Idioms Flashcards
CONVINCE
She was CONVINCED THAT she had been robbed.
Intractable
Difficult to control, manage, or manipulate; hard to cure; stubborn.
DO
I did not eat the cheese, but my mother DID (or DID SO).
EVERY
FOR EVERY dollar SAVED, THREE dollars ARE WASTED. SUSPECT: FO EVERY dollar SAVED, you WASTE THREE dollars.
MASS
The truck a HAS ten TIMES THE MASS of a small car.
Extraneous
Irrelevant; foreign, coming from without, not belonging.
Inconsquential
Insignificant, unimported. The sense here is that the thing is so small that it doesn’t even have consequences.
Sparing
Holding back or being wise in the use of resources; deficient. Be sparing with the ketchup in order to make it last longer, but don’t be sparing in praising your employees for a job well done.
Erratic
Inconsistent, wandering, having no fixed course.
Bygone
Past, former; that which is in the past (usually plural, as in the expression “Let bygones be bygones’’, which means to let the past go, especially by forgiving someone). “At the nursing home, the time to reminisce about bygone days was pretty much all the time.”
Assimilation
The process by which a minority group adopts the customs and way of life of a larger group, or process by which any new thing being introduced begins to ‘‘blend.’’’’ Words like Westernization or Amercanization refer to the process of assimilation into Western culture, American culture, etc.
Annul
Make void or null, cancel, abolish (usually of laws or other established rules). Most people associate this word with marriage-a marriage is annulled when a judge rules that it was invalid in the first place (because of fraud, mental incompetence, etc.), so it is as if it never happened. “Can we appreciate the art of a murderer? For many, the value of these paintings is annulled by artist’s crimes.)
Estimable
1) Worthy of esteem, admirable; 2) Able to be estimated
Redress
Setting something right after a misdeed, compensation or relief for injury or wrongdoing (noun); correct, set right, remedy (verb).
Dismiss
Put aside or reject, especially after only a brief consideration; allow to disperse or leave; fire from a job. To dismiss biases (biases is the plural of bias) in science is to rule out possible prejudices that could have influenced results. “Before I dismiss class, I want you to remind you of the importance of dismissing biases in your research by rulling out or adjusting for factors other than the variable you are testing that may have led you to your results.’’
Bogus
Fake, fraudulent. The back of this bodybuilding magazine is just full of ads for bogus products-this one promises 22-inch biceps just from wearing magnetic armbands.’’
Implode
Burst inward. Metaphorically, to collapse or break down.
Penumbra
Outer part of a shadow from an eclipse; any surrounding region, fringe, periphery; any area where something ‘‘sort of” exists.
Underpin
Strenghten, corrobate, support from below.
RANK
This problem RANKS AS one of the worst we have seen.
Befall
Happen to (used with something bad). The past tense is befell. ‘‘Disaster befell the company once again when CEO was thrown from a horse.’’
Faculty
An ability, often a mental ability.
LET
My doctor LETS me SWIM in the ocean.
PRIVILEGE
The academy gave senior cadets DANCING PRIVILEGES. SUSPECT: The academy gave senior cadets THE PRIVILEGE OF DANCING.
CONTEND
They CONTEND THAT they can decipher the code.
AGREE
They AGREE THAT electrons EXIST. Electrons are particles THAT physicists AGREE EXIST. SUSPECT: There is AGREEMENT AMONG them THAT electrons exist. SUSPECT: They AGREE electrons EXIST. (AGREE THAT is preferred) Electrons are particles THAT physicists AGREE ON AS EXISTING.
FAULT
The criminals ARE AT FAULT FOR BREAKING the law. SUSPECT: BREAKING the law IS THE FAULT OF the criminals.
RULE
The judge RULED THAT the plaintiff WAS in contempt. SUSPECT: The judge RULED the plaintiff WAS in contempt.
Debase
Degrade; lower in quality, value, rank, etc; lower in moral quality. ‘‘Members of the mainstream church argued that the fringe sect was practicing a debased version of the religion, twisting around its percepts and missing the point.’’ ‘‘I can tell from the weight that this isn’t pure gold, but rather some debased mixed metal.’’ “You have debased yourself by accepting bribes.’’
Intrinsic
Belonging to the essential nature of a thing.
Rehash
Discuss or bring up (an idea or topic) again without adding anything new.
RECOMMEND
We RECOMMEND THAT the shelter BE opened.
Acquisitivness
Desire to acquire more, especially an excessive desire. “The firm did well buying up its competitors as a means of growth, but its acquisitivness ultimately resulted in problems related to growing too quickly.’’
ATRIBUTE
We ATRIBUTE the uprising TO popular discontent.
TOOL
We have a TOOL FOR MAKING progress. We have a TOOL TO MAKE progress.
Attain
Achieve
Cloak
To cover or conceal. Often used as cloaked in. ‘‘Apple’s new products are often cloaked in mystery before they are released; before the launch of the Ipad, even tech reviewers had little idea what the new device would be.’’
BETWEEN
A battle ensued BETWEEN the reactionaries AND the radicals. A skirmish ensued AMONG the combatants. (more than 2 parties)
PROBABLY
This situation IS PROBABLY as bad as it can get. This situation MAY BE as bad as it can get. (less certain than PROBABLY) PERHAPS (or MAYBE) this situation IS as bad as it can get. SUSPECT: IT MAY BE THAT this situation IS as bad as it can get.
Unfettered
Free, liberated.
Inordinate
Excessive, not within proper limits, unrestrained.
Transient
Moving around, not settled; temporary, not lasting.
Divest
Deprive or strip of a rank, title, etc., or of clothing or gear; to sell off holdings (opposite of invest) “Once his deception was exposed, he was divested of his position on the Board.’’
Plutocratic
Related to government by wealthy.
COST
Pollution COSTS us billions IN increased medical bills. SUSPECT: The COST OF pollution TO us is billions IN increased medical bills.
Coalesce
Come together, unite; fuse together. ‘‘While at first, everyone on the team was jockeying for power and recognition, eventually, the group coalesced and everyone was happy to share credit for job well-done.” “ East and west Germany coalesced into a single country in 1990.’’
ASK
I ASKED FOR his AID. He ASKED her TO GO to the store. He ASKED THAT she GO to the store. (subjunctive)
AVERAGE
Tech COMPANIES are as likely as the AVERAGE COMPANY to fail.
FROM…TO
The price fell FROM 10 euros TO 3 euros. The price fell TO 3 euros FROM 10 euros.
MISTAKE
My spouse HAS MISTAKEN me FOR a wealthier person.
Anoint
The literal meaning is ‘‘rub or sprinkle oil on, especially as part of a ceremony that makes something sacred.” The word is used metaphorically to refer to power or praise being given to someone who is thought very highly of. For instance: ‘’ After Principal Smitters raised test scores over 60% at her school, it was only a matter of time before she was annointed superintendant by fawning school board.’’
Atypical
Not typical
Altogehter
Completely, overall. Alltogether is an adverb, and is one word. It is not the same as all together, as in ‘‘Let’s sing all together.’’ ‘‘It was an altogether stunning new design.’’
Staggered
Starting and ending at different times, especially also occuring in overlapping intervals. (Of course, you can also stagger around drunk, weaving from side to side.)
BECAUSE
BECAUSE the sun SHINES, plants grow. Plants grow BECAUSE the sun SHINES. BECAUSE of the sun, plants grow. BY SHINING, the sun makes plants grow. Plants grow, FOR the sun shines. (grammaticaly correct but very formal) SUSPECT: Plants grow BECAUSE OF the sun, WHICH SHINES. SUSPECT: Plants are amazing IN THAT they grow in the sun. (correct but wordy) SUSPECT: The growth of plants IS EXPLAINED by THE FACT THAT the sun shines. (correct but wordy)
REQUEST
I REQUEST THAT he BE removed. (subjunctive)
THINK
She THINK OF them AS heroes. She IS THOUGHT TO BE secretly wealthy.
Aberration, Anomaly
Something that stands out or is abnormal. Outlier is similar. ‘‘The election of a liberal candidate in the conservative county was an aberration (or anomaly), made possible only by the sudden death of the conservative candidate two days before the election.’’
Ascribe to / ascription
To ascribe is to give credit; ascription is the noun form. ‘‘He ascribed his good grades to diligent studying.’’ ‘‘The boy’s mother was amused by the ascription to his imaginary friend of all the powers he wished he had himself-being able to fly, having dozens of friends, and never having to eat his brocoli.’’
COULD
You COULD DO anything you want. SUSPECT: You HAVE (or MAY HAVE) THE POSSIBILITY OF DOING anything you want.
Deflect
Cause to curve; turn aside, especially from a straight course; avoid ‘‘The purpose of a shield is to deflect arrows or bullets from an enemy.’’ ‘‘Every time he was asked a difficult question, Senator Warrington deflected by changing the topic, saying he’d answer later, or even-insincerely, it seemed-calling for a moment of prayer.
REVEAL
The analysis REVEALED THAT the comet WAS mstly ice. SUSPECT: The analysis REVEALED the comet WAS mostly ice.
Scant
Not enough or barely enough. Scanty is used in the same way (both are adjectives).
Annihilate
Completely destroy.
Scrutiny
Close, careful observation.
BEGIN
The movement BEGAN AS a protest. (=was born as) The movement BEGAN WITH a protest. (=protest was the first part) The protest BEGAN the movement. (=caused)
EVER
The economy is MORE fragile THAN EVER BEFORE.
CONSIDER
I CONSIDER her a friend. I CONSIDER her intelligent. I CONSIDER illegal the law passed last week by the new regime. The law IS CONSIDERED illegal. SUSPECT: The judge CONSIDERS the law TO BE illegal.
AS
AS I walked, I became more nervous. (=during) AS I had already paid, I was unconcerned. (=because, since) AS we did last year, we will win this year. (in the same way) JUST AS we did last year, we will win this year. (= in the same way) AS the president of the company, she works hard. (=in the role of) AS a child, I delivered newspapers. (in the stage of being) My first job was apprenticeship AS a sketch artist. AS PART OF the arrangement, he received severance. SUSPECT: AS A PART OF the arrangement he received severance.
Inextricably
In a way such that one cannot untangle or escape something. If you are inextricably tied to something (such as your family), then you have so many different obligations and deep relationships that could never leave, disobey, etc.
Operative
Operating;having influence, force, or effect; effective, key, significant. The expression operative word refers to the one most meaningful word within a larger phrase. An operative can be a worker, or a detective or spy.
Undergrid
Strengthen, support. To undergrid an argument is to make it stronger-the opposite of undermine.
Dichotomy
Division into two parts or into two contradictory groups. ‘‘There is a dichotomy in the sciences between theoretical or “pure’’ sciences such as physics and chemistry, and the life sciences, which often deal more classifying than with theorizing.’’
AID
She AIDS her neighbor. She provides AID TO victims. AID FOR victims is available. Her AID IN WALKING the dog was appreciated.
Advent
Arrival ‘‘Before the advent of the internet, people often called reference librarians to look up information for them in the library’s reference section.’’
CHANCE
I have ONE CHANCE IN A THOUSAND OF WINNING tonight.
WHETHER…OR
I decided to eat the food, WHETHER it was tasty OR NOT. WHETHER trash OR treasure, the recyclables must be picked up.
Disinterested
Unbiased, impartial; not interested. Don’t confuse with uninterested, which means not interested, bored, apathetic. ‘‘Let’s settle this argument once and for all! We’ll get a disinterested observer to judge who can sing the highest note.’’
Condone
Overlook, tolerate, regard as harmless. “While underage drinking is illegal, at many universities, it is tactily condoned by administrations that neglect to enforce anti-drinking policies.’’
AFFECT / EFFECT
The new rules will AFFECT our performance. SUSPECT: The new rules will HAVE AN EFFECT ON our performance. (wordier)
RESEMBLE
A neighbor of mine RESEMBLES my father. SUSPECT: A neighbor of mine HAS A RESEMBLANCE TO my father.
Max out
Take to the limit (in a good or a bad way). To max out your credit cards is to incur as much debt as is permitted; to max out your productivity is to achieve maximum productivity.
Subjugation
Conquering, domination, enslavement.
Cognitive
Relative to thinking. Cognition is the mental process of knowing (awarness, judgement, reasoning, etc.)
Outstrip
Surpass, exceed; be larger or better than; leave behind.
SO…THAT
The book was SO SHORT THAT I could read it in one night. The book was SHORT ENOUGH FOR me TO READ in one night. SUSPECT: The book was SO SHORT I could read it.(THAT is preferred) SUSPECT: The book was OF SUCH SHORTNESS THAT I could read it. SUSPECT: The book had SO MUCH SHORTNESS THAT I could read it. SUSPECT: SUCH was the SHORTNESS of the book THAT I could read it.
DANGER
We ARE IN DANGER OF FORGETTING the past. SUSPECT: We ARE ENDANGERED BY FORGETTING the past.
Aristocracy
A hereditary ruling class, nobility (or a form of government ruled by these people).
Handpick
To pick by hand, to personally select
Jumbo
Unusually large, supersized.
SUCH AS
Matt drives fast cars, SUCH AS Ferraris. (=example) Matt enjoys driving SUCH cars AS Ferraris. Matt enjoys intense activities, SUCH AS DRIVING fast cars.
WORRY
The committee was WORRIED ABOUT increased prices. SUSPECT: The committee’s WORRY CONCERNING increased prices was well-founded.
Thorny
Controversial, full of difficulties. Literally, having thorns, prickly (as rose bush).
TWICE
He is TWICE AS tall AS Alex [is] Leaves fall TWICE AS quickly AS they grow. Naomi wrote TWICE AS MANY letters AS Sara [did]. Naomi wrote ten letters, DOUBLE THE NUMBER THAT Sara wrote. Naomi’s income DOUBLED in three year. Naomi DOUBLED her income in three years.
Disseminate
Scatter, spread about, broadcast In the 1760s, revolutionary ideas were disseminated via pamphlets such as Thomas Paine’s Common sense.’’
Benevolent
Expressing goodwill, helping others or charity.
Blight
Disease that kills plants rapidly, or any cause of decay or destruction (noun); ruin or cause to wither (verb) “Many potato farmer has fallen into poverty as a result of blight killing their crops.’’ ‘‘Gang violence is a blight on our school system, causing innocent students to fear even attending class. In fact, violence has blighted our town.’’
Expedient
Suitable, proper; effective (sometimes while sacrificing ethics)
EXPECT
We EXPECT the price TO FALL. The price IS EXPECTED TO FALL. We EXPECT THAT the price WILL FALL. IT IS EXPECTED THAT the price WILL FALL. Inflation rose more than we EXPECTED. Ther IS an EXPECTATION THAT the price will fall. SUSPECT:There IS an EXPECTATION the price WILL FALL. SUSPECT: There IS an EXPECTATION OF the price FALLING. SUSPECT: The price rose more than we EXPECTED IT TO. SUSPECT: Inflation rose more than we EXPECTED IT WOULD.
Fledgling
New or inexperienced. A fledgling is also a young bird than cannot fly yet.
EXPEND
We EXPEND energy ON neighborhood development.
RECOGNIZE
They RECOGNIZED THAT the entrance fee WAS a bargain. They RECOGNIZED the entrance fee TO BE a bargain. They RECOGNIZED the entrance fee AS a bargain.
Revamp
Renovate, redo, revise (verb); a restructuring, upgrade, etc. (noun). Similarly, overhaul means to repair or investigate for repairs.
Attribute to
Give credit to
DISCOVERY
I love the DISCOVERY THAT carbon CAN form soccer-ball molecules. SUSPECT: I love the DISCOVERY OF carbon’s ABILITY TO form soccer-ball molecules.
Impinge on
Trespass on, violate
AS…SO
AS you practice, SO shall you play. (=in the same way or manner) JUST AS you practice, SO shall you play. (=in the same way or manner) JUST AS you practice piano regularly, you should study regularly. (=in the same way; the situations are analogous)
DEVELOP
The executive DEVELOPED her idea INTO a project. The idea DEVELOPED INTO a project.
TRAIN
She WAS TRAINED TO RUN a division.
Inherent
Existing as a permanent, essential quality; intrinsic.
Smelt
Fuse or melt ore in order to separate out metal.
Arbiter
Judge, umpire, person empowered to decide matters at hand. Arbitration is typically a formal process in which a professional arbitrator decides a matter outside of a court af law. ‘‘Professional mediators arbitrate disputes.’’ ‘‘The principal said, ‘Asmthe final arbiter of what is and is not appropriate in the classroom, I demand taht you take down that poster of the rapper Ice-T and his scantily clad wife Coco.’’’
REQUIRE
She REQUIRES time TO WRITE (or IN ORDER TO WRITE). She REQUIRES her friend TO DO work. Her friend IS REQUIRED TO DO work. She REQUIRES THAT her friend DO work. She REQUIRES OF her friend THAT work BE done. SUSPECT: In this hostel, ther is REQUIREMNET OF work. SUSPECT: Ther is a REQUIREMENT THAT work BE done.
NATIVE
The kangaroo is NATIVE TO Australia. (said of animals, plants) My friend is A NATIVE OF Australia. (said of people)
TARGETED
This intervention is TARGETED AT a specific misbehavior.
HELP
He HELPS RAKE the leaves. He HELPS TO RAKE the leaves. He HELPS me RAKE the leaves. He HELPS me TO RAKE the leaves. His HELP IN RAKING the leaves has been welcome.
KNOW
We KNOW her TO BE brilliant. She is KNOWN TO BE brilliant. We KNOW him AS “Reggie’’. He is KNOWN AS ‘‘Reggie”.
Perpetuate
Make perpetual, cause to continue.
Impede
Hold back, obstruct the progress of.
Token
Sign, symbol, mark, badge; souvenir, memento; sample, or person, thing, idea taken to represent an entire group. Of course, a token can also be a coin-like disk used as currency for subways, arcade games, etc. As an adjective, it means “not very important’’.
REBEL
The colonists REBELLED AGAINST tyranny. SUSPECT: The colonists’ REBELLION WAS AGAINST tyranny.
Offset
Counteract, compensate for; Offset is usually a verb, but as a noun: My company provided me with an offset against moving expenses.
Induce
Persuade or influence (a person to do something); bring about, cause to happen (to induce labor when a birth is not proceding quickly enough).
EVEN
I am EVEN RICHER THAN a prince. I earn AS MUCH money AS EVEN the wealthiest king.
EXTENT
We enjoyed the film TO some EXTENT. “Thumbs part up’’ is the EXTENT TO WHICH we enjoyed the film.
Enigma
Puzzle, mystery, riddle; mysterious or contradictory person.
Exacerbate
Make worse (more violent, severe, etc), inflame
Adverse
Unfavorable, opposed ‘‘A noisy environment is adverse to studying, and lack of sleep can have further adverse effects.’’
Graft
Join together plant parts or skin so that two living things grow together (for instance, a skin graft for burn victim); or the act of acquiring money or other benefits through illegal means, especially by abusing one’s power.
Makeshift
Improvised, relating to a temporary substitute. The expressions thrown together or slapped together express a similar idea of a making do with the resources on hand. Similarly, to jury rig something is to assemble it quickly with whatever materials you have available.
DESIGN
This window IS DESIGNED TO OPEN.
RESULT
Wealth RESULTS FROM work. Work RESULTS IN wealth. Wealth IS A RESULT OF work. Wealth grows AS A RESULT OF work. AS A RESULT OF our work, our wealth grew. The RESULT OF our work WAS THAT our wealth grew.
SO THAT
She gave money SO THAT the school could offer scholarships. (=purpose) SUSPECT: She gave money, SO the school was grateful. (=result)
CONTRAST
IN CONTRAST WITH the zoo, the park charges no admission. IN CONSTRAST TO the zoo, the park charges no admission. UNLIKE the zoo, the park charges no admission.
DECLARE
I DECLARED the election a fraud. I DECLARED the referendum invalid. I DECLARED invalid the referendum that the new regime imposed. They DECLARED THAT the election was a fraud. SUSPECT: They DECLARED the election was a fraud. (DECLARE THAT is preferred) SUSPECT: The judge DECLARED the election TO BE a fraud.
Convulted
Twisted; very complicated. ‘‘Your argument is so convulted that I’m not even able to understand it enough to start critiquing it.’’ ‘‘To get from the hotel room to the pool requires following a convulted path up two staircases and down two others-to get to someplace on the same floor we started on.’’
Analogous
Corresponding in a particular way, making a good analogy ‘‘Our situation is analogous to one in case study I read in business school. Maybe what worked for that company will work for us.’’
ONCE
We might ONCE have seen that band.
Landmark
Object (such as a building) that stands out and can be used to navigate by; a very important place, event, etc.
Paradigm
Model or pattern; worldview; set of shared assumptions, values, etc.
Deem
Judge, consider “You can take the black belt exam when I deem you ready, and not a moment before- said karate instructor.’’
LESS
Our utilities add up to LESS THAN 10% of our income.
Balance
The remaing part or leftover amount. This is related to the idea of a bank balance-a balance is what you have left after deuctions. ‘‘the publishing division accounted for 25% of the profits, and the film division for the balance. This means that the film division provided 75% of the profits.’’
DISINCLINED
She IS DISINCLINED TO WRITE to her parents.
FORBID
The law FORBIDS any citizen TO VOTE twice.
SUCH
You may enjoy chemistry and physics, but I hate SUCH subjects. You may enjoy chemistry and physics, but I hate THESE subjects.
Bolster
Strengthen or support. ‘‘The general requested reinforcements to bolster the defensive line set up at the border.’’ ‘‘Many people use alcohol to bolster their confidence before approaching an attractive person in a bar’’.
Foreshadow
Indicate or suggest beforehand.
Hallmark
A mark of indication of quality, purity, genuineness, etc., any distinguishing characteristic.
RATHER THAN
He wrote with pencils RATHER THAN with pens. SUSPECT: He with pencils INSTEAD OF pens. SUSPECT: He wrote with pencils, BUT NOT pens.
COMPARABLE
Costs are rising, but incomes have not increased COMPARABLY. SUSPECT: Costs are rising, but incomes have not increased TO A COMPARABLE EXTENT.
DOUBT
We DO NOT DOUBT THAT the apples are ripe. We HAVE NO DOUBT THAT the apples are ripe. She DOUBTS WHETHER Jan will arrive on time. SUSPECT: She DOUBTS THAT Jan will arrive on time. (DOUBT in positive statement should be followed by WHETHER or IF, not THAT)
Disclosure
Revealing, exposing the truth; something that has been revealed. Full dsclosure is an expression meaning telling everything.
Channel
To direct or guide along a particular course. As a verb you may channel your energy towards productive purposes.
ENOUGH
The book was short ENOUGH TO READ in a night. The book was short ENOUGH FOR me TO READ in a night. SUSPECT: The power plant has found a way to generate energy at an unprecedented scale, ENOUGH FOR powering and entire city.
Acreage
Land measure in acres. “Our property is large, but much of the acreage is swampland notsuitable for bulding”
Utenable
Not defendable (as an argument), not able to be lived in (as a house).
Discrete
Separate, distinct, detached, existing as individual parts. This is not the same word as discreet, which means subtle, secretive. “Be sure to use quotation marks and citations as appropriate in your papes in order to keep your ideas discrete from those of the experts you are quoting.’’
Forestall
Delay, hinder, prevent by taking action beforehand.
Pristine
In an original, pure state; uncorrupted. A pristine forest has not been touched by humans. Sometimes pristine is just used to mean very clean.
INSTEAD
They avoided the arcade and INSTEAD went to a movie.
PROPOSE
The attorneys PROPOSED THAT a settlement BE reached. (subjunctive) The attorneys PROPOSED a new venue. The attorneys PROPOSED TO MEET for lunch.
UNLIKE
UNLIKE the spiny anteater, the aardvark is docile.
PERSUADE
He PERSUADED her TO GO with him.
DIFFERENCE
There is a DIFFERENCE IN ability BETWEEN us. There is a DIFFERENCE BETWEEN what you can do AND what I can do. There are DIFFERENCES IN what you and I can do.
HOLD
The law HOLDS THAT jaywalking is illegal. SUSPECT: The law HOLDS jaywalking TO BE illegal.
Countenance
Approve or tolerate. Countenance can also literally mean ‘‘face’’ (Her countenance was familiar-did we know each other?) ‘‘I saw you cheating off my paper, and I can’t countenance cheating-either you turn yourself in or I’ll report you.’’
Offhand
Casual, informal; done without preparation of forethought; rude in a short way, brusque.
Warranted
Justified, authorized (warrant can mean to justify or a justification, but it can also mean to vouch for or guarantee).
COMPARED / COMPARISON
IN COMPARISON WITH (or TO) horses, zebras are vicious. A zebra can be COMPARED TO horse in many ways. COMPARED WITH a horse, however, a zebra is very hard to tame. SUSPECT: AS COMPARED WITH (TO) horses, zebras are vicious.
Grandstand
Perform showily in an attempt to impress onlookers
WHETHER
I do not know WHETHER I will go. SUSPECT: I do not know WHETHER OR NOT I will go.
Intrepid
Fearless, brave, enduring in the face of adversity.
Paragon
Model of excellence, perfect example.
DIFFER / DIFFERENT
My opinion DIFFERS FROM yours. My opinion IS DIFFERENT FROM yours.
Erstwhile
Former, previous.
