ID Quiz 2021 Flashcards

Question

Ren

Answer 1

In Confucian thought, Ren means humanness. I.e.: measuring oneself always in relation to others. Being filial and fraternal is the root of humanness (Ren) Most centrally important quality of a noble man

Answer 2

Dao means “the way”. It is the great principle that governs all life. The noble preson concerns himself with the root; when the root is established, the way (dao) is born.

Answer 3

Earliest source of Daoist philosophy. It consists of 81 short chapters that can read as poems. The way, which can be defined, either by words or footsteps, is not the way. The way is constant and eternal - Often red as a guide to the ruler, who wishes to guide in harmony with the Dao

Answer 4

Wuwei mean inaction, the sage accomplished things by doing nothing. By practicing Wuwei, one aspires to contrast any form of action characterized by self-serving desire. By not concerning nature and people, they are more aligned with the way and the cosmos.

Answer 5

- Chinese Legalist philosopher - framed by old friend from confucian school and executed because friend was scared that Han Feizi would take his post. - The Hanfeizi, the book named after him, comprises a synthesis of legal theories up to his time.

Answer 6

Writer of the Shi Ji. He continued the work that was started by his father. Sima Qian was not employed as an official historian but was employed in the religion office. He worked on the Shi Ji privately, which meant he was able to invent many new literary forms. He ended up being castrated for defending his friend who was a traitor. - Typically, people who were castrated ended up killing themselves because it is one of the most shameful sentences, BUT Sima Qian decided to keep on living in shame to complete his fathers work.

Answer 7

Good friend of Sima Qian who surrender to the Xiognu and became a captive of theirs. When he returned to China, he went to trial for not fighting (considered a traitor for not fighting for his country). He asked Sima Qian to defend him in court, but this failed, and both ended up being trialed for being traitors.

Answer 8

Another friend of Sima Qian wrote to him to help defend him in court. However, Sima Qian (now a castrate) declined saying that a man of his status would no weight in court. Letter to Ren An is Sima Qian very famous reply to his friend explaining why he wouldn’t defend him in court but also explains why he hasn’t committed suicide although he was a castrate.

Answer 9

A history book – record of the Grand Scribe/historian. It is the first comprehensive work of the Chinese past. It is the lengthiest historiography. The narrative extends from the Yellow Emperor to 90 BCE. It is not an official historical writing originally but becomes one through time.

Answer 10

Ruler of the Yiqu barbarians had an affair with King Zhao’s mother and had 2 sons with her. - The Queen dowager murdered Yiqu at the Palaca of Sweet Spring and raised an army and sent it to attack and ravage the lands of Yiqu. Qin came into possession of Longxi, Beidi and Shang provinces because of this, and decided to build long walls to act as a defense against the barbarian. In China, the walls mean a separation between culture and barbarians.

Answer 11

- Federation of nomad tribes - North/Northwest China during Warring States period - Qin and Han - Built 1st empire of Eurasian steeps - Chanyu = ruller of Xiongny - Emperor Wu (China) led to decline of Xiongnu in 1st century BCE Federation of nomad tribes who lived in North and Northwest of China during the late Warring States Period, Qin and Han. It was a tribe who built the 1st empire of Eurasian steeps and had practices entirely different than Chinese culture. In the 2nd century, Xiongny united by a single ruler named Modun who called himself Chanyu. During this period, a tense relationship between Xiongu and Han China ensues due to their opposing cultures. In 141 BCE, Han Emperor Wu decides to demolish the Xiognu, which led to its decline and complete abolishment during the 1st century BCE.

Answer 12

2 contrasting components that establish (energy and matter) every phenomenon in the world. Came from Qi (life giving energy) that split into 2. Yin = dark, wet, heavy and represented by the moon. Yang= bright, light and represented by the sun. Every human has both elements in their body.

Answer 13

- Chinese characters/images = element of cosmic order - human realm is linked to cosmological realm The myth of the creation of Chinese characters images writing as an element of cosmic order. Argues that the human realm is linked, connected to the cosmological real – it stands in correlation to it. Cosmos = system of processes and changes

Answer 14

- Book - Explains what poetry is and how should best go by writing one - man is connected to nature, we are also connected with seasonal flow of nature Because man is connected to nature, we are also connected with the seasonal flow of nature. This theory is represented in this book. The writer attempted to explain what poetry is and how should best go by writing one.

Answer 15

Tang era had regulated verses. Couplet that forms distinct idea, each couplet following the preceding. The writing structure of the poems have strict rules that are regulated by the government.

Answer 16

- Poet during Tang Dynasty - witnessed the devastation during rebellion of 755 - joined crown prince court but never achieved high post that he thought he deserved - these events play a major role on the tone of his overall works Major poet of the Tang Dynasty who witness the devastation wrought on the dynastic capital Changan during the An Lushan Rebellion of 755. Initially Du Fu left Changan at the outbreak of the rebellion to ensure his family was out of harm’s way. He returned to Changan in attempt to join the Crown Prince’s court. But he was capture by the Rebellion forces. Du Fu eventually escaped and joined the Tang court, but never achieved a great post he seemed destined for. The experiences of the war and his disappointment of never achieving a worthy office to serve the state inform the tone of his overall work, which are widely regarded as one of the greatest literary achievements in both Chinese and world literature.

Answer 17

Indian prince between 6-5th century. He ventured out of his secluded palatial complex. On 3 excursions he sees an old man, a sick man and a dead man. On the 4th trip he sees a laborer/monk. After facing these experiences, he abandons palace and seeks religious truth. While practicing austerities, he almost dies but then has an enlightenment and becomes the Buddha (enlightened one). He then dedicates his life to teaching of this.

Answer 18

Holy scriptures containing the Buddha’s teachings. Tripitaka = 3 baskets. Consists of monastic rule (Vinayas), sermon attribute to the Buddha himself (sutras) and later commentaries (abhidharma)

Answer 19

Law of karma = form every action there is a moral reaction

Answer 20

Since death is not the answer due to reincarnation. The ultimate goal of every person is to never be born again, i.e.: achieving Nirvana (literally extinguishing)

Answer 21

1. Life is suffering 2. The suffering has a cause – attachment produced by desires 3. There is a way to stop the suffering – desires must be extinguished 4. The way to extinguish desire is the Noble Eightfold Path (right view, right intention, right speed, etc.)

Answer 22

Strand of Buddhism practiced mostly in China, Japan and Korea. - Therevada = preaches as life of asceticism and emphasizes the attainment of salvation for the individual practitioner alone - Mahayana = teaches that anyone can achieve salvation because we all possess the Buddha potential

Answer 23

People who have progressed in their practice so much that they were able to achieve Nirvana but have decided to delay their final release from this world to help guide other sentient beings across the sea of suffering & help them achieve Nirvana

Answer 24

- In China referred to as Guaynin - hearer of sounds - In China, because imperial court very close link to Confucianism, the cult of Avslokitesvara was never connected to royalty. (More of a common people’s worship) Was born in India as a man, but when moved to China became a SHE. In Asia, they worship in relation to kinds and religious leaders In China, because imperial court very close link to Confucianism, the cult of Avslokitesvara was never connected to royalty. (More of a common people’s worship) In China, known as Guanyin – translates to hearer of sounds. Cult of Guanyin in China developed not around Buddhist scriptures but around worship practices that involved multi-media forms.

Answer 25

City where the first blue and white porcelain pieces were made. Originally, they were made in small batches but rapidly became very desirable objects, especially in Europe/England. This small farming village quickly became a massive production center for these statement pieces.

Answer 26

Large trade route that began in 1564 when the Spanish conquest of the Philippines and the lift of international trade ban in China under the reign of emperor Ming occurred. During this era, emperor Ming changed China’s currency to silver, which became in high demand.

Answer 27

Before marriage, the women obey her father. After marriage, her husband and when his is dead, her son.

Answer 28

Patriarchal -> Patrilineal -> Patrilocal Purpose of marriage practice is to build a family and build a lineage. These 3 attributes of family work together to reinforce the Confucian style family unit. Patriarchy always emphasizes on the authority of the father (or male part) in the family. Patrilineality refers to inheritance system. Patrilocality means man must remain in fathers house after reaching maturity and brings wife to live with him.

Answer 29

Autobiography by Shen Fu, who at the age of 15 married his cousin Chen Yu. Only includes 4 chapters because Shen Fu died before completing the book.

Answer 30

Neighbouring states would send tribute missions to China in exchange for trading privileges in the capital and recognition by the emperor. These envoys brought gifts for the emperor and performed a series of bows called the “kow-tow” in return for the right to trade.

Answer 31

In 1750’s, Qing state gradually limited Western trade to the southern port of Canton. This port contained wealthy Chinese merchants who had been given monopoly privileges by the emperor to trade with foreigners. Such a system made it easier to control the activities of foreigners as well and collect all the taxes in one area.

Answer 32

King George III of England send Macartney to convince the Chinese emperor to open the northern port cities to British traders and allow British ships to be repaired on Chinese territory. When Macartney arrived, the Chinese labeled his mission as a “tribute” and asked him to person the kow-tow, which Macartney refused to do and simply bow for the emperor. When Macartney asked for a modern trading system, the emperor decline.

Answer 33

During the beginning of the Anglo-Chinese diplomacy, Chinese-language documents were translated to English by the British via a translator. In the Chinese documents, the word “yi” was often used to refer to a stranger/foreigner. However, the British were convinced that it meant barbarian and saw it as an insult to be called “ying yi” (English barbarian) in official diplomatic documents. This was the begging of the Opium war.

Answer 34

Lord Napier was the 1st superintendent of Trade in China appointed by the British government. Napier refused to conduct relations through the Cohong Merchants (according to the Canton system) and tried to deal directly with the governor-general of the region. The Qin court sent him a response stating that minister of the empire is not allowed private letters with outside barbarian (yi). This letter enraged Napier and pushed him to move his fleet towards Canton. However, Napier dies of Malaria shortly after.

Answer 35

Appointed by Emperor Daoguang to resolve to opium situation in Canton. His job was to check for opium smokers among the literati and punish those who carried opium with them. By 1839, over 1 600 Chinese had been arrested and roughly 35 000 pounds of opium confiscated. On March 24th, 1839, he orders a complete stoppage of foreign trade. After 6 weeks, the foreigners agreed to give up 20 000 chests of opium and the blockage was lifted, and the foreigners were asked to leave (except 16 of them).

Answer 36

Because of the blockage of Lin Zexu, Superintendent Elliot (British ambassador) is forced to leave Canton and decides to establish a British colony in Honk King. This caused a war between China and Brittan from 1839-1842, when China signed the Treaty of Nanjing and launched an era of unequal treaties signed with foreign powers.