Ideas

Question 1

Claimed the death of God would eventually lead to the loss of any universal perspective on things and any coherent sense of objective truth. Known for the saying “God is dead.”

Answer 1

Friedrich Nietzsche

Question 2

Founder of Analytical Psychology?

Answer 2

Carl Jung

Question 3

Established the discipline “Psychoanalysis”?

Answer 3

Sigmund Freud

Question 4

In his doctrine of transcendental idealism, ____ argued that space and time are mere “forms of intuition” which structure all experience, and therefore that while “things-in-themselves” exist and contribute to experience, they are nonetheless distinct from the objects of experience.

Answer 4

Immanuel Kant

Question 5

American essayist, lecturer, philosopher, abolitionist, and poet who led the transcendentalist movement of the mid-19th century.

Answer 5

Ralph Waldo Emerson

Question 6

Asserted the use of logic as a method of argument and offered the basic methodological template for analytical discourse.

Answer 6

Aristotle

Question 7

Espoused the understanding that knowledge is built from the study of things that happen in the world, and that some knowledge is universal — a prevailing set of ideas throughout Western Civilization thereafter.

Answer 7

Aristotle

Question 8

Defined metaphysics as “the knowledge of immaterial being,” and used this framework to examine the relationship between substance (a combination of matter and form) and essence, from which he devises that man is comprised from a unity of the two.

Answer 8

Aristotle

Question 9

Discards belief in all things that are not absolutely certain, emphasizing the understanding of that which can be known for sure.

Answer 9

Rene Descartes

Question 10

A French philosopher, mathematician, and scientist, born in France but spent 20 years of his life in the Dutch Republic.

Answer 10

Rene Descartes

Question 11

Was a mentor and friend to fellow influential transcendentalist Henry David Thoureau.

Answer 11

Ralph Waldo Emerson

Question 12

A Scottish-born historian, economist, and philosopher. Often grouped with thinkers such as John Locke, Thomas Hobbes, and Sir Francis Bacon as part of a movement called British Empiricism.

Answer 12

David Hume

Question 13

Was focused on creating a “naturalistic science of man” that delves into the psychological conditions defining human nature. In contrast to rationalists such as Descartes, he was preoccupied with the way that passions (as opposed to reason) govern human behavior. This, he argued, predisposed human beings to knowledge founded not on the existence of certain absolutes but on personal experience

Answer 13

David Hume

Question 14

Argued against moral absolutes, instead positing that our ethical behavior and treatment of others is compelled by emotion, sentiment, and internal passions, that we are inclined to positive behaviors by their likely desirable outcomes.

Answer 14

David Hume

Question 15

Defined the “Categorical imperative,” the idea that there are intrinsically good and moral ideas to which we all have a duty, and that rational individuals will inherently find reason in adhering to moral obligation.

Answer 15

Immanuel Kant

Question 16

Argued that humanity can achieve a perpetual peace through universal democracy and international cooperation.

Answer 16

Immanuel Kant

Question 17

The living embodiment of the philosophy known as Taoism and author of its primary text, the Tao Te Ching.

Answer 17

Lao-Tzu

Question 18

Urged individuals to achieve a state of wu wei, freedom from desire, an early staple tenet of Buddhist tradition thereafter.

Answer 18

Lao-Tzu

Question 19

Disputed conventional wisdom as inherently biased, and urged followers of the Tao to find natural balance between the body, senses, and desires.

Answer 19

Lao-Tzu

Question 20

An English physicist and philosopher, was a prominent thinker during the Enlightenment period and part of the movement of British Empiricism.

Answer 20

John Locke

Question 21

His philosophy is said to have figured prominently into the formulation of the Declaration of Independence that initiated America’s war for independence from the British.

Answer 21

John Locke

Question 22

Coined the term tabula rasa (blank slate) to denote that the human mind is born unformed, and that ideas and rules are only enforced through experience thereafter.

Answer 22

John Locke

Question 23

Established the method of introspection, focusing on one’s own emotions and behaviors in search of a better understanding of the self.

Answer 23

John Locke

Question 24

Famously asserted that while it would be best to be both loved and feared, the two rarely coincide, and thus, greater security is found in the latter.

Answer 24

Niccolo Machiavelli

Question 25

His most prominent works described the parameters of effective rulership, in which he seems to advocate for leadership by any means which retain power, including deceit, murder, and oppression. His philosophy is often seen as a template for tyranny and dictatorship, even in the present day.

Answer 25

Niccolo Machiavelli

Question 26

Viewed ambition, competition and war as inevitable parts of human nature, even seeming to embrace all of these tendencies.

Answer 26

Niccolo Machiavelli

Question 27

Argued that societies develop through class struggle, and that this would ultimately lead to the dismantling of capitalism.

Answer 27

Karl Marx

Question 28

Characterized capitalism as a production system in which there are inherent conflicts of interest between the bourgeoisie (the ruling class), and the proletariat (the working class), and that these conflicts are couched in the idea that the latter must sell their labor to the former for wages that offer no stake in production.

Answer 28

Karl Marx

Question 29

Articulated ethical dilemma as a tension between the master vs. slave morality; the former in which we make decisions based on the assessment of consequences, and the latter in which we make decisions based on our conception of good vs. evil.

Answer 29

Friedrich Nietzsche

Question 30

Expressed the view, that those whose beliefs are limited only to perception are failing to achieve a higher level of perception, one available only to those who can see beyond the material world

Answer 30

Plato

Question 31

Articulated the theory of forms, the belief that the material world is an apparent and constantly changing world but that another, invisible world provides unchanging causality for all that we do see.

Answer 31

Plato

Question 32

Believed in the value of achieving ethical harmony through skilled judgment rather than knowledge of rules, denoting that one should achieve morality through self-cultivation.

Answer 32

Confucius

Question 33

Is sometimes attributed the statement “I know that I know nothing,” to denote an awareness of his ignorance, and in general, the limitations of human knowledge.

Answer 33

Socrates

Question 34

Believed misdeeds were a consequence of ignorance, that those who engaged in nonvirtuous behavior did so because they didn’t know any better.

Answer 34

Socrates

Question 35

What does not kill me, makes me stronger

Answer 35

Friedrich Nietzsche