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Poli > Ideologies > Flashcards

Ideologies Flashcards

1
Q

What is a political ideology

A

a political ideology is a certain set of ethical ideals, principles, doctrines, myths or symbols of a social movement, institution, class or large group that explains how society should work and offers some political and cultural blueprint for a certain social order.

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2
Q

A very basic definition for liberalism

A

A political ideology based on liberty and equality

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3
Q

Core themes of Liberalism

A
  • Individual liberty
  • Moral equality
  • Limited government (but not necessarily small)
  • Free market
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4
Q

Two main types of liberalism

A
  • Social/welfare liberals

- Classical liberals

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5
Q

Social/welfare liberals

A

Positive liberty. Qualifications to the free market are necessary, government should have a larger role. Looks to Victorian Britain as an example. Redistributive state. Progressive taxation.

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6
Q

Classical liberals

A

Negative liberty. Limited government, a necessary evil – external defence, internal law and public provision where private has no incentive.

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7
Q

Historical development of Liberalism

A

Opposite of medieval order (Religious conformity, ascribed status)

Protestant reformation (Importance of individual conscience)

English civil war (Charles the first wanted to collect tax, as did parliament. Gave rise to Hobbes’s Leviathan)

The American revolution (Common Sense by Thomas Pain. Natural rights. Government violating the social contract).

French Revolution (Religious conformity, aristocratic privilege and political absolutism)

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8
Q

Liberal view of human nature

A

Primarily self-interested and competitive

But rational.

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9
Q

Social Democracy definition

A

A political ideology that supports economic and social interventions to promote social justice within the framework of a liberal democratic polity and capitalist economy.

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10
Q

Core themes of socialism

A

Community (Comrade)

Cooperation (Opposite of competition, belief that competition fosters selfishness)

Equality (of outcome. Belief that an unequal society breeds resentment)

Class politics

Common ownership (Resources belong to the community)

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11
Q

Four types of socialism

A

Classical marxist (Communism is the future, emphasis on class conflict)

Revisionist (We can fix capitalism)

Revolutionary (Capitalism can’t be fixed)

Social Democrat (mixed economy, welfare state)

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12
Q

Historical development of socialism (Very basic)

A

Kick started by the industrial revolution, the creation of the working class

Roots in Germany and Russia.

4 Epochs (Primitive, slavery, feudalism, capitalism, communism)

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13
Q

Socialist view of human nature

A

Like liberals, socialists believe in rationality and progress.

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14
Q

What is ‘the first way’

A

Pervasive state intervention

Keynesian demand management

Strong egalitarianism

Welfare state

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15
Q

What is the ‘second way’ (neoliberalism)

A

Minimal government

Moral authoritarianism

Acceptance of inequality

Welfare state as a safety net

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16
Q

What is the ‘third way’

A

A third way of doing social democracy

Active civil society

New mixed economy

Equality as inclusion

Positive welfare with individuals and other agencies to contribute

Cosmopolitan nation and democracy

17
Q

A basic definition of conservatism

A

A political philosophy that promotes traditional social institutions.

18
Q

Core themes of conservatism

A

Identity (belonging, self-respect, recognition)

Tradition

Views human nature as imperfect

Gradual change over revolutions

generational wisdom vs individual knowledge

order and stability

19
Q

Burke on revolutions

A

supported the American revolution because it was seen as restoring the traditional rights of Englishmen. Against the French revolution.

20
Q

Conservative view of human nature

A

Humans are imperfect

Prefer slow changes rather than revolutions

Wisdom of elders and tradition guide us because we are imperfect.

21
Q

Definition of nationalism

A

A political philosophy characterised by the promotion of the interest of a nation, especially with the aim of gaining and maintain sovereignty over the homeland.

Developing and maintaining a national identity based on shared social characteristics such as culture, language, religion and a belief in a common ancestry.

22
Q

Core theme of nationalism

A

National Identity; especially important, unifying across divisions

Political self-determination: vs being ruled by another nation (colonialism)

Nation-state: vs lesser forms of self determination

23
Q

Definition of feminism

A

A group of social theories that advocate the social, political and economic equality between sexes.

24
Q

Types of feminism

A 
Reformist 
Revolutionary 
Separatist 
Early liberal 
Socialist
25
Q

Reform feminism

A

Linked to the liberal tradition. Stresses equality. Demands changes within society but does not demand the institutions themselves be changed. Cooperation with men to revamp society.

26
Q

Revolutionary feminism

A

disparage any possibility of cooperating with men to change the world to include feminine interests. Instead, they call upon women to themselves restructure society to reflect feminine interests with no concern for male cooperation.

27
Q

Separatist feminism

A

advocate ignoring men entirely and creating a parallel culture, one that fosters the best interests of women

28
Q

Early liberal feminism

A

Wollstonecraft. Insisted the capacity of women to engage in rational thought.

29
Q

Socialist feminism

A

Women are doubly oppressed – in the public sphere and in the private sphere.

30
Q

Historical development of feminism

A

First wave – Concerned with the rights of married women. Formal equality. Stressed sameness

Second wave – women’s liberation movement. Reproductive rights. Differences between men and women.

Third wave – differences between women.

31
Q

Definition of populism

A

An ideology that presents the people as a morally good force against the corrupt elite.

32
Q

Core themes of populism

A

Pure people
Corrupt elite
Exclusionist
Right-wing is anti-immigration.

33
Q

Historical development of populism

A

Russian Narodniki Party in the 1870s

Peoples Party in the US in 1890s

Rise in right wing populism since the 1980s.

Trump. Sanders.
Jobbik Party in Hungary.

34
Q

What are the public and private realms

A

Public realm – rules against theft, fraud violence. Enforceable rules

Permeant disagreement – private realm – religion – decide for yourself

35
Q

Positive and negative liberty

A

Negative – freedom from

Positive – freedom to

36
Q

What is the harm principle

A

We should be free to do as we like as long as we don’t harm others (important principle of liberalism)

Poli (2 decks)

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