Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Conflict at home and abroad 1960-75 > Ideological, social, regional and ethnic divisions > Flashcards

Ideological, social, regional and ethnic divisions Flashcards

1
Q

Describe sit ins of early 60s

A
  • 1960: some students in Greensboro, North Carolina, used a sit-in to protest against an all-white cafe
  • king supported them
  • by 1961: sit ins attracted over 70,000 participants and resulted in over 3000 arrests
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Freedom rides?

A
  • Supreme Court decided in Sep 1960 that all bus stations and terminals that served interstate travellers should be integrated
  • CORE: tested decision by employing tactic of freedom riders
  • civil rights activists who rode interstate buses into Southern states where segregation
  • May-summer 1961: over 300 riders imprisoned
  • 22 sep: Interstate Commerce Commission issued regulation that ended racial segregation in bus terminals
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Describe peace march by SNCC?

A
  • Student Non-Violent Co-ordinating Committee mobilised students in Albany, Georgia, to protest segregation King lead march and was arrested
  • used marches to draw attention to segregation and get himself arrested for the attention worldwide
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Describe the march in Birmingham

A
  • Birmingham, Alabama: May 1963
  • King led march knowing racist police chief: Bull O’Connor would act violently
  • O’Connor allowed his men to set dogs on protesters and use powerful hoses
  • Connor arrested 2000 demonstrators and 1,300 children
  • TV witnessed events across world
  • President Kennedy became involved and was agreed desegregation would take place within 90 days
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What was the March on Washington?

A
  • Aug 1963
  • began as call for jobs and freedom broadened to cover aims of civil rights movement
  • people came from all over America: around 250,000 taking part
  • King made ‘I have a dream speech’
  • march televised across US and did much for movement
  • after this went to discuss civil rights with Kennedy: confirmed commitment to cause
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Describe lead up to and ‘Bloody Sunday’

A
  • Civil Rights Bill became law in 1964
  • did not guarantee AA vote
  • Thus King held another march 1965: from Selma to Birmingham (Alabama) to demand voting rights
  • attacked by police and state troopers: “Bloody Sunday”
  • encouraged Voting Rights Act 1965
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What was the SCLC?

A
  • The Southern Christian Leadership Conference
  • set up 1957
  • president MLK
  • important role in freedom marches and voting rights campaign
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

When was King assassinated?

A
  • 1968, by white racist, James Earl Ray
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What organisations played a big role in Civil Rights Movement? + key individuals

A
  • NAACP, CORE, SCLC, SNCC
  • individuals such as Kennedy Johnson and Philip Randolph
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Who played the key role in the sit ins and freedom rides?

A
  • King not directly involved in these in early 60s
  • SNCC mobilised sit-ins
  • CORE, SNCC and NAACP worked together on freedom rides
  • Albany campaign 1961-1962 did little in short term
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Who were less well known individuals that influenced the civil rights movement?

A
  • female campaigners: Gloria Richardson, in 1962, set up the Cambridge Non-Violent Action Committee in Maryland
  • Fannie Lou Hamer: instrumental in organising the Mississippi Freedom Summer
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Limitations of civil rights marches

A
  • impacted civil rights legislation but did not lead to desegregation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Who were the key figures in the Black Power movement

A
  • Malcolm X, Stokely Carmichael, Bobby Seale, and Huey Newton
  • growing feeling King’s methods too slow and not working
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Which group never accepted king’s ideas?

A
  • The Nation of Islam
  • sought separatism
  • Rejected slave surnames and called themselves X
  • set up in 1930
  • early 1960s led by Elijah Muhammad
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Why was Malcolm X the most famous member of the Nation of Islam?

A
  • brilliant skills increased membership of group to ~100,000 in years 1952-1964
  • superb organiser, during membership, travelled across USA winning concerts
  • helped set up educational and social programmes aimed at black youths in ghettos
  • By 1960: 75% of members ages 17-35
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

How did Malcolm criticise King?

A
  • Critical of King and other Civil rights leaders
  • e.g the 1963 march on washington
  • couldn’t understand why black people were impressed by a march organised by whites
  • felt violence justified
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Describe end of Malcolm’s premier in Nation of Islam?

A
  • 1964: left after falling out with Elijah Muhammad - jealous of his success
  • went to Mecca 1964: changed his views on separatism
  • still urged AA to defend themselves if necessary
  • 1965 assassinated: probs by the Nation of Islam
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What were Malcom’s successes?

A
  • seen as failure compared to King
  • support for violence led to many critics and enemies
  • separatism not possible
  • Malcolm was realistic role model for ghetto AA who could relate to him more than King
  • foundation for more radical Black Power and Black Panthers movements
19
Q

Describe Black riots?

A
  • 1964-1966: black city ghettos witnessed around 300 riots
  • Many young AA frustrated and felt anger at high rates of unemployment, continued discrimination and poverty
  • 1965: this frustration exploded into major riot inv 30,000 people in LA
  • 34 died and $40 mill in damage
  • 1967: riots in 125 cities
  • took 21,000 fed troops and 34,000 NG to restore order in riots of 1965-67 with $145 damage
20
Q

What was the Black Power movement?

A
  • 1966: SNCC had moved away from King in support of this
  • aimed to increase power of blacks
  • one of leading figures: Stokely Carmichael
  • wanted AA to take pride in heritage and adopt slogan “Black is beautiful”
  • wanted black pride
  • gained publicity after 1968 Mexico City Olympics
21
Q

What was the Mexico Olympics?

A
  • winners ceremony for the men’s 200m relay
  • American black athletes Tommie Smith and John Carlos part of the movement’s uniform - clenched-fist salute
  • smith salute which right hand - black power
  • carlos with left - black unity
22
Q

What was the Black Panthers?

A
  • party founded by Huey Newton and Bobby Seale 1966 (Oakland, California)
  • 10 point programme ind end to police brutality, decent housing, education and full employment of AA
23
Q

What did the Panther’s do?

A
  • set up community action programmes: won support among ghetto AA
  • served breakfast to poor AA children, established healthcare clinics and childcare for working mothers
  • helped leave legacy for greater awareness of black culture and history
  • wore uniforms and prepared to use weapons, training members in their use
  • rally call was “Power to the People”
  • rejected dominant white culture and sported “Afro” haircuts
  • end of 1968: had 5000 members
24
Q

Describe the decline of Black Panthers

A
  • internal divisions of 1969 saw 27 Panthers killed and 700 injured in confrontations with the police, saw support diminish
  • constant target of FBI and 1982 party disbanded
25
Q

Summary of reasons for student movement?

A
  • wanted greater say in own education
  • for many young Americans their first experience of protest was in civil rights: MLK inspirational to W+B students
  • 1960s time of student protest around world
  • Vietnam War; 1/2 million young A fighting in war
  • explosion of pop music: expression of the emerging youth culture and protest against issues
26
Q

Describe some of the music that encouraged student protest

A
  • Bob Dylan’s protest songs such as “Blowin in the Wind” and “A Hard Rain’s Gonna Fall”
27
Q

Describe the student movement in Civil Right

A
  • heavily involved
  • in organisations such as the SNCC and CORE
  • by mid-60s ready to use this experience to campaign for greater rights for themselves
  • 1964: student societies organised rallies and marches to support campaign
28
Q

Describe the SDS

A
  • first student protest group in US:
  • Students for a Democratic Society
  • set up in 1959 by Tom Hayden
  • to give students greater say in how courses and universities were run
  • eventually formed groups in 150 colleges and universities
  • 100,000 members by end of 60s
29
Q

Describe what the SDS stood for

A
  • Denounced Cold War and adopted position of “anti-anti Communism”
  • demanded controlled disarmament
  • wanted to help poor and disadvantage
  • support increased after President Johnson announced bombing raids on North Vietnam in 1965
30
Q

When did the SDS first achieve national prominence?

A
  • 1964 organised a sit-in against a ban on political activities at University of California at Berkley
  • followed by similar ones in USA + membership increased
  • 1966: President Johnson abolished student draft deferments
    -> SDS set up 300 new branches
  • various activities against VW:
    • draft card burning
    • harassing campus recruiters for the CIS
    • occupying buildings in unis
    • destroying draft card records
31
Q

Describe Chicago Seven

A
  • 1968 Democratic Convention in Chicago, SDS protesters organised by Tom Hayden
  • created riot to destroy election chances of pro-war candidate Hubert Humphrey
  • 7 arrested
32
Q

Describe how the student movement became more radical/ extreme in its views

A
  • some members called themselves “Weathermen”
  • began to support violence to achieve aims
  • bombed army recruitment centres and gov buildings
  • Tom Hayden disproved
  • slowed down when 3 accidentally blew themselves up
  • Nixon used FBI and CBI to subvert extreme student orgs
33
Q

Describe the opposition to the Vietnam War

A
  • anti-war protests reached their peak during 1968-70
  • first half of 1968: over 100 demonstrations against war, inv 400,000 students
  • 1969: 700,000 marched Washington DC against the war
  • Burned draft cards, the US flag (criminal offence), led to angry clashes with police
34
Q

Describe the worst incident of the protests against the Vietnam War

A
  • Kent State University, Ohio 1970
  • peaceful protest against Nixon’s decision to bomb Cambodia
  • National Guardsmen used tear gas to move students: when refused shots fired
  • 4 people killed, 11 injured
  • press, USA and world horrified
  • ~400 colleges closed as 2 million students went on strike against action
35
Q

Describe the ‘hippie’ movement

A
  • other young people protested differently
  • decided to ‘drop out’ of society and become hippies
  • distinctive clothes and ‘alternative lifestyle’
  • slogan ‘make love, not war’
  • often made flowers and handed to police: called “flower children”
  • San Francisco hippy capital
  • use of drugs led to clashes with police
36
Q

Describe the achievements of the student movement

A
  • brought about social, political and cultural change
  • youth culture itself achievement
  • profound changes in lifestyle of young
  • helped force a shift in gov policy (with VW)
  • greater publicity for racism prevelent in US
37
Q

Two Women particularly inspired the women’s movement:
eleanor roosevelt: describe her role

A
  • 1960: set up commission to investigate the status of women at work
  • results report in 1963 highlighted women’s second class status in employment
  • e.g 95% of company managers men, 85% of tech workers
  • only 7% of doctors women
  • 4% lawyers
  • earned 50-60% of wages of men who did same job
38
Q

Two Women particularly inspired the women’s movement:
Describe the roll of Betty Freidman

A

1963: she wrote The Feminine Mystique
- book expressed the thoughts of many women - more to life than being mother or housewife
- called for women to reject this and for progress in female employment ops
- unsatisfied with progress (despite legislation in 63 and 64)
- set up the National Organization for Women (NOW) 1966

39
Q

Describe NOW

A
  • the National Organization for Women (NOW) 1966
  • mainly white middle-class woman
  • by early 1970s: had 40,000 members and organised demonstrations in a N. of cities
  • challenged discrimination in courts
  • series of cases between 1966 and 1971: secured $30 mill in back pay owed to women who had not been paid wages equal to men
40
Q

Describe the Women’s Liberation Movement

A
  • more radical than NOW
  • known as feminists
  • some against men entirely
  • determined to get publicity
  • e.g burned their bras (seen as symbol of male domination)
  • 1968: picketed the Miss America Beauty contest in Atlanta City: crowned a sheep miss america
  • argued degraded position of women
  • activities did more harm then good
  • extreme action ridiculed and made difficult to take key issues seriously
41
Q

Describe the campaign to legalise abortion

A
  • feminists challenged this
  • wrong to force women to have child they did not want
  • Most important case Roe v. Wade lasted 1970-1973
  • feminist lawyer defended right of her client to have abortion
  • she won the right
  • victory led to abortions becoming more readily available
42
Q

What were the legislative achievements of the women’s movement?

+ limitations

A
  • 1963 Equal Pay Act required employers to pay women same as men for same job (did not tackle discrimination of women seeking jobs in first place)
  • 1972: Educational Amendment Act: outlawed sex discrimination in education
  • 1972: Supreme Court ruled that the US constitution give men and women equal rights
  • Equal Rights Amendment Act passed by Congress but not ratified by states
43
Q

Describe non-legislative achievements of the women’s movement

A
  • An increasing N. of women entered professions that had once been perceived as male preserves (e.g law and medicine)
  • two-career family began to replace traditional pattern of male breadwinner
  • women’s movement did attract many middle-class women; working class women took interest
  • became divided over moderate and extreme

Conflict at home and abroad 1960-75 (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions