ID quiz 2 Flashcards
animal liberation
who: peter singer
when: 2002
sig: brought attention to idea that animals have sentience that we need to respect. can farm animals but can not do so under inhumane cond. we have a duty to avoid actions that cause harm are moral agents. But is still anthropocentric.
The ones who walk from omelas
who: lequin
when: 1973
sig: critical view of utilitarianism, is the greater happiness of omelas worth the suffering of one child? Those who walk away from happiness go against utilitarianism sinc ethey dont think its right.
last person on earth thought experiment
who: Routley
when: 2013
sig: if you could end the world wth the push of a button would you? moves away from anthrocentrism and looks at deep ecology, do abiotic and no-human things have intrinsic value?
insecticide-treated nets
who: people in africa
when: now
sig: Aid organizations with good intentions distributing malaria nets for mosquitos. However, the people were using them to catch fish due to food shortages. This decreased fish stocks as the nets caught everything and small fish which lived close to shore. Ethical delema > do fish or humans matter more
deep ecology
who: originally by naess and developed on by taylor and bookchin.
when: 1972
sig: Thinks of world as a whole, not just about humans; part of a community; we dont run everything; we are our relationships; individuals have little value in global context but we all require interactions in order for the ecosystem to work
Opposite of shallow ecology > which is anthropocentric and utilitarian based. Builds off of the land ethic.
Nicomachean ethics
who: aristotle
when: 384-322 BC
sig: To live a good human life is to live a life of moral virtue > realize your purpose, develop virtues, have moral perception; science of the good for human life.
Based on character and patterns of behaviour of the virtuous person than with a criterion of right actions. weakness(unless one is virtuous we dont know what the right thing to do is), strength(
Each person has their own function, but this idea flawed bc it doesnt consider lowered class organisms (anthropocentric) > virtue ethics
Mother Earth Water Walk
who: abinashe women
when: 2003
sig: Now an annual movement throughout the North American continent, the Water Walk includes women and men of different heritages and nations to protest pollution and water misuse.
Showcases care ethics “approaches to moral life and community that are grounded in virtues, practices, and knowledges associated with appropriate caring and caretaking of self and other” > somewhat related to deep ecology
Chipko Andolan Movement
who: women in india
when: 1970s
sig: Grassroots environmental movement
surrounded and hugged trees to protect local forests from state-approved logging companies
The Chipko movement enacted ethics of caring for trees, 2 forests, women, and communities as valuable interdependent beings, and it initiated a national movement that embraced and publicized the potent symbol of tree-hugging as an expression of resistance to environmental exploitation
environmental protection can be enlivened by women’s local knowledge about communal well-being and the intermingled interests of human and nonhuman life. Public performances of care ethics helped revolutionize understandings of conservation and women’s unique stakes in environmental protection, especially where basic rights and needs are threatened by destructive projects that generate profits for outsiders
The tragedy of the commons
Who: Garrett Hardin
When: 1968
Racist, also came up with lifeboat ethics
cows eating as much as possible > so we dont care about env > we just focus on ourselves
hardin quotes > tragedy of commons taught uncritically
conclusion of people should die is not great
Hardin now criticized and his views sometimes seen as wrong (mildenberger 2019) Some common areas have worked in the past contrary to popular belief
Follows beliefs of eco-facism (An ideology “which blames the demise of the environment on overpopulation, immigration, and over-industrialization….”)
Everybody contributes to the degradation of a shared resources due to their own “selfish interests”
living on a lifeboat
Who: garret Hardin
when: 1974
sig: the case against helping the poor: limited resources on earth and only the rich should survive, mirrors spaceship earth lifeboat w/ 50 people, room for 10 more, surrounded by 100 swimmers
says that you should stop people from getting into the lifeboat
we have ourselves sorted out > many want what we have > dont let them
connections with other text
spaceship earth to lifeboat ethics
are spaceship and lifeboat the same? if not, what makes them diff?
lifeboat more divided and racist > spaceship brings people together (i.e we all are apart of the solution)
The population bomb
who: paul ehrlich > also racist
when: 1968
sig:
builds on malthus
very pessimistic view that millions will starve
describes mess of humans, overpop issues > says this about delhi but not about paris (same pop at the time)
also racist
his predictions were wrong > wrong bc of advancements in agriculture
“The battle to feed all of humanity is over. In the 1970s hundreds of millions of people will starve to death….”
also participated in eco-facism
veil of ignorance
who: John Rawls
when; 1971
sig:
Thought experiment
Want to minimize risk to yourself, risk aversion
imagine we sit behind a veil of ignorance that keeps us from knowing who we are and identifying with our personal circumstances. By being ignorant of our circumstances, we can more objectively consider how societies should operate
We need to acknowledge that we have inherent bias
Fairness = justice
africville
who: citizens of africville vs halifax, nova scotia city officials
when: 1964-1970
sig: people from africville forcefully evicted because officials didnt want a black community. They said africville didnt meettin living conditions even though they didnt provide africville with utilities even though they paid taxes. Tore the church down which was a staple in community to get people to want to move. Last citizen left in 1970
warren county PCB protest
who: Black citzens in warren country SC
that protested the dumping of PCB in the area
Economic development and groundwater contamination concerns
PCB dumped at night instead of using sanctioned disposal methods -> contaminated soil
Proposed disposal site in poor black neighbourhood
After intense legal battles, the state was permitted to begin construction of the landfill in the summer of 1982
Environmental racism
Seen as the start of environmental justice in the US. They failed, standing up against ecoracism. Changed from concern to env to racism.
Navajo generating station
who: the navjo in arizone
when: 1976-2019 > now
sig: currenlt debating if arizona has to pay back the harm they caused to the navajo land and nation since they polluted teh water and land. highlights envirnmental racisms where polluting industries pop up next to poor communities. And do not involve the local comunity. Baed on arguments through distributive, procedural annd recognition justice.
