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Pathophysiologu > Identify the structure and function of the human cell components [nucleus, cytoplasmic organelles, plasma membrane, cellular receptors]. > Flashcards

Identify the structure and function of the human cell components [nucleus, cytoplasmic organelles, plasma membrane, cellular receptors]. Flashcards

1
Q

Aqueous solution called cytosol

A

Cytoplasm

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2
Q

½ volume of eukaryotic cell

A

Cytoplasm

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3
Q

Contains thousands of enzymes for metabolism

A

Cytoplasm

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4
Q

Suspends and provides structure for organelles (have their own membranes)

A

Cytoplasm

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5
Q

Storage for fat and carbohydrates

A

Cytoplasm

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6
Q

Supports various organelle functions including synthesis/transport of proteins and hormones

A

Cytoplasm

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7
Q

The Cytoskeleton has 3 purposes: Provides ______ matrix structure to the cell and the organelles within the cytoplasm, Responsible for cellular _______, and allows cells to _____ their _____ to engulf in the phagocytosis process

A

supportive, movement, Change shape

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8
Q

Responsible for movement (MSK tissue actin +myosin = contraction) (Vascular endothelial cells generate gaps)

A

Actin Filaments

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9
Q

Responsible for pseudopods creation to change cellular shape to engulf phagocytosis

A

Actin Filaments

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10
Q

Very strong and not flexible, anchored cells within the cellular matrix and externally to each other

A

Intermediate Filaments

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11
Q

Hollow and transport intercellular subway

A

Microtubule Filaments

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12
Q

Microvilli (GI endothelial cells), cilia (respiratory), Flagella (sperm)

A

Movement Filaments

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13
Q

What cellular structure is this: Surrounded by cytoplasm and Largest organelle, centrally located

A

Nucleus

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14
Q

What are the two purposes of the nucleus?

A

Purpose 1: Contain genetic materials and DNA genetic division/replication
Purpose 2: Repair/RNA/protein information storage

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15
Q

What is the DNA binding protein within the nucleus called, that help regulate their activity (folding/coiling/replicating)?

A

Histones

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16
Q

How many outer membranes does the nuclear envelope have?

A

2

17
Q

Describe the nuclear envelopes outer membranes:

A

Porous to allow chemical messages in/out (ions/proteins/nucleotides)
Outer membrane is continuous with the endoplasmic reticulum (smooth SER and rough RER)

18
Q

What is the nucleolus?

A

Small/dense structure, contains mostly RNA

19
Q

What is the function of the nucleolus?

A

Transcription take chromosomal information is transcribed into RNA for processing by various forms of RNA (messenger, transport, ribosomal RNA) then introduced into cytoplasm to direct cellular activities

20
Q

Whats the difference between the rough and smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum?

A

RER: mRNA binds to Ribosome= translation “reader” to make more proteins; SER: Takes precursor molecules from cytoplasm in to mix with internal enzymes to make lipids

21
Q

What are the three purposes of the RER?

A

Purpose #1: Protein Synthesis
Examples: Lysosomes, Organelle function/ membranes, excretory waste proteins
Purpose #2: Protein folding/supercoiling
Purpose #3: Protein activated by Glycosylation (adds a sugar to the tail of new protein = N-type proteins)

22
Q

What are the 4 purposes of the SER?

A

Purpose #1: Lipid Synthesis- buds off for inner/extra cells activities
Examples: Fatty Acids, phospholipids, Cholesterol=used for membrane structure or Golgi for steroid hormones (estrogen/cortisol/thyroid)
Purpose #2: CYP 450 enzymes (liver) biotransformation or xenobiotic metabolism of toxins (drugs/ alcohol)
Purpose #3: glucose production glycogen broken by glucose-6 phophate =glucose used to ATP/Krebs cycle
Purpose #4: Calcium Storage (varies in cells, increased in MSK/ Bone Cells)

23
Q

What cellular structure does this describe: Network of smooth membranes and vesicles located near nucleus

A

Golgi Body

24
Q

What is the purpose of the Golgi Body?

A

Purpose: Processing and Packaging structures from the RER and SER into secretory vesicles
o Primarily: RER [Proteins]
o Secondarily: SER [Lipids/glucose]

25
Q

What does the process in the Golgi Body look like?

A

Molecules move into Golgi body
Further processing [e.gm glycosylation or phosphorylation]
Packaged up [vesicles] to move
Bud off to exit the Golgi Apparatus for multiple destinations:
Lysosomes [enzyme powerhouse]
Cytoskeletal structures
Intracellular organelles
Extracellular destination [e.g., plasma proteins or hormones]

26
Q

What is the circular organelle through out the cytoplasm?

A

Lysosome

27
Q

What hydrolytic enzymes are found in the lysosome?

A

Protease [breaks down proteins]
Nuclease [breaks down nucleic acids]
Lipase [breaks down lipids]
Glucosidase [breaks down carbohydrates]

28
Q

What are the 3 purposes of the lysosome?

A

Purpose #1: Macro particle breakdown. Organisms or other molecules. Phagocytosis occurs and the enzymes are release to break the macro into micro particles.
Purpose #2: Autophagy of organelles. If the cells has old or broke organelles, it will self engulf in intracellular vacuoles and broken down.
Purpose #3: Autolysis of damaged cell. If the cell has been damaged beyond repair or function, the cell will self-destruct. Lysosomes will take apart all the structures and lysis [break open]

29
Q

What are peroxisomes?

A

Circular organelles

30
Q

What are the tow main oxidative enzymes found in the peroxisomes?

A

Catalase and Oxidase

31
Q

What are the 3 purposes of Peroxisomes?

A

Purpose #1: Breakdown free radicals into water/oxygen vs accumulation of Reactive Oxidative Species ROS]
Hydroxyl radicals OH
Superoxide anions O2- [super neg charged]
Hydrogen peroxide H2 O2
Purpose #2: Fatty Acid/Lipid/Cholesterol Metabolism
Purpose #3: Ethanol metabolism

32
Q

Where is the cellular energy metabolized and where is most of the cells adenosine triphosphate (ATP) generated?

A

Mitochondria

33
Q

The mitochondria’s Smooth Outer Membrane is:

A

++ permeable (transport membrane)

34
Q

The mitochondria’s wrinkled (cristae) inner membrane is:

A

less permeable (less transport ability)

35
Q

What happens in the Mitochondria Matrix?

A

It is the powerhouse. Mitochondrial reactions/metabolism and stores mitochondrial DNA

36
Q

What are the purposes of mitochondria?

A

Purpose #1: ATP synthesis via electron chain transport (ETC), oxidative phosphorylation
Purpose #2: Metabolic reactions
Purpose #3: Regulation Processes
o Osmotic regulation
o pH control
o Calcium Homeostasis
o Cell signalling

37
Q

What do Caveolae do?

A

Tiny indentations (caves) that can capture extracellular material and shuttle it inside the cell or across the cell

38
Q

What do Vaults do?

A

Cytoplasmic ribonucleoproteins shaped like octagonal barrels. They are thought to act as “trucks” shuttling molecules from the nucleus to elsewhere in the cell

Pathophysiologu (4 decks)

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