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Identity Flashcards

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1
Q

Views: Functionalists

A
  • identity developed by needs of society
  • affected by value consensus - bonds us
  • internalise what society says is important -> make it part of us
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2
Q

Views: Feminists

A
  • gender -> primary aspect
  • identity shaped through socialisation process
  • women shaped to see themselves as second class citizens (patriarchal society)
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3
Q

Views: Interactionists

A
  • interaction between people/meanings shared -> incorporated into self-image
  • according to labelling -> shapes identity through SFP
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4
Q

Views: Marxists

A
  • little control over how identity’s shaped - totally tied to economy
  • born WC -> low esteem
  • shaped to become workers - see themselves as workers
  • media is the new opium - keeps docile, fuels consumer society, constant feeling of inadequacy
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5
Q

Views: Postmodernists

A
  • key features of identity can change if you want, not fixed
  • pick/mix -> create own narrative
  • lang/symbols important eg care about looks more than substance, so designer shoes more important than its actual function
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6
Q

Views: Marxist Feminists

A
  • capitalist state breeds gross inequalities
  • consumer society -> -ve self image for women
  • imposes images damaging to self esteem
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7
Q

Disability: Stigma

A

GOFFMAN

  • stigmatised identities -> seen as -ve
  • assume not self-sufficient -> reliant
  • society are problem -> label them, awkward to have normal interactions
  • may lead to being master status -> main way in which people are seen
  • stigma dominates the way they’re treated
  • other characteristics seen as less important
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8
Q

Disability: Origins

A

Marxists -> FINKELSTEIN
- -ve perception due to capitalism -> emphasis on work as source of identity
- before - no segregation/diff treatment
- industrialisation -> need healthy workforce -> profit for RC
- disabled -> burden -> social problem
But….
- now med support available - live longer/survive
- and pre-ind society was segregated -> Elizabethan Poor Laws meant people pretended to be disabled -> begged

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9
Q

Disability: Social Model

A

BEST
- society generates discrimination/exclusion
- developed by disabled as med model doesn’t explain personal experiences/develop inclusive ways of living
- caused by organisations in society
- need to remove barriers that restrict life choices -> then can be independent/equal in society
OLIVER
- excluded from full participation by stereotypical attitudes
But..
- can’t ignore phys factors eg pain which impact social life - make social experiences unpleasant/difficult

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10
Q

Disability: Media representations

A

SHOWN INFREQUENTLY
- 2002 -> 11% programmes accounted for 0.8% that spoke
- AGEYMAN - range of disabilities limited, only wheelchairs
LANG, IMAGE, TERMINOLOGY
- 2001 - Scope Article Newspapers use -ve lang eg sufferers –> reinforces discrim/creates -ve self image
- +ve lang can improve public/self image

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11
Q

Disability: Media representations - Med Model

A
  • Mid 1970s - need to recognise as equals
  • media slow to take on changes
    HUNT - 10 stereotypes. Content analysis of electronic/printed media -> burden, unable to P in everyday life, laughable
    BARNES - portrayed as dependent on others, can’t contribute to society, non-sexual, can’t speak for themselves, to be pitied/made fun of
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12
Q

Disability: Learned helplessness

A

SFP –> disabled people respond to constant assumptions
WATSON - low self-esteem
SCOTT - blind people USA, interactions with med professionals. Developed blind personality -> internalised view that they should experience psych problems

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13
Q

Gender: Hegemonic gender identities

A

CONNELL

  • hegemonic masc/fem -> stereotype of ideal man/woman
  • fail to conform -> wimp or butch
  • problematic -> reinforces patriarchy, hard to construct alternative gender identities eg Chaz Bono’s sex change
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14
Q

Gender: Primary socialisation

A

OAKLEY
Canalisation and Verbal Appelations -> directed towards gender appropriate toys, exposed to diff lang/nicknames
STRATHAM
Gender codes
- Age of 5 - clear gender identity
- know which gender belong to, what’s appropriate behaviour
- allows for social conformity
- colour codes, toy, play, appearance, dress

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15
Q

Gender: Changing identities

A

New man - not following hegemonic masculinity
Metrosexual - take interest in appearance
Ladette - take on male attributes
Crisis of masculinity -> losing masculinity in jobs eg hard manual - now in call centres/offices taking on fem roles
MAC AN GHAILL - they don’t know role in society, don’t know what masculinity is, no stereotyped role to fill -> don’t know position

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16
Q

Gender: Education

A

SPENDER - women invisible, lives/achievements not represented as signif/reflected in mainstream curric
SHARPE - girls had lower aspirations. Later found far more girls staying on in school for high quals

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17
Q

Gender: Peers

A
  • ridiculed if don’t conform to norms/stereotyped identities
  • need to gain acceptance
  • sexual promiscuity encouraged in teen boys, but girls labelled ‘slags’
    WILLIS - WC boys chase girls for sex, then drop them, label them as ‘loose’
  • Double standards -> encourages conformity to separate gender identities
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18
Q

Gender: Media

A

TUCHMAN

  • content analysis of news media
  • found symbolic annihilation of women -> absence, condemnation and trivialisation eg pg3 of The Sun
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19
Q

Ethnicity: Studies (own identity)

A

SEWELL
- black identities reinforced as young black students cope with teacher racism, stereotypes of black machismo –> antischool subculture
- identity derived from mass media -> able to draw on culture from country of origin eg TV
JACOBSON
- religion is a socialising agent in EM communities
- Islam - growing source of identity in British Pakistanis
- due to social exclusion, racism, lack of opp in society

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20
Q

Ethnicity: Studies (adopting identity)

A

FANNON
- white mask identity
- black immigrants adopt culture of dom white society -> social acceptance
JOHAL
- Asians deny own ethnic origin as survival strategy
But..
CRITICISM:
Cultural Defence Thesis -> move country, adopt heritage culture more than before to maintain sense of identity, get in touch with other members of community –> sense of stability/friendships

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21
Q

Ethnicity: Ethnic identities in Britain

A

PHILLIPS

  • some groups have distinctive cultures - clear customs/values
  • others, more personalised identities
  • for some, ethnicity as identity -> resist racism
  • young people -> response to ethnocentric education, inst. racism -> resist denial of status/devaluing of culture
  • seek to reclaim identity through embracing aspects derived from country of origin
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22
Q

Ethnicity: White identities in Britain

A
  • Brit societies favour white people/culture
  • don’t need to assert identity - have power that EMs lack don’t face devaluing of culture
  • RW parties eg BNP promote white identity
  • white EM face discrim eg Irish, Romanians, Bulgarians
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23
Q

Ethnicity: African Caribbean identities in Britain

A

GILROY
- no single black identity
- historical experience of slavery affects perceptions of black people
- identity has roots in Black Atlantic - cultural network, source of support
- 2nd gen born in Britain - certain styles eg dreadlocks -> sense of pride to resist racism
- reinforced by distinctive black subcultures
FULLER - black girls -> antischool subcultures -> resist -ve stereotypes

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24
Q

Ethnicity: Asian identities in Britain

A

MODOOD
- Indian Asians, Bangladeshis, Pakistanis -> largest groups
- extended families, arranged marriages
- impression management -> assert as main source of identity
MIRZA ET AL - growing popularity of hijab -> mark identity
GIDDENS - feminists say it liberates from male gaze, others say it oppresses women

25
Q

Ethnicity: What is a British identity?

A

CAMERON - freedom is the defining feature (law, speech). But vague -> all western democratic countries
BROWN - shared values, not ethnicity
BHO - Life in the UK Test - would those born/bred in UK pass?
HALL - increase in globalisation -> decline of national cultures and more cultures of hybridity due to foreign travel
ORR - moving to -ve identities, people construct identity based on what they are not, rather than what they are

26
Q

Ethnicity: Nationality

A

HALL - every nation has a collection of stories/symbols of shared experiences - people draw on to construct national identity eg national anthem
BELLAH - national identity reinforced through civil religion, ceremonies worship state eg coronation
- declining number of those who identify as British - more English, Welsh etc…
- 2011 survey - 39% preferred to say they were English than British

27
Q

Ethnicity: Hybrid identities

A

HALL

  • ethnic identities becoming harder to identify - creates new ethnicities
  • Tiger Woods - Calabrinasian
  • diff ethnic groups borrow styles/lang, range of cultural symbols -> create hybrid ethnic identity
  • increasing social acceptability of interethnic relationships
  • adds to fusion of identities
28
Q

Ethnicity: Stigmatised identities

A

GOFFMAN

  • fail to conform to societal norms eg homosexuals seen as deviant - so conceal aspect using impression management
  • media stereotypes of Muslims since 9/11
  • increase in Islamophobia -> Muslim identity has become stigmatised
29
Q

Age: Disappearance of childhood

A

POSTMAN

  • dividing line between childhood/adulthood is rapidly eroding in contemp society
  • printing press -> childhood ends at 7 when master speech
  • TV - no skill, access for all ages
30
Q

Age: Pre-industrial societies

A
  • often no precise age, births not registered

- 3 stages - child, adult, elder

31
Q

Age: Modern industrial societies

A
  • all births registered by law
  • BRADLEY - 5 generational stages of age identity in UK
    eg.
    Childhood -> protected by parents/others eg legislation, children acts
    Adulthood -> until 1960s, this was 21. After, it became 18 - vote, sit jury.
    Is this the disappearance of childhood
32
Q

Age: Adulthood

A
  • leaving home to middle age

JONES AND WALLACE - private markers (first sexual encounter) and public markers (right to vote)

33
Q

Age: Midlife

A

Physical indicators - grey hair, wrinkles

Social indicators - financial security, new hobbies

34
Q

Age: Old age

A
  • 65 in UK - retire, receive state pensions
    PITCHER - young old (65-74), old old (85+)
    But what about 75-84?
35
Q

Age: Active Ageing

A

LASLETT - Third Age - higher life expectancy, growing economic security, young age of retired people has meant a prolonged third age
MARHANKOVIA - active ageing -> choose to stay in work, take up new hobbies, contribute to economy

36
Q

Age: Mods and Rockers

A

COHEN

  • newspapers sensationalise and exaggerate youth behaviour -> newsworthy stories
  • demonise youth -> moral panic
  • youth -> folk devils -> social problem
  • easy target -> can’t defend themselves in media as lack power
37
Q

Age: Youth culture

A
  • distinct from parents’ culture
  • seek to be visibly different
  • HEBIDGE - involves bricolage -> use of everyday objects for diff purposes eg safety pin earrings -> express contempt for values/active hostility for dom culture
38
Q

Age: Functionalists on youth culture

A

PARSONS AND BALES
- youth sub -> status frustration from transition to adulthood
- can’t establish clear adult identity -> economic dependence on parents, so use subculture to assert independence, create separate identity
- move towards independent adult identity
- pleasure seeking activities in company of peers
- interest withers when frustration over - clear adult identity established
CRITICISM
- doesn’t explain variety of subcultures eg CGE diffs, and occasional dysfunction aspects eg antisocial behaviour, racism, sexism

39
Q

Age: Marxists on youth culture

A
  • skinheads/teddy boys -> subc of resistance to dom class/ideology
    BRAKE - bricolage of punk subculture late 70s -> resist dom cultural norms. Seen as offensive/ugly, so deliberately try to be offensive to represent society
    CRITICISM
    COHEN AND THORNTON - subculture created by media, not differences. Media links unconnected events eg style -> make exciting headlines, label groups. Members see common interests -> form subc
40
Q

Age: Feminists on youth culture

A

MCROBBIE
- male dom groups eg Punks
- girls less involved -> gender role socialisation - stricter control of leisure time by parents, traditionally confined to home not public
- male dom, more visible forms of youth culture expressed
- bedroom culture
CRITICISM
LINCOLN - contemp young women more involved, less patriarchal, growing equality/success in ed/employment
HOLLANDS - role in youth culture similar to men - drug/dance subcultures

41
Q

Age: Postmodernists on youth culture

A
  • reject idea of subculture
  • theories of youth subculture are metanarratives - try to fit in with structural categories of CGE
  • factors are less signif, as identity source or forming groups in PM society
    THORNTON - replaced by dance club music subc, globalised media images to create multiple identities
    BENNETT - it is neotribalism - don’t form cohesive groups around CGE, it’s a range of groups, fluid boundaries, only come together for rituals eg clubbing
42
Q

Age: Discrimination

A

JOHNSON AND BYTHEWAY
- agesim is the offensive exercise of power through reference to age
- involves assumption that old are vulnerable
BRADLEY
- old seen as less suitable for employment, assumed to be slow, lack dynamism, not adaptable to change
- Employment Equal Age Regulations Act 2006 -> protection against age discrimination in employment/education
VINCENT
- variety of ways of being old –> not biologically fixed concept, but socially constructed

43
Q

Class: Defining social class

A

REGISTRAR GENERAL’S SCALE
- old fashioned, 100s of occupations
- based mainly on general standing in community
Covers 100s of occupations, but doesn’t cover students/unemployed/retired
NATIONAL STATISTICS SOCIO-ECONOMIC CLASSIFICATION
- urban industrial societies
- based on economic inequality - share similar position relative to wealth, status, power
- produces stats on diff types of occupations/changing socioeconomic status of workforce using scale eg higher managerial, long term unemployed
Covers unemployed, up to date
But complex. What about those who inherit wealth?

44
Q

Class: How does occupation affect self-identity / how others see you?

A

UNDERCLASS
Homeless, benefits, drug users
WORKING CLASS
Uneducated, failed school, criminals, terraced houses
MIDDLE CLASS
Hardworking, strive to better children, music lessons
UPPER CLASS
private school, personal staff, well-spoken

45
Q

Class: Life Chances

A
  • higher class = better housing/income
  • 2010-12 - 10% households owned 44% Britain’s wealth
  • smoking/drug use increases in lower classes -> increases sickness
46
Q

Class: Habitus

A
  • cultural framework of class/set of ideas operated according to class habitus learnt in socialisation
  • influences knowledge, lang, attitudes, values
47
Q

Class: Cultural capital

A

BOURDIEU

  • access to dom class habitus -> cultural capital
  • dom class -> impose views of good taste in society
  • high culture reflects this
  • WC = mass culture
48
Q

Class: Underclass

A
  • high levels of illegitimacy
  • lone parenthood
  • drugs abuse
  • school exclusion
    Chav stereotype
    JONES - demonises WC, demeaning, hostile
    TYLER - form of MC abuse to WC
    SHILDRICK - reinforces poor are undeserving, neutralises sympathy, encourages public to laugh not understand, reinforces cultural hegemony of dom class
49
Q

Class: Middle class

A
  • education/importance of career success
  • individual effort, ambition
  • future orientation, deferred gratification
  • respect for high culture, concern for fitness/wellbeing
    LAWLER - taste becomes symbol of identity, basis for judging/differentiating - use to secure identity, sense of superiority and opposition to white WC culture, MC view WC as having bad taste
    JONES - WC ridiculed by MC, demonise WC as chavs
50
Q

Class: Working class

A

TRADITIONAL WC
- close-knit community
- WILLIS - manual work is central to masculinity (breadwinner)
- skills/job more important than ed
- immediate gratif, present orient, fatalism (HOGGART)
NEW WC
- privatised, home centred lifestyle
- instrumental approach - make money not friends
- more emphasis on consumer goods and leisure

51
Q

Class: Upper class

A

SCOTT
Socialisation - family life, marry into similar families, private boarding, sense of superiority
Taste for high culture - opera, ballet
Sense of leadership, superiority - nouveau riche acquire wealth over lifetime, seen as culturally inferior to traditional UC, lack CC, poor taste and splash out on expensive cars/houses

52
Q

Sexuality: Heterosexual identity

A

Men -> sports, loud, short hair
Women -> makeup, jewellery
- stereotypes linked to hegemonic gender identity
- reinforced through socialisation (media, family)

53
Q

Sexuality: Homosexual identity

A

Men -> emotional, dramatic

Women -> sporty, short hair

54
Q

Sexuality: Foucault

A
  • the way sexuality is expressed is dependent on societal circumstances - the discourse
  • 50yrs ago - homosexuality was a sin/illness
  • Ancient Greece - normal everyday life
  • Today - one of many sexual orientations
  • idea of sexual identity invented by psychiatrists/docs
  • all modern sexualities go through period of normalisation
55
Q

Sexuality: Normal sex and identity

A
  • sexuality has been central part of hegemonic female identity in Britain/the west
  • defined by attractiveness/sexual appeal to men
    MULVEY
  • women are subject to male gaze in the media
  • treated as sex objects
  • pg3 of the Sun, advertising
  • double standard treatment of men/women
  • promiscuous males +ve, but females -ve
    BUT - men’s bodies sexualised now too (changing sexual identities*)
56
Q

Sexuality: Stigmatised/spoiled identities

A
  • hostility in pubs/clubs towards gay men/lesbians, bullying at school, discrim in workplace
  • use impression management to conceal aspect of identity, to prevent being part of public identity - avoid stigmatisation
57
Q

Sexuality: Gay and lesbian identities

A

GOFFMAN

  • looked at social stigma
  • homosexuality carries less social stigma than it used to
  • less psych pain then before
  • Saudi Arabia, Russia -> still deviant so hidden
  • still large stigma attached to polygamists, transexual and non-religious celibates
58
Q

Sexuality: Changing sexual identities

A
  • rise of alternative masculine identity and gay movement -> sex appeal is part of masculinity too
  • men’s body increasingly sexualised in adverts, importance of image
  • 2005 Hall of Shame - male celeb bodies
  • so men and women now face same scrutiny
    MCROBBIE - the beauty stakes have gone up for men. Women have taken a more active viewers’ position

Culture and Identity (4 decks)

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