Identity Development Models

Question 1

Who developed the Racial/Cultural Identity Development Model?

Answer 1

Atkinson, Morten, and Sue

Question 2

What are the 5 stages of the RCID model?

Answer 2

RCID Model’s 5 stages are:

1. Conformity
2. Disonance
3. Resistance and Immersion
4. Introspection
5. Integrative Awareness

Question 3

What is conformity?

Answer 3

People in the conformity stage have either neutral or negative attitudes toward members of their own minority group and other minority groups and positive attitudes toward members of the majority group. They accept negative stereotypes of their own group and consider the values and standards of the majority group to be superior. These individuals prefer a therapist from the majority group and view a therapist’s attempts to help them explore their cultural identity as threatening.

Question 4

What is Dissonance?

Answer 4

As the result of exposure to information or events that contradict their worldview, people in this stage question their attitudes toward members of their own minority group, other minority groups, and the majority group. They’re aware of the effects of racism and are interested in learning about their own culture. They may prefer a therapist from the majority group but want the therapist to be familiar with their culture, and they’re interested in exploring their cultural identity.

Question 5

What is Resistance and Immersion?

Answer 5

RCID: People in this stage have positive attitudes toward members of their own minority group, conflicting attitudes toward members of other minority groups, and negative attitudes toward members of the majority group. These individuals are unlikely to seek therapy because of their suspiciousness of mental health services. When they do seek therapy, they’re likely to attribute their psychological problems to racism and prefer a therapist from their own minority group.

Question 6

What is introspection?

Answer 6

During this stage, people question their unequivocal allegiance to their own group and are concerned about the biases that affect their judgments of members of other groups. They’ve become comfortable with their cultural identity but are also concerned about their autonomy and individuality. These individuals may prefer a therapist from their own minority group but are willing to consider a therapist from another group who understands their worldview, and they’re interested in exploring their new sense of identity.

Question 7

Describe Integrative Awareness.

Answer 7

RCID Model: They are aware of the positive and negative aspects of all cultural groups. They’re secure in their cultural identity and are committed to eliminating all forms of oppression and becoming more multicultural. Their preference for a therapist is based on similarity of worldview, and they’re most interested in strategies aimed at community and societal change.

Question 8

Who developed the Black Racial Identity/Nigrescence Development Model?

Answer 8

Cross

Question 9

What are 5 stages of the Cross/Black Racial Identity Development Model?

Answer 9

1. Pre-Encounter
2. Encounter
3. Immersion-Emersion
4. Internalization
5. Internalization-Commitment

Question 10

Define the Pre-Encounter stage.

Answer 10

People in the pre-encounter stage idealize and prefer White culture. They have negative attitudes toward their own Black culture and may view it as an obstacle and source of stigma.

Question 11

Define the Encounter stage.

Answer 11

People in this stage question their views of White and Black cultures as the result of exposure to events that cause them to become aware of the impact of racism on their lives. These individuals are interested in learning about and becoming connected to their own culture.

Question 12

Define the Immersion-Emersion.

Answer 12

People in this stage reject White culture and idealize and become immersed in their own culture.

Question 13

Define the Internalization stage.

Answer 13

During this stage, defensiveness and emotional intensity related to race decrease. People in this stage have a positive Black identity and tolerate or respect racial and cultural differences.

Question 14

Define the Internalization-Commitment stage.

Answer 14

People in this stage have internalized a Black identity and are committed to social activism to reduce all forms of oppression.

Question 15

Who are the authors of the Multidimensional Model of Racial Identity?

Answer 15

Sellers, Smith, Bynum, Rowley, and Chavou

Question 16

Define the Multidimensional Model of Racial Identity

Answer 16

proposes that a person’s racial identity may vary across time and situations. It was developed for African American individuals and defines African American racial identity “as the significance and qualitative meaning that individuals attribute to their membership within the Black racial group within their self-concepts” (p. 23). It also distinguishes between four dimensions of racial identity

Question 17

What are the 4 stages of Multidimensional Model of Racial Identity

Answer 17

1. Racial Salience
2. Racial Centrality
3. Racial Regard
4. Racial Ideology

Question 18

Racial Salience

Answer 18

is the extent to which a person’s race is a relevant part of his/her self-concept at a particular point in time and in a particular situation.
Example: For instance, race may become more salient for a person when he/she witnesses or experiences discriminatory behavior or is the only African American in a restaurant, classroom, or other social setting

Question 19

Racial Centrality

Answer 19

is the extent to which a person normatively defines him/herself in terms of race and is affected by the importance of race to the person relative to other identities such as gender and religion.
Example; African American women, gender may be more important than race for their identities while, for others, the opposite may be true. In contrast to salience, centrality is relatively stable across situations.

Question 20

Define racial regard.

Answer 20

includes private and public regard. Private regard refers to the extent to which a person feels positively or negatively toward African Americans and how positively or negatively he/she feels about being an African American. Public regard refers to the extent to which a person feels that others view African Americans positively or negatively. Private and public regard are not necessarily related and a person can have, for example, negative private and public regard or positive private regard and negative public regard.

Question 21

What is racial ideology?

Answer 21

racial ideology refers to a person’s beliefs and opinions about the ways African Americans should live and interact with society. Sellers and his colleagues distinguish between four racial ideologies:

1. nationalist ideology
2. Oppressed minority ideology
3. assimilationist ideology
4. humanist ideology

Question 22

Define nationalist ideology?

Answer 22

Individuals with a nationalist ideology view the African American experience as being unique and believe African Americans should control their own destinies with minimal input from other groups.

Question 23

Define assimilationist ?

Answer 23

Individuals with an assimilationist ideology emphasize similarities between African Americans and the rest of American society and believe that African Americans should work within the system to change it.

Question 24

Define humanist ideology

Answer 24

Individuals with a humanist ideology emphasize the similarities of all humans, give race low centrality, and are more concerned with issues facing the human race such as peace, poverty, and climate change.

Question 25

Distinguish Cross/Black Racial Identity Development Model v Racial/Cultural Identity Development Model

Answer 25

RCID Model’s 5 stages are:

1. Conformity
2. Disonance
3. Resistance and Immersion
4. Introspection
5. Integrative Awareness

Cross Model

1. Pre-Encounter
2. Encounter
3. Immersion-Emersion
4. Internalization
5. Internalization-Commitment

Question 26

Troiden’s Model of Homosexual Identity Development: four stages:

Answer 26

Sensitization
Identity Confusion
Identity Assumption
Identity Commitment

Question 27

What are the Troiden’s Model of Homosexual Identity Development stages?

Answer 27

Sensitization
Identity Confusion
Identity Assumption
Identity Commitment

Question 28

What is sensitization?

Answer 28

sensitization:This stageoccurs during childhood and is characterized by feeling different from same-sex peers. Young girls may feel that they’re not feminine or pretty and are more independent and aggressive than other girls are; young boys may say they’re less interested in sports and less aggressive than other boys and are more interested in art, reading, and other solitary activities.

Question 29

What is Identity Confusion?

Answer 29

2.Identity Confusion:This stage begins in middle or late adolescence when individuals start to feel sexually attracted to individuals of the same sex and suspect that they’re gay or lesbian. This suspicion leads to uncertainty and anxiety which they attempt to alleviate with denial, avoidance, repair (attempting to change), redefinition (viewing homosexual feelings as a phase), or acceptance.

Question 30

What is Identity Assumption?

Answer 30

Identity Assumption:The transition to identity assumption occurs when the person begins to accept a gay or lesbian identity, which is usually between 19 and 21 years of age for males and between 21 and 23 years of age for females. Individuals in this stage seek out social and sexual relationships with gays or lesbians and disclose their sexual orientation to gay and lesbian peers and adults and to some heterosexual family members and friends.

Question 31

What is Identity Commitment?

Answer 31

Identity Commitment:People in this stage have internalized a gay or lesbian identity, accepted homosexuality as a way of life, and are comfortable disclosing their sexual orientation to heterosexual individuals including family members, friends, and coworkers.