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Q2 > ID2 > Flashcards

ID2 Flashcards

1
Q

most common pathogen of infective endocarditis in healthy people

A

Strep Viridans

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2
Q

H. influenzae only grows on which agar

A

chocolate agar (factor V NAD+, X hematin)

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3
Q

most common resp infection are what part and by what kind of pathogen

A

URT, viral

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4
Q

most common pathogens causing HA infection

A
  1. Gm+: 1. Coag(-) staphylo like s. epidermidis, 2. S. aureus 3. enterococci
  2. Gm-
  3. Fungi
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5
Q

CLABSI: catheter sites

A

risk of infection: femoral > internal jugular > subclavian

reverse is easness of putting the line in

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6
Q

VRE: what are 2 species that account for almost all infections

A 
Enterococcus fecalis 
Enterococcus faecuum (10%, but 90% of VRE is by faecuum)
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7
Q

1 & 2 HA-infection

A
  1. UTI

2. surgical incision infection

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8
Q 
#1 HA-infection in ICU
#1 death from HA-infection
A

HA-pneumonia

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9
Q

what are normal oropharyngeal flora? what does it become after THREE days in the hospital?

A

anaerobes & strep viridans -> Gm-

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10
Q

most common pathogens that cause CA-pneumonia (2)

A

strep pneumo, atypicals

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11
Q

most common pathogens that cause HA-pneumonia (3)

A
  1. pseudomonas aeruginosa
  2. staph aureus
  3. enterobacter
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12
Q

risk factors for surgical site infection

A

obesity (BMI >30) , diabetes
peri-operative antimicrobial prophylaxis
remote infection at the time of surgery

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13
Q

prevention of surgical site infections

A

antimicrobial prophylaxis (60min within incision)
preoperative hair removal using ELECTRIC CLIPPER (not razor)
good glucose control during cardiac surgery
avoidance of hypothermia

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14
Q

standard precaution (for everyone) 2

A

clean hands

wear gloves when touching pts

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15
Q

Contact isolation: wear what and what pathogens

A

GOWNS & gloves

MRSA, VRE, MDRO
adenovirus, herpes zoster
lice, scabies

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16
Q

Droplet isolation: wear what and what pathogens

A

surgical MAST & gloves

influenza A/B/H1N1, mumps
meningitis, pertussis

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17
Q

Airborne isolation: wear what and what pathogens

A

N-95 respirator + gloves
pt: surgical mask

TB, SARS, Avian flu, chicken pox, Disseminated shinges/zoster

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18
Q

encapsulated bacteria

& 1 fungus

A

SHiNE SKiS

Strep pneumo, Hemo influenzae, N. meningtitis, E Coli
Salmonella, Klebsiella, Strep group B

Cryptococcus neoformans

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19
Q

Cryptococcus neoformans

A

thickly encapsulated
cause meningitis in HIV pts
Indias ink stain

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20
Q

what does the Pioneer Organisms (bacteria) need on the substratum to colonize it

A

conditioning film

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21
Q

what is the process in which the accumulation of pioneer organisms
changes the local environment to allow secondary colonizers to
adhere

A

autogenic succession

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22
Q

most common cause of meningitis (sepsis, penumonia) in neonates/babies

A

Strep agalactiae (group B)

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23
Q

bacterial ribosome

A

70 = 50 & 30

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24
Q

SHiN (strep pneumo, h. influenzae, N meningitis)

A

encapsulated
capsule for vaccine
makes IgA to colonize respiratory mucosa
meningitis

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25
Q

mycobacteria cell wall characteristics

A

high lipid content

mycolic acid in cell wall: detected by Carbolfuchsin in acid fast stain

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26
Q

Periplasmic space (only in Gm-) contains what

A 
embedded in polysaccharide gel 
single gelatinous peptidoglycan layer 
hydrolytic enzymes (B-lactamse,), sugar transport system, nutrient-binding proteins
27
Q

LPS (lipo poly sacharride) of Gm(-)

A

PAMP (highly immunoreactive)
B-cell mitogen, activate complement, release cytokine from Macs/others
DIC, fever, shock

3 parts: lipid A (toxic region), core, O antigen

stabilized by Mg2+ (mag)

28
Q

Strep pyogenes’s TVF

A

M protein (cell wall)

29
Q

M protein grades what which are what

A

degrades c3b (opsonin), c5a (chemokine)

30
Q

Strep pyogene’s exotoxin

A 
Streptolysin O (lyse cell membrane of RBC) 
Exotoxin A (toxic shock syndrome)
31
Q

Strepto-lysin O

A

Strep pyogene’s exotoxin
lyse RBC (b-hemolysis)
antibodies against the toxin used to diagnose Rheumatic fever

32
Q

toxic shock syndrome: s/s (3)

A

fever, rash, shock

33
Q

Strep pyogenes: diseases

A

pharyngitis
skin (pyoderma/impetigo, erysipelas, celluits, necrotizing fasciitis)
scarlet fever
tosic shock syndrome

rheumatic fever
glomerulonephritis

34
Q

M proteins associated w/ necrotizing fasciitis & toxic shock syndrome

A

M 1, 3, 5

35
Q

criteria for Acute rhuematic fever

A

JONES

joints (migratory polyarthritis) 
O for heart (pancarditis) 
N: subcutaneous nodules over joints 
E: erythema marginatum 
S: sydenham chorea
36
Q

Strepto gallolyticus (S. bovis type I) is associated w/ what

A

bacteremia associated w/ COLON cancer

do colonoscopy

37
Q

function of Capsule

A

opsonophagocytosis (Avoid)

opsonization
phagocytosis

38
Q

c-reactive protein binds to Psp-A/c (choline-binding proteins) on strep pneumo

A

.

39
Q

strep pneumo

A 
#1 bacterial pneumonia
rarely a primary infection 
emerging resistance to penicillin 
live in nasopharynx 
vaccine (capsule)
40
Q

CA-MRSA

A

susceptible to numerous antibiotics (not methicillin)
Mec A gene/cassett
produce Panton-Valentine Leukocidin (PVL)
phenol-soluble modulins (PSM)
a-toxin

41
Q

1 & 2 pathogen in uncomplicated UTI in young woman

A
  1. E Coli

2. Staphylo saprophyticus

42
Q

Anaerobic infection: clinical clues

A 
infection close to skin/mucosal surface 
after bites 
foul-smelling discharge 
actinomyces: sulfur granules in discharge 
black coloration of blood-containing exudates 
necrotic tissue (pseudomembrane) 
gas in tissues 
endocarditis w/ (-) blood culture 
dec host resistance
infection after use of aminoglycosides
43
Q

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

A

ecthyma gangrenosum (necrotic skin lesion in ICPs, due to dissemination)

PSEUDO (pneumonia, sepsis, otitis Externa swimmer’s ear, UTI, diabetes/drug use, osteomyelitis)

burn victim, hot tubs, swimmer’s ear, CF w/ chronic pneumonia (monobactam)

44
Q

ESBL

A

E. Coli, Klebsiella: resistant to Cephalosporins too

CARBAPENEMS

45
Q

Carbapenams can treat everything except for

A

PEM: PRSP, enterococci, MRSA

46
Q

who gets CA-MRSA?

A

contact

SPORTS, children at daycare, prison

furuncles/boils (looks like acne, pus pilled but bigger

47
Q

Complications of IE (3)

A

Mycotic aneurysm
Suppurative thrombophlebitis
Lemierre’s syndrome

48
Q

Mycotic aneurysm

A

infective end-arteritis (sites of artherosclerosis)
aorta (ascending, abdominal: salmonella), middle cerebral a. (at the site of bifurcation)

NOT emboli, due to weakened wall -> hemorrahge

49
Q

Suppurative thrombo-phlebitis (venous wall inflammation)

A

inflammation of venous wall by thrombosis & pathogen
medical intervention: plastic catheter infected -> thrombi
s. aureus

50
Q

Lemierre Syndrome

A

sequealae of oropharynx infection
thrombos/infection from internal jugular vein -> embolus in lung (PE)
neck/chest pain
Fusobacterium necrophorum

51
Q

encoded on chromosome

A

.

52
Q

encoded on mobile genetic elements

A

Clostridium toxins

53
Q

most common causes of food poisoning

A
  1. salmonella
  2. staph aureus
  3. clostridium perfringens
54
Q

Types of diarrhea

A

nonbloody diarrhea: staph aureus
foamy/foul diarrhea: clostridium perfringens (no vomiting)

C. difficile

55
Q

lipooligosaccharide (LOS)

A

LPS of Gm- cocci (Neisseria, Moraxella)
antigenic variation
phase variation (amount of sialic acid)
low: facilitate entry into mucosal cells/epithelium
high: highly resistant to killing by Ig & complement in subepithelial layer

56
Q

pathogens w/ significant drug resistance

A

staphylo aureus
enterococcus feacuum
N. meningitis

57
Q

A sputum culture will be rejected (i.e., it will not be stained or cultured) by the clinical laboratory if

A

it contains many more epithelial cells than neutrophils

58
Q

peritrichous flagella (which pathogens?)

A

Enterobacteriaceae (except for Klebsiella, Shigella)

multiple flagella from all sides of the pathogen (instead of polar localized to one end of the cell)

59
Q

moraxella catarrhalis cause what in 1. kids 2. older people

A

otitis media + sinusitis (3rd most common)

bronchitis/pneumonia in COPD (underlying disease)

60
Q

Transformation (aka Competence)

A

take up free/naked DNA from environment
incorporate into chromosome via general/recombinant recombination by recA protein (NOT ADDITIVE)
SHiN

61
Q

specialized transduction: which toxins (5)

A

ABCDE

esp BCD

62
Q

Conjugation

A

E. Coli

transfer SINGLE STRAND DNA (plasmid is double-stranded)

Hfr cell: transfer lac operon

63
Q

asplenic or sickle cell pts are more suscetible to encapsulated bacterial diseases; b/c opsonized then cleared in the spleen

A

.

Q2 (6 decks)

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