IDs

Question 1

Cesare Beccaria

Answer 1

(1738-1794) an 18th century Italian penal reformer and father of the Classical School of Criminology who strongly opposed the death penalty, and advocated equality before the law and that punishment should be proportionate to the crime

Question 2

John Howard

Answer 2

(1726-1790) a wealthy 18th century British prison reformer who advocated for a rehabilitative prison system based on meditation, self-discipline and repentance and which inspired the 19th century prison reform movement

Question 3

Cesare Lombroso

Answer 3

(1835-1909) a 19th century Italian criminal anthropologist and founder of the Positivist School of Criminology who was inspired by Social Darwinism and argued that criminality was biological and identifiable by physical and psychological defects

Question 4

Jeremy Bentham

Answer 4

(1748-1832) a late 18th/early 19th century British social reformer and Utilitarian philosopher famous for his panopticon prison design, which influenced the 19th century penitentiary architecture
«Father of the penitentiary system»

Question 5

Panopticon

Answer 5

The model penitentiary design in wheel and spoked shape proposed by the British philosopher and reformer Jeremy Bentham which served as a model for 19th century American penitentiary architecture

Question 6

Eastern State Penitentiary

Answer 6

One of the first penitentiaries built in Philadelphia in 1829 based on Jeremy Bentham’s panopticon design in which inmates were kept under strict control and isolation

Question 7

Auburn System (also known as the New York system)

Answer 7

An early 19th century penitentiary system based at the Auburn penitentiary in New York, an alternative to the Eastern State prison, which emphasized communal work in the day and solitary confinement at night

Question 8

Kingston Penitentiary

Answer 8

Canada’s first penitentiary, opened in Kingston in 1835, and designed mainly after the Auburn system in which inmates were put to communal work in the day and solitary confinement at night

Question 9

Red Light District of Montreal

Answer 9

The busy sector centred around the intersection of St. Laurent and St. Catherine streets in downtown Montreal which was infamous in the interwar period (1919-1939) for its concentration of prostitution and brothels, which were identifiable by their red-lights used as signs

Question 10

Bootlegging

Answer 10

The illegal production and distribution of liquor which became widespread across North America. It was another crime that flourished in the 1920s thanks to Prohibition.

Question 11

Al Capone

Answer 11

(1889-1947) The 20th c. American gangster and powerful crime boss based in Chicago who directed a crime syndicate in bootlegging, smuggling, and other illegal activities during the prohibition era before his conviction for income tax evasion in 1931

Question 12

St. Valentine’s Day Massacre

Answer 12

The notorious 1929 ganglands killing of 7 Chicago mobsters (and 1 mechanic) masterminded by Al Capone’s crime syndicate members disguised as policemen, for which no one was ever brought to trial

Question 13

Regina Riot

Answer 13

The full-scale riot in Regina on July 1, 1935 which erupted when RCMP (supported by Regina Police) clashed with unemployed demonstrators (about 400-500 trekkers), resulting in 2 deaths, hundreds of injuries, and enormous property damage in downtown Regina

Question 14

F.L.Q.

Answer 14

(Front de Libération du Québec) a radical Quebec terrorist and separatist organization which (between 1963 and 1970), was responsible for dozens of dynamite explosions, bank robberies, and some deaths, the most notable of which was Quebec cabinet minister Pierre Laporte

Question 15

Victims of Violence

Answer 15

an Ottawa-based support and lobby group for victims of violence founded in 1984 by Gary and Sharon Rosenfeldt (the parents of one of Clifford Olson’s victims), which favours the death penalty for murder in cases in which the killer’s guilt has been proven with DNA evidence

Question 16

Quebec’s Biker War

Answer 16

(1994-2001) the violent Biker war fought between the two rival criminal biker gangs - the Hells Angels and Rock Machine - for control of Quebec’s lucrative drug trade, which killed about 187 people, including 30 innocent victims

Question 17

Maurice Boucher

Answer 17

the late 20th c. criminal leader of the Quebec branch of the Hells Angels who dominated Quebec’s profitable drug trade in the 1990s, before his conviction in 2002 to 25 years without parole for masterminding the murder of 2 Quebec prison guards

Question 18

Daniel Desrochers

Answer 18

the 11-year-old boy who was accidentally killed by a car bomb in Hochelaga-Maisonneuve in August 1995, and one of the first innocent victims of Quebec’s Biker War, which ignited public revulsion and the creation of the Wolverine police anti-biker squad

Question 19

Pierre Rondeau

Answer 19

the 2nd prison guard to be killed in September 1997 during Quebec’s Biker War by Hells prospects (Paul Fontaine and Stephane Gagne) who acted on orders of Maurice Boucher who hoped to destabilize Quebec’s justice system

Question 20

Michel Auger

Answer 20

the veteran Canadian crime journalist (prolific crime reporter for the Journal de Montréal) who was shot several times in September 2000 during Quebec’s bloody Biker War, and whose miraculous recovery helped to rally public opinion against biker gang violence

Question 21

Operation Springtime

Answer 21

The largest one-day police operation in Canadian history on March 28, 2001 which resulted in the arrest of over 150 members of the Hells Angels and their associates, effectively ending the Quebec Biker War

Question 22

C-24

Answer 22

a 2002 federal Canadian anti-gang law which made it easier to prove gang membership by reducing the legal definition of a criminal organization to only 3 members

Question 23

Operation Colisee

Answer 23

The massive early 21th c. Canadian police investigation of the Montreal mafia which resulted in the arrest of about 100 organized crime figures, including Nicola Rizzuto, on charges of drug smuggling, drug trafficking, money laundering and gangsterism

Question 24

Archambault Commission

Answer 24

The influential government study of Canadian penal conditions completed by Justice Joseph Archambault in 1938, which recommended that the penitentiary system change its focus from retributive justice to rehabilitation, through better educational and vocational programs

Question 25

Parole

Answer 25

A postwar penitentiary reform allowing the conditional release of well-behaved inmates prior to the end of a sentence to ease their transition from incarceration to free society.

Question 26

Halfway Houses

Answer 26

Housing units supervised by correctional officials created in the 1960s to provide temporary housing and job-searching facilities for offenders to ease their transition back to mainstream society, and to reduce the risk of recidivism.

Question 27

Canadian Association of Elizabeth Fry Societies

Answer 27

An association of support groups started in 1969 under the Elizabeth Fry banner which provide transitional housing and community support for female inmates.

Question 28

Arpaio

Answer 28

The controversial sheriff of Maricopa County, Arizona, from 1993 to 2017, and self-proclaimed ”toughest sheriff in America”, famous for his tough-on-crime methods, such as chain gangs and Tent City, which attracted both vocal supporters and detractors (American Civil Liberties Union/Amnesty International

Question 29

Tent City Jail

Answer 29

An extension of the Maricopa County Jail, created by Sheriff Joe Arpaio in the 1990s in which inmates (about 2000) are incarcerated in military tents and thereby subject to Phoenix’s extreme temperatures, which has been criticized as a violation of human and constitutional rights