Identification Flashcards
a set of things working together as part of a mechanism or an interconnecting network
System
an integrated set of components for collecting, storing, and processing data and for providing
information, knowledge, and digital products.
Information System
a system (usually computer system) designed to capture, store, manipulate, analyze, manage, and present spatial or geographic data
Geographic Information System
“Knowing where things are and why,
is essential to rational decision making.”
Jack Dangermond
the vehicle which carries a sensor. i.e. satellite,
aircraft, balloon, UAV, boat, etc…
Platform
device that receives electromagnetic radiation
and converts it into a signal that can be recorded and displayed as either numerical data or an image
Sensors
Types of Remote Sensing
Passive and Active Remote Sensing
the remote sensing of energy naturally reflected or radiated from the terrain.
Passive Remote Sensing
the remote sensing methods that provide their own source of electromagnetic radiation to illuminate the terrain. Example on this are RaDAR and LiDAR
Active Remote Sensing
Types of Satellite
Satellites can be classified by their orbit characteristics
Low Earth Orbits/Satellites
Sun-synchronous Orbits/Satellites
Geostationary Orbits/Satellites
Some satellites capable to acquire stereo pair images that can be achieved when two images of the same area are acquired on different days from different orbits, one taken East of the other (i.e., East or West of the nadir).
Stereo Pair Remote Sensing Data Collection
normally used in spy satellite (Military purposes)
Low Earth Orbits/Satellites
a polar orbit where the satellite always crosses the Equator at the same local solar time. Most of the earth resources satellites are sun-synchronous orbit.
Sun-synchronous Orbits/Satellites
Example of Sun-synchronous orbits/satellites
- Landsat TM/ETM
- SPOT
- ALOS
- IKONOS
- QuickBird
are satellites at very high altitudes, which view the same portion of the Earth’s surface at all times. Especially used in metrological applications.
Geostationary Orbits/Satellites
Three main components that defines the GIS
Computer System
Geographic data
Methods for data management and analysis
When did the history of GIS all started?
1854 in city of London, England
He began mapping outbreak locations, roads, property boundaries and water lines.
Also called the Cholera Map
Dr. John Snow
in what year is the GIS Dark Ages wherein maps were simple and no computer yet and one option was sieve mapping which uses transparent layers on lighted table to identify areas of overlap
year 1950s
In what year is the GIS Pioneering stage
year 1960 to 1975
On this stage, pieces in GIS were coming together with advancements in technology:
GIS Pioneering stage, year 1960 to 1975
Stage of GIS where they had their place in vehicle routing, new development planning, and locating points of interest
The GIS Dark Ages, before 1960
He is the father of GIS
Roger Tomlinson
Stage of GIS where the development of Canadian Geographic System (CGIS) occur
GIS Pioneering, year 1960 to 1975
Were early adopters of some of the core principles of GIS
US Census Bureau
Led to the digital input of the 1970 Census using the data format GBF-DIME (Geographic Base File – Dual Independent Map Encoding).
Pioneering work by the US Census Bureau
They started their routine topographic map development.
The Ordinance Survey in the UK
Stage of GIS where the government realization on the advantages of digital mapping influenced the work of the Harvard Laboratory Computer Graphics.
GIS Software Commercialization
Name of the publication of Roger Tomlinson
A Geographic Information System for Regional Plannning
It was in this period in the history of
GIS when it really took off since all
the ingredients were ready for the
infiltration of GIS to the people:
User Proliferation, year 1990 to 2010
Stage of GIS where computer processors are now in gigahertz, graphics cards are crisper
than they’ve ever been before.
The Open Source Explosion, year 2010 Onward
When did the GISci originated?
early years of 4th stage of GIS development
He presented the Geographic Information Science (GISci)
Michael F. Goodchild of the University of California
the scientific discipline that studies data structures and computational
techniques to capture, represent, process, and analyse geographic information.
Geographic Information Science (GISci)
It is the systematic studies on the use of geographic information.
Geographic Information Studies (GISt)
Emphasis on technology and tools for
geographic information.
Geographic Information System (GIS)
5 Basic Components of GIS
Software
Hardware
Methods
People
Data
Types of GIS Data (Feature) Storage
Vector Data
Raster Data
data storage method uses shapes to
represent features. There are
three basic features shape
Vector
Three basic features shape of Vector Data
Points
Lines (arcs)
Polygons
data storage method is used to represent continuous data. This data can occur at every
location on the earth and does not have distinct
boundaries or well-defined shapes.
Raster
Example of Raster Data
Precipitation
Ground Cover
Temperature
feature’s shape is defined by its location
coordinates which may be in latitude and longitude or another system of measurement
Vector
One set of coordinates defines a
______ feature.
Point
Two or more sets of coordinates
that are connected define a ________
feature.
Line
Multiple sets of coordinates that
are connected and closed define
a ________feature
Polygon
use matrices of square cells (grids, pixels)
of same size to store data.
Raster
tables of data describing spatial features
Attribute tables
Basic GIS Function
Capture
Store
Query
Analyze
Display
Output
are psychological tools that we all
use every day
Mental Maps
Five types of Geographic questions
Location
Distribution
Association
Interaction
Change
Is a concept that distinguishes geography from other fields and it is a central to a GIS.
Simply a position on the surface of the earth, but what more is that nearly everything can have a geographic location.
Location
Location can be described in:
Nominal Term
Relative Term
Absolute Term
locations are simply defined and described by name
Nominal Term
refers to defining and describing places in relation to other known locations
Relative Term
locations that use some type of reference system to define positions on the earth’s surface
Absolute Term
refers to the position of something relative to something else usually along a line
Direction
One of the most common benchmarks used to
determine direction is ourselves, which is called
_________ direction. “to my left,” “behind me,” or “next to me” are examples of egocentric direction
Egocentric
Three more standard benchmarks that are used to define the Directions
True North
Magnetic North
Grid North
refers to the point on the surface of the earth where the earth’s magnetic fields converge
Magnetic North
simply refers to the northward direction that the grid lines of latitude and longitude on a map, called a graticule, point to.
Grid North
based on the point at which the axis of the earth’s rotation intersects the earth’s surface.
True North
refers to degree or amount of separation between locations and can be measured in nominal or absolute terms with various units
Distance
between locations can be expressed as “large” or “small,” or we can describe two or more locations as “near” or “far apart.
Nominal distance
Measured or Calculated using a standard metric
Absolute distance
Is a more abstract concept than distance that it is more commonly described rather than measured. For example, space can be described as “empty,” “public,” or “private.”
Space
A destination-oriented travel are generally referred to as _________, which was being illustrated in transportation maps previously presented how people move through the environments where they live, work, and play.
Navigation
Three types of geographic knowledge
Landmark knowledge
Route knowledge
Survey knowledge
refers to our ability to locate and identify unique points, patterns, or features (e.g., landmarks) in space.
Landmark knowledge
permits us to connect and travel between landmarks by moving through space.
Route knowledge
enables us to understand where landmarks are in relation to each other and to take shortcuts.
Shortcut knowledge
Landmark, route, and survey knowledge are the cornerstones of having a sense of direction and
frame our geographical learning and awareness.
Navigation
the formal study of maps and mapping
cartography
This is the family of maps that are used to locate features on the surface of the earth.
Reference Map
This is the family of maps that are about a
particular topic or theme
Thematic Map
Maps which are changeable or interactive representations of the earth and its resident phenomena.
Dynamic Maps
the three-dimensional coordinate system commonly used to define
locations on the earth’s
surface
Geographic Coordinate System
Unit of measure in the GCS (Geographic Coordinate System) is ________
Degrees
is measured relative to the
equator at zero degrees, with max.
of either 90 degrees north at the
North Pole or 90 degrees south
at the South Pole.
Latitude
is measured relative to the prime meridian (Greenwich) at 0 degrees, with maxima of 180
degrees west or 180 degrees east.
Longitude
is a coordinate system,
and a set of reference points,
used to locate places on the
Earth (or similar objects)
Geodetic Datum
Three surfaces used for map projections
Plane
Cone
Cylinder
Map projections that accurately represent distances
equidistant projections
are used for navigational purposes due to the importance of maintaining a bearing or heading when traveling great distances.
Conformal
equivalent projections, preserve the quality of area.
Equal area
Map projections that accurately represent distances are referred to as _______
equidistant projections
used for navigational purposes due to the importance of maintaining a bearing or heading when traveling great distances.
Conformal map projections
preserve the quality of area
Equal area or equivalent area
The process by which real world phenomena or
object are explicitly, consistently and precisely
defined and described or expressed as features on a map
Map Abstraction
are well defined and are easy to locate,
measure, and count, and their
edges or boundaries are readily
defined
Discrete features
are less well defined and exist across space
Continuous features
used to identify particular geographic features, like cities, bodies of water, or other points of interest.
Annotation
provides users information about the how geographic information is represented graphically
Map legend
refers to the process of resolving conflicts associated with too much detail, too many features, or too much information to map.
Map generalization
