Identification Flashcards
What is the definition of identification?
It is the recognition of a person through certain features that distinguish him from all other individuals.
In which situations is identification required?
- Civil situations (inheritance, missing persons, or disputed paternity)
- Medico-legal conditions (medical documents or certificates)
- Legal cases (accidents, crimes, or mass disasters)
What are the methods for identifying age from bones?
- Skull
- Long bones
- Sternum
- Clavicle
- Pelvis
What does closure of fontanels indicate in skull development?
The posterior fontanel is closed at full term. The anterior fontanel is 3 fingers at full term and closes at 18 months after birth.
At what age does the frontal suture close?
Frontal suture closes at 2 years (30 years in Negroid individuals).
What is the sequence of teeth eruption in milk dentition?
- Central incisors at 6 months
- Lateral incisors at 9 months
- First molar teeth at 12 months
- Canine teeth at 18 months
- Second molar teeth at 24 months
What are the characteristics of permanent dentition?
- 32 teeth
- Ivory white in color without serrated edges
- Larger, stronger, and broader than milk teeth
When do the first permanent molars erupt?
The first permanent molars erupt at 6 years.
What is the significance of ossification centers in identifying age?
- O.C. calcaneus at 5th month
- O.C. talus at 7th month
- The lower end of the femur at 8th month
- The lower end of radius and tibia at 2nd year
At what age do the ends of metatarsal and phalanges unite with their shaft?
18 years.
What is the age of complete civil rights?
21 years.
What are the suggestive methods for identifying sex?
- Examination of general appearance
- Examination of external genitalia and body hair distribution
What are the sure methods for identifying sex?
- Detection of gonads (ovary and testicles)
- Detection of sex chromosomes (X and Y)
What are the characteristics of a Negroid skull?
Specific characteristics that distinguish it from other racial skulls.
What is the significance of fingerprints in identification?
The pattern is absolutely individual even in uniovular twins.
What are some uses of footprints in identification?
- Identifying pathways of missed people
- Estimating height from distance between prints
- Indicating running or carrying heavy objects
What is the significance of teeth in forensic identification?
- Special characters in teeth (size, irregularities)
- Examining DNA from dental bulb
What types of poisoning can be diagnosed through teeth examination?
- Chronic Arsenic poisoning
- Mercury, Lead, Copper, Bismuth, Cadmium
What are the key aspects of hair examination in forensic science?
- Color, form, and distribution of hair
- DNA profiling of the root sheath
What is the age of marriage in both sexes?
18 years.
At what age do males and females have complete civil rights?
21 years.
What are the ages of medico-legal importance for boys and girls?
- 15 years for custody in divorce
- 14 years for age of puberty in males
- 18 years for age of consent in females
What is the age of pension?
60 years.
What color indicates the presence of Copper in hair examination?
Green
What color indicates the presence of Bismuth in hair examination?
Black
What color indicates the presence of Cadmium in hair examination?
Yellow
List three key aspects of hair examination that are important for medico-legal purposes.
- Color
- Form
- Distribution
True or False: A hair found in the hand of a victim can be used as evidence against an assailant.
True
What can hair examination differentiate between in terms of wounds?
- Cut wounds
- Contused wounds
- Types of burns
In firearm injuries, what does hair examination help differentiate?
Inlet and exit
What may the examination of pubic hair in sexual offences reveal?
- Semen of the assailant
- Blood of the assailant
- Loose hair of the assailant
What are the four categories of genetic markers found in blood?
- RBCs markers
- Plasma markers
- WBCs markers
- DNA fingerprinting
What are the physical characteristics of fresh blood?
- Red in color
- Contains oxyhemoglobin
- Soluble in H2O
What happens to the color of blood as it ages?
- Old blood turns brown
- Very old blood turns black
What is the significance of the presence of RBCs in microscopic examination?
Absolute evidence for the presence of blood
What are two examples of microchemical tests for blood stains?
- Teichman test
- Takayama test
What is the ABO blood group system?
- A (40%)
- B (11%)
- AB (4%)
- O (45%)
In the MN blood group system, what is unique about M & N agglutinogens?
No corresponding agglutinins in serum
What is the Rh factor composed of in RBCs?
6 antigens: C, D, E, c, d & e
What are some medico-legal implications of blood grouping?
- Civil identity
- Criminal evidence
- Disputed paternity
What causes a hemolytic transfusion reaction?
Incompatibility due to ABO system or Rh factor
List some clinical symptoms of hemolytic transfusion reaction.
- Fever with rigors
- Jaundice
- Chest pain
- Lumbar pain
What is hemoglobinuria and how is it detected in hemolytic reactions?
Presence of free hemoglobin in urine
