not considered a warship. It was a loophole that the British found in their treaty that they would construct vessels for the Confederate army and they would be unarmed until supplied elsewhere from Britain. It was notorious for escaping and capturing a more than 60 vessels and known was the British pirate. However it met its end after challenging a stronger Union cruiser off the coast of France in 1864. (445)

Answer 160

It was the name given to the violence that occurred in Kansas at the time when anti and pro slavery forces fought for control over the government and politics. It created debates such as the LeCompton Constitution for Kansas, the debate between Lincoln and Douglas as well as sending congress into dismay as they started bringing in weapons to protect themselves after 2 congressmen got in a fight and one beat the other with a cane. (422)

Answer 161

The man who believed it was his mission from God to end slavery in the Americas, he was a failure of a man and believed it was his only sole purpose. His plan was to secretly invade the south, start a slave revolt and create a free slave state. He then hacked 7 innocent people to death and fled, later on, he infiltrated an armory in Western Virginia and seized the federal arsenal in 1859. Then he went on a killing spree in order to get the slaves to revolt. It failed, he was caught and hanged for treason by US Marines under Lieutenant Colonel Robert E. Lee. (422, 423)

Answer 162

Proposed by Senator James Henry Crittenden of Kentucky, they proposed to appease the South. Slavery was to be prohibited north of 36 30’ but south of that line was to be given federal protection in all territories existing or later acquired such as Cuba they thought and States north or south of that border could be admitted to the Union with or without slavery. Slavery supporters would be guaranteed full rights in southern territories as long as they stayed territories. However it was thought that Federal protection in a territory south of the border would turn the entire area permanently into slavery. Lincoln rejected this Amendment. (429, 430)

Answer 163

It was a draft of the people into the military since there was a shortage of men volunteering for war. However it was an unfair advantage to the rich and poor because since all men were drafted, young rich men could hire someone to take their place while the poor couldn’t and there was another way to get out of the draft which was 300 dollars but with such a high amount of money meant that the poor couldn’t pay it while the rich could leading to men like John D. Rockefeller to get out of it. The poor called the government bandits since it demanded 300 dollars or your life and it lead to a riot in New York City in 1863 with slogans like Down with Lincoln or Down with the Draft. (448)

Answer 164

This occurred during the great Lincoln-Douglas debates in which the two were competing for the position of Senate. It was in Freeport, Illinois that he issued the doctrine that no matter how the Supreme Court ruled, slavery would still be decided in the hands of the people and he further extended it by saying it would die off if slaves are not protected with things such as the fugitive slave act. This would later cause him to lose the chances of president despite winning the election for senate since he lost support with the south. (422)

Answer 165

The place where the civil war started in Southern Territory in which South Carolina attacks Fort Sumter. This attack lead to Lincoln feeling pressured because he did not want to become the aggressor, if he sent supplies, he would start a war, if he didn’t, the commander would have to surrender without firing a single shot. He tried to create a middle of the road solution by stating to South Carolina that he was provisioning the soldiers rather than send more men and arm them but to the south, provision meant reinforcement of the garrison. The Fort was later lost and it caused the Union to now fight back. (435)

Answer 166

The author of Uncle Tom’s Cabin which really changed the northern disposition of slavery. She was upset about the passage of the Fugitive Slave Law and was determined to sway the north and awaken them of the fact that slavery was bad and inhuman especially in the splitting of families. This book provoked the north and showed them that they didn’t want slavery anymore because at first they believed they needed it based on economics but Stowe showed them that it was worse with her powerful imagery and appeal to emotion with pathos. Several hundred thousand copies were sold, causing her to change the course of history. (409, 410)

Answer 167

To the European countries, King Wheat and King Corn were better than King Cotton overall. The North produced crops of grain and harvested them while the British suffered with their harvests, this forced them to import grain for food since it was cheap and abundant. If Britain were to open the blockade for cotton, they would have started a war with the North, causing them to lose this valuable resource that was better than cotton based on their predicament. (444)

Answer 168

Proposed in Kansas for its constitution, the Lecompton Constitution was an agreement in which people were not allowed to vote for or against the constitution as a whole but for the constitution to have slavery or no slavery. If people voted against slavery, laws would protect existing slave owners which would mean slavery and if they voted for slavery, its slavery. So either way it became notorious because either way, the outcome would be that there would still be slaves in Kansas. Many anti-slavery forces did not like this so they boycotted the polls, this just led to slavery being voted for in Kansas, bringing the territory into chaos as violence occurred between both forces. (413, 414)

Answer 169

Lincoln was a republican nominee for the Senate and Douglas was the Democrat nominee in which Lincoln challenge him to a series of joint debates arranged from august to October 1858. One of the main debates of these series was the one in Freeport Illinois, dealing with the Dred Scott decision and slavery. Douglas’s response came to be known as the Freeport Doctrine in which he stated that No matter how the supreme Court ruled, slavery would stay down if the people voted and that he stated that he would create laws and amendments that wouldn’t protect slaves or the slave masters when it comes to slavery, causing it to die off later on. This was met with a disadvantage because even though he won the election for senate with Lincoln, it ruined his chances of presidency because he lost all support with the south. Thus causing Lincoln to become president as the Republican nominee. (422)

Answer 170

It was a way for the north to receive funds for the war. They passed this Tariff in early 1861, it increased the amount of money gained from the Tariff of 1857. These modest taxes however were pushed higher because of needing them for the war as it grew larger. The tariff was designed to create revenue for the war but also to protect some of the larger companies that were being taken down due to the internal taxes at the time. (449)

Answer 171

: A result of the civil war, it expanded the federal powers of taxation creating the development of the National Banking System, print currency as well as conscript the army. The National Banking System is similar to today’s system with the federal reserve and it was the Civil war that expanded the authority of central government. (478)

Answer 172

A man that was sued by his own slave for the slaves freedom. It was a court case in which the slave owner took his slaves into northern territory and a slave decided to sue him since he was on free soil now. It lead to the court case in which the Supreme court ruled that all slaves were in fact property and that it didn’t matter if the people chose if a state was free or not because the slave was property even in the North, so this decision favored the south and it led to debate with Lincoln and Douglas decided who would be the next senator. (422)

Answer 173

These two were distant cousins. Sumner became a disliked man in Congress and he delivered a speech called the Crime Against Kansas, it lead to insulting South Carolina and the Senator Andrew Butler, this caused Brooks to take vengeance into his own hands for the insults that were made to South Carolina. He wanted to call for a duel but the South one fought only with one’s social equals, so on May 22, 1856, he approached Sumner and beat him with a cane until it broke, he was kicked out of congress and reinstated back by the south and was even given more canes, this lead to congressmen carrying weapons to defend themselves amongst others. (414)

Answer 174

The Trent affair occurred when Britain tried to take advantage of America’s predicament with the war. It was late 1861 when a Union warship intercepted a British mail steamer known as the Trent and then removed two confederate diplomats heading to Europe. The British were upset with the fact that it was a British ship and they started gearing up for war, moving troops into Canada. The London Foreign Office prepared an ultimatum demanding the surrender of the prisoners as well as an apology. Due to slow communications, tensions died down and Lincoln returned the prisoners viewing them as white elephants as he said the phrase, One war at a time. (444, 445)

Answer 175

Woman took roles in the war as well, it was Dr. Elizabeth Blackwell that helped organize the US Sanitary Commission to assist the Union armies in the field. It trained nurses, gathered medical supplies and equipped the hospitals in the north. This work in the commission would give women the organizational skills and the self-confidence to propel the women’s movement after the war. (450, 451)

Answer 176

These codes were laws aimed at regulated the newly emancipated African Americans. They were still free and recognized as that but there were still restrictions to ensure they were a stable workforce and that they would be kept under control. It also sought to restore the same relations black and whites had before the civil war in which whites were superior to blacks. Blacks were still not allowed to vote or become part of a jury and they would still be discriminated against. It really mocked the idea of freedom to the blacks and it sometimes acted as a burden to them since they still didn’t have as many rights as before. (487)

Answer 177

Passed during the 3 reconstruction era amendments which were the 13th 14th and 15th amendments. This one proposed to prohibit denial of the vote on the basis of race, color as well as condition of service. Even though Stanton and Anthony fought for women’s rights as well, they lost the battle and it wouldn’t be another 50 years until the Constitution granted women the right to vote. (493)

Answer 178

the force acts were a means of stopping the KKK and their activities and were harsh in nature. Federal troops were able to stamp out much of the lash law. It drove the Ku Klux Klan into hiding, disguising their meeting places as dance clubs, rifle clubs, and missionary societies in order to hide. It was a means of catching these violent men that were similar to terrorists in today’s standards. (496)

Answer 179

the 14th amendment granted the former slaves their rights as citizens. What the south didn’t like though was that they guarantee in their state constitutions full suffrage for their former adult male slaves. The wording of this amendment was also confusing because it stated equal national citizenship. Both Stanton and Anthony campaigned against this amendment despite pleas from Frederick Douglass. (493)

Answer 180

It acted as a way to cope with the problem of all the free unskilled, unlettered, and incapable former slaves. It was created by Congress on march 3, 1865. It was intended to be a primitive welfare agency to provide food, medical care, and clothing as well as education to former slaves and in addition, white refugees. General Oliver O. Howard was the head of this bureau. It achieved great successes in education and taught an estimated 200,000 free blacks to read. Most former slaves wanted to learn in order to close the gap between them and white people. However in some instances it was unsuccessful since it used the conquered confederate land and distributed it to the free blacks for them to have property. (484)

Answer 181

The Battle of Antietam was similar to the later battle of Gettysburg, for the south it would resemble the battle of Saratoga back during the war for independence. It was important because if the South won, they would receive aid from the English countries, however this was on Northern grounds and it was a battle with heavy losses, especially for the south since they lost the battle and lost their chances of getting foreign aid. This battle McClellan failed to capture the fleeing Lee as his army retreated, leading him to be fired, again. (459, 460)

Answer 182

The place were Lee surrendered his army to the Union forces after fighting a long and painful war. The men were on the brink of starvation and Northern troops cornered Lee at Appomattox Courthouse in Virginia. Grant met with Lee and granted generous terms to him and his army in which they fed the soldiers and that they were allowed to keep their horses for the next spring plowing. Also, officers got to keep their sidearm which was considered a tremendous honor. (474)

Answer 183

Booth was a pro-southern actor who was present at John Brown’s execution as a private in the military. He is the man blamed for assassinating president Lincoln at Ford’s theater, 5 days after General Robert E. Lee had surrendered to the union army. However Booth caused Lincoln to die at the highest point of his fame being known as the great emancipator. His death couldn’t have been better timed since the dramatic death erased all of his short comings as president and caused more noble qualities to stand out. Booth however was later hunted down and killed. (474)

Answer 184

the political party named after the poisonous snake that would strike without warning. They were a party that had openly obstructed the war through attacks towards the drafts (i.e. riots) Lincoln and especially the emancipation. They had political strength in southern parts of Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois. Notorious among them was Clement L. Vallandigham that would always start trouble and did not like the war. He was later sent to prison for treasonable utterances and sent to the Confederate lines. They were a threat in the election of 1864 along with the Peace Democrats. They viewed Johnson and Lincoln as 2 ignorant, third-rate, backwoods politician born in log cabins. (470, 471)

Answer 185

The Proclamation was established by Lincoln in 1863 that slaves were forever free in the Confederate states still in rebellion. These didn’t affect Border States though. Even though the South didn’t abide by this, it was more of a Proclamation to surrender and it caused many of the slaves in the south to flee to the invading Union army to join the ranks and fight for their freedom. However it also was a key point in the war since it kept France and England out of the war since it was no longer addressing war but slavery as well and if Britain or France were to fight alongside the south, they would be fighting for slavery in which they didn’t believe in. (460, 461)

Answer 186

Marked as a turning point in the war from the south winning within a day to the North winning. The first few days were trying to take over territory and taking Little Round Top since it over looked the field of battle. It was on the second day that the Confederate forces tried to take that hill but instead were driven away by a Union force who ran out of ammo and charged them with bayonets. It was on the last day that lee made a desperate attempt to attack the city again and that was charging up towards the middle where he thought it was weakest, he sent Pickett’s division to do so and they were slaughtered as they ran up to the city as union soldiers shot at them for a 3rd a mile long thus resulting in a defeat to the south and Lee fleeing. (464, 465)

Answer 187

After the Union’s failures of generals to lead their armies, Grant was hired by Lincoln to carry out the war. He was known to be an alcoholic before the time at war and was known for being brutal to the men. He would send them out and send wave after wave of union soldiers since they were stronger in numbers than the south and he would hammer away at them until they had one. It was said that in 20 minutes, 6,000 soldiers would die. Lincoln still had him in command due to him actually sending his men into battle and winning unlike former generals. He was also successful in Tennessee as well as Vicksburg and when it came to getting Lee to surrender, he started the War of Attrition where he withered down the Confederate troops by sending wave after wave of soldiers to attack the south. Eventually he forces lee to surrender on good terms though through respect. (466, 467, 473, 474)

Answer 188

It was the radicals that did not like President Johnson and often called him the “drunken tailor” and wanted to remove him from office by constitutional processes. It was in 1868 that the House of Representatives voted 126 to 47 to impeach him for high crimes and misdemeanors. The reason why they were able to charge him was because of the Tenure of Office act dealing with vetoes created by the President. Later on Johnson’s trial, he was voted on not guilty because of his accusations towards him. The house viewed that the Act was unconstitutional and Johnson was not impeached (497)

Answer 189

It was a group of southern whites that retaliated for the freedom of slaves who resorted to savage means against the “radical” rule of black senators. They were the most notorious and were founded in Tennessee in 1866. They were essentially terrorists in the day because they masked the identities of themselves and even horses as well and they were considered the invisible empire that would strike fear into people. They resorted to violence and when an outraged Congress passed the Force acts of 1870 and 1871, this society would hold meetings in disguise as dance clubs, rifle clubs, and even missionary society meetings. (395, 496)

Answer 190

A man born in Virginia, he did not want to take up arms against his home state so he stayed and fought for the confederate army. He was a leader for the armies and his leadership made up for the hardship that the south had to endure due to inadequate supplies. His more noble qualities are being one of the best generals in the south, winning battle after battle until losing Antietam and Gettysburg in which he was able to flee without pursuit from the Union forces. It was until he became surrounded by Union forces that he was forced to surrender as he was out of supplies, his men were starving and there was nowhere else to run. (465, 473)

Answer 191

General George McClellan was a leader in the Civil war for the Union side, he was well equipped for training soldiers for battle and in basic training, however he grew fond of his soldiers and would never send them into battle. He was always too cautious and he was one of the worse generals of the Union army because he was overly cautious and wouldn’t fight, leading him to be fired twice by Lincoln especially after the battle of Antietam was won and he didn’t pursue lee which would have ended the war earlier. He would later involve himself in politics and run against Lincoln in the Election of1864. (459, 460)

Answer 192

Was tasked with leading Pickett’s charge, a fail for the south and set the fate for the south in the war as it was unsuccessful. General Pickett was behind all the slaughter as his men ran more than a mile in the open field taking fire from Union soldiers behind cover of a stonewall. Since the range of the rifles were a 3rd of a mile long, the men had to run that distance to be able to climb over the union defense and proceed to fight them inside the town of Gettysburg. This failed and Pickett was left without a division. (464, 465)

Answer 193

Radical Reconstruction was the act of getting the United States unified under the constitution again, and that meant several aspects such as the Wade-Davis Bill, black codes, and reconstruction in congress after the war. Some of this was pleasing to other, some was not including the republicans becoming infuriated with the fact that whitewashed rebels were back in congress again. The believed that the war would restore the union but not in terms of reinstatement back into congress. (488)

Answer 194

It was an act of watching over southern territories. It was passed on March 2, 1867 and that the South would be divided into 5 military districts controlled by a Union general and policed by soldiers. It also disfranchised tens of thousands of former confederates. They also created stringent conditions to be readmitted into the union in which they had to ratify the 14th amendment. It would lead to the passing of the 15th amendment. (492)

Answer 195

He was one of the few men that were during the split of the Union. He had slogans such as the irrepressible conflict during his speech at Rochester in 1858. Lincoln beat Seward in the Elections and William Seward became part of the Confederate states of America. (425)

Answer 196

The Union army general that was tasked with going into the south by taking the Mississippi river through Tennessee and Georgia then heading north as part of the Union Anaconda Plan to constrict the south. He would make his way through the states leaving a trail of destruction and was known as the villain to the south. He would later go north after reaching Georgia to Richmond. He was given the nickname Tecumseh for his brutality and forceful leadership and his name would be used to in the future the tank, the Sherman Tank because of how fast he went through the states taking down everything in its path. He helped in surrounding General Lee and forcing him to surrender after doing all-out war on the soldiers AND civilians. (468, 469)

Answer 197

It was proclaimed by Lincoln when they had the states come back into the union. He proposed that a state could be reintegrated into the union when ten percent of its voters in the presidential election of 1860 had taken an oath of allegiance to the US as well as to abide by Emancipation. However Republicans feared it could lead to the restoration of the planter aristocracy and possible slavery again, so they named it the Wad-Davis Bill. (485)

Answer 198

Basically the Ten Percent plan on steroids and bumped up to 50 percent. The bill required that 50 percent of the voters take the oath and it demanded a stronger safeguard for emancipation than Lincoln’s price. However Lincoln vetoed it by refusing to sign it. The republicans were outraged and refused to admit back Louisiana when it passed Lincoln’s demands. Congress viewed that states could only admit as conquered provinces and that they committed suicide as republican states by succeeding, leading to controversy and the rising of 2 factions within the republicans who had their own ideas of punishment for the south (485, 486)

Answer 199

It was the nickname given to the event when Reed dominated congress because it was congress that gave numerous pensions to Civil War veterans and increased the government purchases of silver. The Billion dollar congress also passed the McKinley Tariff Act of 1890 in order to protect Republican industrialists from foreign competition. They were responsible for this act that brought more hardship to farmers as it put them more in debt leading to the loss of the elections of 1890 for the republicans (522, 523)

Answer 200

Especially relevant during the Era of Good Stealings. He was a man living in New York City that employed bribery, graft, and fraudulent elections to get more and more money out of the city to extents of 200 million. Boss Tweed was one of the men responsible for this era because it caused others to fall into the era as well causing honest citizens to hide from the rest and causing protesters to be deterred by higher taxes, it was an era of corruption. However it was in 1871 that Tweed came to an end as the New York Times secured evidence about his scandals (505)

Answer 201

In order to combat the massive immigration of Chinese, Congress passed the act in 1882 which would prohibit immigration from china until 1943. Some even went to the extent of stripping them of their rights but this was overruled by congress because it went against the 14th amendment in the court case US vs. Wong Kim Ark in 1898. This was the only thing that was keeping them in the US because it provided important protections for the Chinese Americans and other immigrant communities. (514, 515)

Answer 202

A quick agreement for terms of piece. It would mean withdrawing troops from the two states that remained which was Louisiana and South Carolina. The republicans also assured that the Democrats would have a place at the presidential patronage trough which would support a bill subsidizing the Texas and Pacific Railroad’s construction of a southern line. Some of these promises would not be kept. Even though it resolved peace between democrats and republicans, it came at a cost which caused the Republican Party to abandon its commitment to racial equality. (511)

Answer 203

Occurred in 1872 when Union Pacific Railroad insiders formed the Credit Mobilier construction co and hired themselves at inflated prices to build the railroad line. In result they earned 348 percent more than average. The company distributed its shares to select congressmen in order to keep them quiet. It was another reason why the government was corrupted due to the bribery and it wasn’t until a local newspaper exposed 2 congressmen, the scheme and the vice president. (506)

Answer 204

It was an era in which some congressmen and business men cheated men and women in order to make money. Even though there were still honest and noble men, a few bad apples can spoil the bunch and that is exactly what happened when citizens started to hide away that honesty and people who stood against the corruption received higher taxes. It was where businesses raised prices in order to cheat and make more money off of unsuspecting customers. Examples include Boss Tweed who held fraudulent elections and bribed law enforcement in order to make money off of the city. (505)

Answer 205

James Garfield won the election of 1880 and barely received the win over Winfield Scott Hancock having only 39,213 more votes even though the electoral votes were higher. He was energetic but quickly became part of the debate between Blaine and Conkling. He was a president that was shot by Charles J. Guiteau in the back because he was a disappointed and mentally deranged office seeker, causing him to shoot Garfield. His death caused congress and politicians into reforming the spoils system. (515)

Answer 206

It was the nickname given to the 3 decade long post-civil war era by Mark Twain. It was the fact that the slightest nudge would mess with the balance towards to the advantage of the opposition party. Every presidential election was close and majority of the House of representatives switched about 6 times. It was shaky and politically unstable due to all the change and reform. Mark Twain characterized it as a teeter totter of political balance (509)

Answer 207

Established in 1878 during the time when depression hit the economy, the Greenback labor party polled over a million votes and had elected 14 members in Congress. It was the result of the Republican hard-money policy which helped elect Democratic House of Representatives in 1874. (508)

Answer 208

It was the fact that slaves were given codes and that the blacks were forced into a different form of slavery which was sharecropping. They were legal codes of segregation known as Jim Crow laws causing the south to find loop holes to the amendments such as literacy tests, voter-registration laws as well as poll taxes which would prohibit blacks from most things such as voting, even though it would violate rights, it technically wasn’t since it the laws were different for each state. They were similar to the black codes in a form of restriction (512)

Answer 209

Was a tariff used by the Billion Dollar Congress in order to protect the republican industrialists from foreign competition, it increased the rates to their highest peace time level of an average of 48.4 percent. It created more hardships for farmers in debt and lead to them rising against the republicans because of them selling their products into more competitive, unprotected world markets, leading the Republican Party size to dwindle to 88 seats after the elections of 1890 because they had lost most of their majority (523)

Answer 210

A cartoonists responsible for publishing evidence through his drawings about Boss Tweed’s scandals by attacking Boss Tweed in a series of cartoons. Such examples include a Giant Tweed as a powerful and corrupt giant towering over a small law force. He defamed Tweed and it lead to, along with evidence, Tweed being sent to jail. (505, 506)

Answer 211

It was reform in response to Garfield’s death. It banned compulsory campaign contributions from federal employees and also established the Civil Service Commission to make appointments to federal jobs. It was known as the Magna Carta of civil-service reform. It was Garfield’s murder that caused the Republican Party to reform. (515)

Answer 212

A court case that ruled for pro segregation and that it would be separate but equal involving the institution of separate facilities and that those facilities were constitutional under the equal protection clause of the 14th amendment. This included segregated schools, work places restrooms, etc. The blacks viewed it as a second class citizenship because some viewed the white institutions as superior. (513)

Answer 213

The party was known as the people’s party consisting of frustrated farmers in the great agricultural belts of the West. They demanded inflation through free and unlimited coinage of silver at the rate of 16 ounces to 1 ounce of gold. The Populist Party became a rather large force gaining a sum of votes and leading to the Sherman Silver Purchase Act in response to this as a compromise. They became one of the few third parties in US history to break into the electoral column. (524)

Answer 214

An act that would require the US to double the amount of silver they purchased as well as put more money into circulation in response to the depression. It was supported by John Sherman as a compromise to the advocates of free silver. However the problem with this act was that it threatened to mess with US treasury gold reserves, leading the act to be repealed in 1893 (527)

Answer 215

Another corrupted event of congress was when the Whiskey Ring robbed the Treasury of millions in excise tax revenues. When it was realized that President Grant’s private secretary was among the culprits, he volunteered a written statement to the jury to help free his secretary from blame. Some other congressmen such as Secretary of War William Belknap was forced to resign after taking bribes from suppliers to the Indian reservations. (506)

Answer 216

it was a federation or labor union that consisted of self-governing national unions. The AF of L unified the overall strategy and that no individual laborer as such could join the central organization. The AF of L promoted the idea of pure and simple Unionism in which it was enforced by the president Samuel Gompers. A major goal was the trade agreement which would authorize the closed shop or all-union labor. (553)

Answer 217

the man who introduced the telephone. He was a teacher of the deaf and was given an ear to experiment with, he remarked that if he could make the mute talk, he could make iron speak. As a result of this, America became very interested in telephonics as a giant communications network was built on this invention. (539)

Answer 218

he became known as the steel king in which he integrated every phase of the steel making operation. He created mines that were abundant in numbers, created his Carnegie ships that sailed across the great lakes. He integrated all processes, to the manufacturing to mining to marketing. He had a goal to improve the efficiency by making supplies more reliable. He created the new industrialized generation as America produced more steel than Britain and Germany combined. He ran into another influential banker of his day and that was JP Morgan in which he ran into several collisions into. However nearing the end of his life, he adopted a philanthropic way of life such as giving away money for the public libraries as well as pensions for professors accumulating to a total of 350 million. (539, 540)

Answer 219

(1847-1931) considered dull-witted and taken out of school due to a hearing disability but it later became an advantage because he was able to concentrate without distraction. He was a gifted tinkerer as well as a tireless worker. It was he that created the phonograph, the mimeograph and the Dictaphone as well as the moving picture. However he is best known for the perfection of the light bulb in 1879 bringing daylight at night. (539)

Answer 220

Was the magazine image of an independent and athletic “new woman” created in the 1890’s becoming the romantic ideal of the age, created by Charles Dana Gibson. For the middle-class women, their careers often meant delayed marriages and smaller families. However even though this is the lifestyle many wanted, most women workers toiled neither for independence nor for glamor but out of economic necessity. They still earned fewer wages than men and worked long hours. (548)

Answer 221

founder of the American Federation of Labor. He had a strong voice and rose high in the labor ranks, becoming the president of the federation every year except for one from 1886 to 1924. He was seen in 1919 marching in Washington DC declaring “Show me the country in which there are no strikes and I’ll show you that country in which there is no liberty” He was against the idea of socialism and chose economic strategies over politics. He fought for a fair share for labor, he promoted pure and simple unionism. (553)

Answer 222

According to this, the wealthy, entrusted with society’s riches, had to prove themselves morally responsible, as supported by Carnegie. However it led to opposition with the idea of Survival-of-the-fittest following the teaching of Charles Darwin. Self-justification by the rich involved contempt for the poor and that many of them, especially newly rich men and women had pulled themselves up by their own bootstraps and that they concluded that most of the people that stayed poor were lazy and lacking in enterprise. It was even preached by the Episcopal bishop of Massachusetts an Rockefeller that the good lord gave me my money. (543)

Answer 223

It was a riot that led to a bomb threat as a stick of dynamite was thrown into the crowd, killing and injuring many including police. Due to the Knights of Labor becoming involved in many protests, tensions rose and violence erupted. Eight Anarchists were rounded up because of this and this also lead to the downfall of the Knights of labor because they were also mistakenly associated with the anarchists in the minds of the public (552)

Answer 224

It restricted rebates an pools and required the railroads to publish their rates openly. Prevented unfair discrimination against shippers and outlawed charging more for a short haul than for along one over the same line. It also set up ICC (Interstate Commerce Commission) which would enforce the new legislation. However despite the acclaim, it didn’t not be the victor over corporate wealth but instead provided an orderly forum where competing business interest could resolve conflict in a peaceful matter, avoiding rate wars that hurt the nation more than the competitor. (538)

Answer 225

Similar to other labor unions, this one was entirely new and came after the National Labor Union crumbled. It became very known as a secret society, often including private passwords, handshakes and rituals. They sought out to include all workers as one big union much like its predecessor. They welcomed both skilled and unskilled labor but they restricted non producers such as lawyers, bankers, and stockbrokers. Much like the American Federation of Labor, they refused to go into politics. After the Haymarket Square bomb, they Knights of Labor were mistakenly accused along with the anarchists which would lead to their downfall. (552, 553)

Answer 226

Another business man that was known for controlling about 95 percent of the country’s oil industry. He came to dominate the industry and became a successful business man at the age of 19. In 1870, he organized the Standard Oil Company of Ohio, then relocating to Cleveland in a goal to root out middlemen and squeeze out competitors. He flourished in an era of completely free enterprise. Rockefeller created a monopoly and was once called Reckafellow by Carnegie for the fact that he showed little to no mercy. In a satirical cartoon, it shows Rockefeller taking wealth and power from the dwarfed federal government. His product was superior and cheap which lead to his success as well. (542)

Answer 227

Signed in 1890, it forbade combination in restraint of trade without distinction between the good and the bad. It accused the big companies rather than the companies that were bad. The law was thus ineffective due to its legal loopholes that clever corporation lawyers could go through. However it was effective in the aspect that it was used to curb labor unions that were deemed to be restraining trade (544)

Answer 228

Especially prominent in post-civil war years. It created the ability and necessity to transport merchandise and wears across the nation as an early delivery and transportation system. New railroad companies flourished as the influx of immigrants provided workers and the demand for railroads grew. However this system also created new ways for people to cheat it and make money, often resulting in companies charging different transportation rates as wage wars between competitors started, leading to the create of the Interstate Commerce Act. (536)

Answer 229

a prominent figure within the Union pacific railroads. He established a shipping-land transit line across Nicaragua in response to the California gold rush, by the time of his death, the new York central rail line ran from New York to Chicago and operated along a land area of 4500 square miles. He helped populize the steel rail by replacing the old iron tracks with steel, a more cheaper and tougher metal. However corruption became common as he started a monopoly and was viewed as a thief robbing the public especially by his notorious comment “the public be damned” in a picture showing him taking control of the “iron horse” with the military to back him up. However the government would later weaken his grip on the nation’s transportation system with the Interstate commerce act. (536, 537)

Answer 230

A Supreme Court case that decreed that individual states did not have the power to regulate interstate commerce. This case also stopped the scattered state efforts of interstate commerce. Even though President Cleveland did not like effective regulation, congress ignored him and passed the Interstate Commerce Act of 1887. (538)

Answer 231

founded the Hull House, a Chicago settlement home in 1889, she never married or had children but did care for many in the home. She was a woman dedicated to uplifting the urban masses, she was one of the first women in America with a college education. She became known as an urban saint as she volunteered to help others especially children and her contributions lead her to win the Nobel Peace Prize of 1931, 4 years before she would die. (568, 569)

Answer 232

A notorious group of the Know Nothing party, this association was created 1887 and gathered around a million members. It urged for voting against the Roman Catholic candidates for office and sponsored publications about lust and nuns. This was the group that utilized foreigners as strike breakers due to the language barriers. The Labor leaders argued that if American industry was entitled to protection from foreign goods, American workers should be protected from foreign laborers. This would later lead to laws that restricted immigration. 571

Answer 233

A Battle ordered by Colonel Custer to take out the natives that had been harassing the settlers, as they moved in to attack, they were overwhelmed with a force of 2500 natives against a meager force of 264 officers, leading to the officers being wiped out by the natives. This would alter cause the US military to hunt down this force as retaliation. 597, 598

Answer 234

A man that stood up in the Democratic convention and stepped confidently onto the platform informant of 15 thousand people. He proved to be honest, sincere and energetic. He was the premier orator of his day and later became a presidential candidate running 1896, 1900, and 1908 but he lost every election. He swept the democrats off their feet with his Cross of Gold speech. He forced the free trade issue and brought up the topic of free silver. (620)

Answer 235

A Nez Perce Indian tribe leader that eventually surrendered his band of 700 Indians after they went across a 1700 mile trek lasting 3 months. Chief Joseph had hoped to cross the Continental Divide towards Canada in order to rendezvous with Sitting Bull but instead were taken to an Indian refuge in Kansas where 40 percent of the population would die from disease, with the survivors returning to Idaho. 599

Answer 236

A former “boy general” from the Civil War who was demoted back to his rank of colonel and also turned to an Indian fighter after a group of settlers were massacred, viewing it a just cause to kill the perpetrators. He sent his 7th Calvary to ambush the Indians. Attacking them turned out to be a bad idea because it was 2500 warriors against 264 officers. They were wiped out along the Little Bighorn River, this would later lead to the US Army hunting down the warriors that humiliated Custer. 597, 598

Answer 237

A result of the movement to reform Indian policy, it dissolved many tribes as legal entities, wiping out tribal ownership of land as well as set up individual Indian family heads with 160 free acres. It was a way to reform the Indians to assimilate into white society, if they behaved like whites, they could keep land, have education, and also have citizenship later granted to all Indians in 1924. (603)

Answer 238

A man along with Booker T Washington demanding for black equality in terms of social and economic standards, he was born in Mass. And was a mixture of African, French, Dutch, and Indian. He earned a Ph.D. at Harvard and was the first of his race to do that. He helped found the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People in 1910. (575)

Answer 239

founded in Texas in the late 1870’s it was a group of farmers that came together in the Alliance to socialize but also break the grip of railroads and manufacturers buy cooperatively buying and selling. They spread through local chapters throughout the south and the Great Plains during the 80’s. By 1890, it had reached over a million members. What lead to their downfall though was the fact that they ignored the plight of landless tenant farmer as well as excluded blacks, leading to their weakening of itself (616)

Answer 240

Another Indian leader that had a strong hatred for whites and Mexicans after Mexican troops had killed his mother and wife as well as 3 children, he was then committed to life to kill whites and hate them. However after he had gotten into trouble with United States authorities, he ironically fled to Mexico and surrendered to American authorities in 1886. He would later spend the rest of his life on reservations. 599

Answer 241

A cult that was formed after the United States outlawed the sacred Sun Dance, it formed and later spread to the Dakota Sioux. This leads to the army stopping it in 1890 during the Battle of Wounded Knee. In the battle it leads to an estimated 200 Indian men woman and children to be killed as well as 29 of the invading soldiers. (603)

Answer 242

Grangers was the term for people that supported the National Grange of the Patrons of Husbandry. They raised their goals from individual self-improvement to improvement of the farmers collective plight. They wanted to escape the trusts and to do that they established cooperatively owned stores for consumers and owned grain elevators and warehouses for producers. They attempted to manufacture harvesting machinery but ended in financial disaster. They were also known for becoming involved in politics. (615)

Answer 243

in an effort to settle the west after the war, government passed the Homestead Act which would promise free land to the settlers on the western frontier, which totaled to 160 acre plot of land to a citizen or head of a family as long as they lived and cultivated on the land for 5 years after the initial claim (607, 608)

Answer 244

formed in 1890, it consisted of old pioneers like Elizabeth Cady Stanton who with others helped organize the first women’s rights convention in 1848. Along to help her was Susan B Anthony that was put in jail for trying to cast a ballot in the 1872 election. The Association emphasized the argument that women deserved the vote as a matter or rights suggesting that they were the equals of man. The rise of this association would later lead to the rise of different women’s organizations such as the General Federation of Women’s clubs having a total of 200,000 members by 1900. (587, 588)

Answer 245

Happened in 1894 when Illinois National Guardsmen became involved in the Pullman Company strikers on July 7th They were unsupported by the American Federation of Labor which rose their reputation and President Cleveland later intervened in which troops were sent in to crush the strike by the use of bayonets and rifles, ending the strike that came because of the turmoil in Chicago. (618)

Answer 246

A treaty that would establish boundaries for the territory that each tribe would get and it attempted to separate the Indians into two great colonies to the North and south of white settlements. However what the US failed to realize is that the whites believed tribes and chiefs were factions even though the real truth of the authority was that it was only based on family, which lead to complications with dividing land with the treaties (596)

Answer 247

The author of one of the most influential essays ever to be written which was “The Significance of the Frontier in American History” He gave it the idea tha the frontier was more than a place, It was a symbol and state of mind of opportunity. In order to escape the problems of society in the cities, it created the state of mind that the frontier was that freedom and to be free to explore enticed many settlers to the west (610, 611)

Answer 248

One of the champions for Black education, he began as a teacher with forty students in a shanty, he taught the black students useful trades so that they could gain respect and economic security. He helped solve the nation’s racial problems. Washington avoided the issue of social equality to keep the southern racists away but still strived for educational equality. His commitment to training young blacks in agriculture and the trades guided the future curriculum at the Tuskegee Institute. 574, 574

Answer 249

A group of women that promoted the prohibition of alcohol. It was organized in 1874 and they used the white ribbon as a symbol of purity. Ran by saintly Frances E. Willard and Carrie A. Nation, they proceeded to end alcohol by attempts such as Carrie A. Nation smashing saloon bottles and bars with a hatchet. However this lead to debate whether or not her “hatchetations” were justified which would result in the prohibition movement being halted from time to time. (589)

Answer 250

A group that proposed the action to fight the McKinley administrations expansionist ideas. It included some of the most prominent people in the US such as the presidents of Stanford and Harvard Universities as well as Mark Twain. It influenced big business leaders as well such as Samuel Gompers and Andrew Carnegie. They didn’t like the idea of annexing the Filipinos because they thought it would violate the consent of the governed philosophy. They viewed that if America were to annex the area, it would then cause the US to plummet into the problems of east asia (637)