identity Flashcards
what does woodwood say about identity
person chooses their identity, its about ‘belonging to smth’
2 identities that bradley believes there are
- ascribed = identity ur born into, dont choose it e,g - eye colour hair colour
- achieved = identity u choose, e.g being a doctor/ dentist
what do postmodernists believe about identity 2
- identity more fluid than it used to be
- ‘pick and mix’ culture where individuals choose aspects of their identity
what do marxists believe about identity 3
- persons social class is most significant part of their identity
- cant be changed, person either born into proletariat or bourgeoisie family
- person treated certain way bc of this
what do feminists believe about identity
- gender is important part of identity
- for women it affects how they see themselves and how others see them
- women seen as inferior and treated diff to men, affects their self esteem and self worth
hegemonic masculinity, connell 2
- range of masculinities in the UK, Connell refers to traditional masculinity as hegemonic masculinity
things associated with hegemonic masculinity 4
- male supremacy
- heterosexuality
- aggression
- ‘laddish’ culture
whats passive feminity
girls accept traditional ideas about how women should behave. remain quiet and submissive to male dominant culture
things associated with passive feminity 3
- housewife
- mother
- serving mens’ needs
whats gender socialisation
children taught norms and values appropriate for their gender
gender socialisation, kane 2
- children aged 4/5 are firmly entrenched in culturally appropriate roles for their gender
- happens through process of primary socialization
gender socialisation, family, archer
- boys described mothers as having ‘emotional and nurturing’ roles
- fathers as ‘economic providers’ . children take on similar roles to their parents
gender socialisation, family, frosh et al
boys believed mothers more close to them, fathers more emotionally detached
gender socialisation, family, Mitchell and green
- young women wanted to be seen as ‘good mothers’ and that they were coping, important part of femininity
- being a mother is important part of being a woman
gender socialisation, family, kimmel 2
- fathers expect their sons to conform to gender activity
- sons attuned to fathers disappointment when doing smth feminine
gender socialisation, family, oakley 2
- verbal appellations
- language used by parents reinforces importance of gender
gender socialisation, peers, frosh et al
boys act a certain way, dont work hard at skl to gain respect from peers. see it as feminine
gender socialisation, peers, kimmel
act a certain way so they dont get left out of friendship groups
gender socialisation, peers, lees
boys use derogatory language so girls act in a traditional feminine way
gender socialisation, media, davis
women presented in adverts by cooking, cleaning/ childcare related content
gender socialisation, media, gill and herdieckerhoff 2
- ‘chick lit’ romance books centre around young women finding love
- appearance is key part of identity, should be sexually exertive
gender socialisation, media, marsh and millard
superhero stories gendered with male being the superhero and woman helpless without him and needs to be saved
gender socialisation, media, storey 2
- music teaches boys to be aggressive
- eminem rap reinforces male violence, gang culture and treating women as objects
gender socialisation, work, connell
mans role is to be bread winner
gender socialisation, work, nayak
men do physical not domestic jobs
gender socialisation, work, adkins
subordinate feminity, exaggerate feminity to please male bosses
gender socialisation, education, frosh
boys who value academics seen as feminine, dont try hard in school
gender socialisation, education, ready
boys have more freedom so get away with deviance, girls expected to conform
gender socialisation, religion, miller and hoffmann
in main world religions, women taught to be passive and more nurturing than men
gender socialisation, religion 2
- role models for men and women
- virgin mary shows how women should be good mothers, jesus, mohammed. reinforce dominance of men
changing fem, assertive, blackman 2
- girls challenge sexism and male culture of skl
- feminists say this type of feminity has risen due to changes they helped to make
changing fem, assertive, wilkinson 2
- ‘genderquake’ changing values of women
- women take up big part of labour market, have more money and power
changing fem, assertive, froyum
assertive feminities adopted to resist male power without threatening to overthrow power
changing fem, ladettes, jackson 2
- traditional masculine traits, not working hard in skl, drinking and smoking, fights
- seen as ‘cool’ took away pressure to do good in skl. claim they didnt work hard anyway
changing fem, ladettes, brinkworth and burrell
media contributed to this, stereotype they show if girls commit deviant acts
changing fem, double life, seidler 2
- girls have diff rules compared to their brothers
- girls have passive feminity at home and more questionable feminity at home
changing masc, complicit, parker and lyle 3
- ‘new man’ domesticated and feminised, happy to show emotions, childcare/housework
- bc of changing role of women, women at work, men take part in housework
- doubted it existed outside few middle class white men
changing masc, meterosexual, simpson 2
- socially mobile, interested in diet, fashion and body image
- media influence, celeb culture and changing consumer culture = men encouraged to take care of appearance
changing masc, marginalised, mac an ghail
‘crisis in masculinity’ no jobs for them, insults expectation of hegemonic masc, to provide for family
changing masc, marginalised, connell
- change in hegemonic identity, key part is having traditional working class male job
changing masc, marginalised, willot and griffin 2
- similar ‘marginalised masculinities’ among long term unemployed working class
- traditional beliefs about ‘good fam man’ providing for family collided with reality of unable to provide
class socialisation, family, ingram 2
- working class identity inseparable from belonging to working class locality
- neighbourhoods dense network of family and friends were key part of boys habitus, sense of belonging
class socialisation, family, bourdieu
cultural capital passed down in families, exclusive to middle class
class socialisation, family, reay 3
- middle class mothers influence childs schooling
- working class mothers have less time due to demands of paid and housework
- passed down as meal times. middle class more likely to have meals together
class socialisation, family, cater and coleman
girls 10x more likely to become teen mum if their from working class background. social norm of having a kid is passed down
class socialisation, peers, mac an ghail
social class provides peer groups with sense of identity, chavs have working class identity
class socialisation, peers, archer 2
- working class teens had to gain ‘symbolic capital’ , nike clothes
- if they didnt conform to this style it would be ‘social suicide’ . correct appearance earned symbolic capital
class socialisation, media, jones
newspapers present working class as ‘thick, violent and criminals’
class socialisation, media, skeggs 2
- working class ‘ritually humiliated’ by media.
- my big fat gypsy wedding mocks the working class leading to wider discrimination in society
class socialisation, work 2
- strong link between work and what class is measured on
- manual jobs to working class and management jobs to middle class. effects pay status and power
class socialisation, work, savage
strong link between middle class and doctors even in working class areas
class socialisation, education, power et al 2
- close bond between middle class children and those attending top skls and unis
- not bc of smartness but bc skls encourage application to uni
class socialisation, education, willis 2
- working class boys look forward to leaving skl and having manual job
- immediate gratification
class socialisation, education, bourdieu
middle class children fit into uni easy, working class children find it daunting, few working class children
class socialisation, education, harris
getting qualifications is an idea which is discredited
class still impacts identity, bourdieu
persons social class hard to change due to social, economic and social capital
class has partly changed, sweetman
can change habitus but wont be a permanent change when no longer in that situation
class has partly changed, savage
individuals dont believe class impacts identity. class fractions into diff lifestyle groups
class has partly changed, robert
class has fragmented, no longer one homegenous social class identity
class doesnt impact identity, pakulski and waters
- class identities have fragmented, not important
- globalisation = inequalities within countries are diff to inequalities between countries. due to media
class doesnt impact identity, clarke and saunders 2
- consumer culture - individuals pick and mix what they want and lifestyle to have
- loan culture, buy goods even with low paid jobs. identities on how they spend
class doesnt impact identity, changing job market
decline in manual jobs and increase in service sector jobs, less important as an identity, few diff between ppl
traditional ethnic identities, parker and song
- dating websites strengthen ethnic identities
- shaadi.com
traditional ethnic identities, sewell
cultural comfort zones
traditional ethnic identities, jhally
ethnic minorities stereotyped in the media, leads to self fulfilling prophecy
hiding true ethnic idntities, burdsey
asians drop asian identity to fit into white laddish culture
hiding true ethnic idntities, johal and bains
‘white mask’ act white to fit in, done in work
hybrid ethnicities, gilroy
‘black atlantic’ identity, black ppl united to form new identity based on shared experiences of racism and slavery
hybrid, back
white youths attracted to aspects of black culture. develop shared identity due to globalisation
lose ethnic identities, nayak
white males dress and act in way influenced by black hiphop culture
lose ethnic identities, patterson
assimiliate, lose culture and emmerse urself in white culture
childhood, pilcher and opie
childhood is a distinct life stage, diff norms and values between the adult and child. throw tantrums, scream/cry in public, toys, baby bibs
childhood, gittens
adults have power, children have status. ‘age patriarchy’
youth, abrams and willis
all young ppl part of same youth subculture, same experiences
youth, muncie and devlin
- media presents young ppl as deviant and rebellious
- 85% news shows ppl as deviant, vulnerable for their age
youth, shain
friendship groups have distinct identities, includes peer pressure to do certain stuff to fit in. drugs smoking etc
middle age, victor
no set age boundaries for ppl aged 40-50. go on holidays, concerned with quality of life and becoming a grandparent
middle age, johnson
‘institutional ageism’ in workplace, ‘too old for this job’
middle age, itzin and sontag 2
- itzin = pressure for women to look younger and fit to beauty standard
- sontag = ‘double standard’ in the media, women expected to look youthful, men arent
elderly, carrigman and szmigin
stereotyped media representations of dependency and ill health. ads ignore age group. few items aimed at old ppl
elderly, boyle and dowd
digital generation divide, old doesnt use as much media. dowd= strangers in own land, isolated from society
age has changed, childhood, featherstone and heapworth
decline of industrialisation and rise of globalisation = fragmentation of identity. age is a meaningless concept. children become like adults, fashion conscious, act like them
age has changed, childhood, postman
childhood disappearing due to them having access to the adult world through the media
age has changed, youth, polhemus
‘supermarket of style’ committing to one style is less common, express themselves in diff ways
age has changed, youth, clarke
youths role is to rebel, goes against norms and values. youth extending longer as dependency continues into 20s , not working or moving out
age has changed, middle age
experienced diversely, some focused on career, working class have same low paid job
age has changed, old age, mckingsley
over 85 are fastest growing group, diff stages in old age
age has changed, old age, clarke and warren
‘active ageing’ gives them new opportunities and time to reflect
whats national identity
identity of the whole country, ppl express it through waving flags, speaking the language, eating traditional food
national identity, anderson 2
- ‘imagined community’ most members never meet
- national identity is socially constructed through symbols of flags or national anthem
national identity, durkheim (functionalist)
rituals and symbols have key role in reinforcing national identity. gives unity and social cohesion, brings society together
national identity, hall
stories of shared experiences, shared sorrows/ triumphs. british victory in world wars is a shared triumph
national identity, guibernau and goldblatt
british identity created around 5 themes:
geographical location, british empire, britishs protestant religious status, royal family and wars
national identity, schudson
socialised into national identity through media, education and brans
national identity weakening, sardars and waters
traditional british features disappearing, American brands replace fish and chip shops. due to globalisation. less important in politics bc of leaving the EU
national identity weakening, modood
asians and Caribbean’s not comfy with a ‘british’ identity, white ppl didnt accept them as british bc of cultural background. ethnic minorities see their identity in religious terms
national identity weakening, hall and halsey 2
- cultural supermarket means we can have ‘hybrid identities’. black american youth culture found in all ethnic groups in britain. ‘cultural homogenisation’ = countries are similar
- halsey says its hard to specify what british culture is anymore
sexual identity, distinct, weeks
straight ppl dont have to ‘come out’, homosexual ppl do
sexual identity, distinct, plummer
join subcultures with stereotypical behaviour
sexual identity, distinct, mcintosh
self fulfilling prophecy, expected to act to stereotypes
sexual identity, distinct, taylor
music is safe place for them to express themselves
sexual identity, stigmatised, rich and goffmann
- rich = ‘compulsory heterosexuality’, lesbian identity not spoken of and shown badly. feminists say it shows mens dominance
- goffman = ‘concealed identities’ due to bad stereotypes
sexual identity, stigmatised, connell
homosexuality considered subordinate and inferior, goes against patriarchal ideology
sexual identity, not distinct, smart
ordinary, act same as heterosexual couples.
sexual identity, not distinct, heaphy
range of homosexual identities, intersection between cultural, social and economic resources has impact on freedom an individual has to construct a non heterosexual identity
sexual identity, not stigmatised, stacey
secularisation, more modernised views
sexual identity, not
stigmatised, giddens
‘reflexivity’ = ppl free to experiment, no label attached
sexual identity, not stigmatised, roseniel 2
- same sex friends substitute romance in young ppl
- all family types are expected
sexual identity, not stigmatised, giddens
contraception normalises gay sexual behaviour
what’s disability, best
disability should be seen in terms of a persons inability to function and take care of themselves
disability identity, oliver 2
- society which disables physically impaired ppl bc disabled excluded from full participation in society
- stereotypes held by able bodied ppl
disability, best
- ‘society generates forms of discrimination and exclusion that disabled ppl have to cope with
- problem is be found in the social constructions of prejudice that surround disability and not in bodies of disabled ppl
disability labelling, goffmann
- disabled ppl ‘stigmatised’ by society. disability is a ‘master status’ most important part
disability, gill
hard to not self fulfill labels, feel pity towards themselves
disability, longmore
media presents those with disabilities as evil and inhuman
disability, shakespeare
‘victim mentality’ is disabled ppl socialized to see themselves as the problem
changing disability, antle
children with disabilities dont differ in their personal views compared to children without disabilities
changing disability, onkle and kim
disabled ppl feel positive about their disability and self negating prophecy
changing disability, murugami
ability to self construct identity that accepts their impairment. disability is just one of their characteristics
changing disability, media
2012 and 2016 paralympics praised for extensive coverage
why has disabled identity changed 3
- increased awareness bc more disabled ppl die due to suicide
- more accessible areas in public
- equality act 2010 = laws protect ppl, disability discrimination act
what is intersectional identity
person is made up of a number of diff identities and they overlap and influence someone all at once
intersectional identity, crenshaw
not all women face the same challenges,
