ID File part 1

Question 1

Atahualpa

Answer 1

last Incan emperor, conquered by Pizzaro, Incan empire: modern day Peru

Question 2

Francisco Pizarro

Answer 2

c. 1471 – 26 June 1541 was a Spanish conquistador who led an expedition that conquered the Inca Empire. He captured and killed Incan emperor Atahualpa, and claimed the lands for Spain.

Question 3

Zheng He

Answer 3

(1371–1433) was a Chinese mariner, explorer, diplomat, fleet admiral, and court eunuch during China’s early Ming dynasty

Question 4

Chinggis Khan

Answer 4

(1162–1227) the founder and first Great Khan of the Mongol Empire, which became the largest contiguous empire in history after his death. He came to power by uniting many of the nomadic tribes of Northeast Asia.

Question 5

Kublai Khan

Answer 5

the fifth Khagan (Great Khan) of the Mongol Empire reigning from 1260 to 1294. He also founded the Yuan dynasty in China as a conquest dynasty in 1271, and ruled as the first Yuan emperor until his death in 1294.

Question 6

Sufism

Answer 6

variously defined as “Islamic mysticism”, characterized by particular values, ritual practices, doctrines and institutions which began very early in Islamic history and represents the main manifestation and the most important and central crystallization of mystical practice in Islam.

Question 7

Delhi Sultanate

Answer 7

a Muslim sultanate based mostly in Delhi that stretched over large parts of the Indian subcontinent for 320 years

Question 8

Globalization

Answer 8

the process of interaction and integration between people, companies, and governments worldwide.

Question 9

Mongol Empire

Answer 9

existed during the 13th and 14th centuries and was the largest contiguous land empire in history.

Question 10

Song Dynasty

Answer 10

(aka Sung) dynasty ruled China from 960 to 1279 CE with the reign split into two periods: the Northern Song (960-1125 CE) and Southern Song (1125-1279 CE).

Question 11

Cajamarca

Answer 11

Peru, Incans, Atahualpa, conquered by Pizzaro

Question 12

Cahokia

Answer 12

refers to the location where Mississippian culture thrived before European explorers landed in the Americas. From about 700 CE to 1400 CE, this site flourished and was once one of the greatest cities in the world.

Question 13

Columbian Exchange

Answer 13

the widespread transfer of plants, animals, culture, human populations, technology, and ideas between the Americas, West Africa, and the Old World in the 15th and 16th centuries, related to European colonization and trade following Christopher Columbus’s 1492 voyage

Question 14

Eurasia

Answer 14

Europe + Asia and their connections

Question 15

The Fertile Crescent

Answer 15

(also known as the “cradle of civilization”) is a crescent-shaped region where agriculture and early human civilizations like the Sumer and Ancient Egypt flourished due to inundations from the surrounding Nile, Euphrates and Tigris rivers.

Question 16

Black Death

Answer 16

bubonic plague, devastated Eurasia in primarily the 14th century, likely spread by Mongols

Question 17

Little Ice Age

Answer 17

climate interval that occurred from the early 14th century through the mid-19th century, when mountain glaciers expanded at several locations, including the European Alps, New Zealand, Alaska, and the southern Andes, and mean annual temperatures across the Northern Hemisphere declined by 0.6 °C (1.1 °F) relative to the average temperature between 1000 and 2000 CE

Question 18

Vasco Da Gama

Answer 18

1st Count of Vidigueira c. 1460s –1524, was a Portuguese explorer and the first European to reach India by sea. His initial voyage to India (1497–1499) was the first to link Europe and Asia by an ocean route, connecting the Atlantic and the Indian oceans

Question 19

Protestant Reformation

Answer 19

Martin Luther, called out Catholic Church, bring God closer to the people

Question 20

Ming Dynasty

Answer 20

the ruling dynasty of China – then known as the Great Ming Empire – for 276 years (1368–1644) following the collapse of the Mongol-led Yuan dynasty. Gold and silver, trade ties with the west for silver

Question 21

Ottoman Empire

Answer 21

state that controlled much of Southeast Europe, Western Asia and North Africa between the 14th and early 20th centuries. It was founded at the end of the 13th century in northwestern Anatolia, The Ottomans ended the Byzantine Empire with the 1453 conquest of Constantinople by Mehmed the Conqueror

Question 22

Safavid Dynasty

Answer 22

one of the most significant ruling dynasties of Iran, often considered the beginning of modern Iranian history. The Safavid shahs ruled over one of the Gunpowder Empires. They ruled one of the greatest Iranian empires after the 7th-century Muslim conquest of Iran, and established the Twelver school of Shia Islam as the official religion of the empire

Question 23

Mughal Empire

Answer 23

an empire in the Indian subcontinent, founded in 1526. It was established and ruled by a Muslim dynasty, but showed influence and tolerance of Hinduism and other beliefs

Question 24

Mercantilism

Answer 24

Economic policy dominate in the 16th and 17th centuries, mother countries had monopolistic trade ties with colonies

Question 25

Tokugawa Shogunate

Answer 25

the last feudal Japanese military government, which existed between 1600 and 1868. The head of government was the shogun, and each was a member of the Tokugawa clan. The Tokugawa shogunate ruled from Edo Castle

Question 26

Goa

Answer 26

western coast of India, Portuguese control, Goa inquisition, Rome of India, major port on spice trade route, multi-ethnic and lingual

Question 27

Potosi

Answer 27

silver, Peru, Incans exploited, Spanish leave when silver runs out, left in ruins

Question 28

Thirty Years’ War

Answer 28

initially a war between various Protestant and Catholic states in the fragmented Holy Roman Empire, it gradually developed into a more general conflict involving most of the European great powers. Fought primarily in Central Europe between 1618 and 1648.

Question 29

Dutch East India Company

Answer 29

VOC, a historical megacorporation, founded by a government-directed amalgamation of several rival Dutch trading companies (in the early 17th century. It was originally established, on 20 March 1602, as a chartered company to trade with India and Indianized Southeast Asian countries when the Dutch government granted it a 21-year monopoly on the Dutch spice trade. Admiral Pieter Verhoeven seized spice islands under order of VOC, goal to push out British, Spanish, Portuguese for trade monopoly, Jan Pieterszoon Coen head of VOC orders Banda island people to be killed and conquers area, Batavia/ Jakarta created, mini Amsterdam and projection of Dutch power

Question 30

English (British) East India Company

Answer 30

joint-stock company. It was formed to trade in the Indian Ocean region, initially with Mughal India and the East Indies (Maritime Southeast Asia), and later with Qing China. The company ended up seizing control over large parts of the Indian subcontinent, colonized parts of Southeast Asia, and colonized Hong Kong after a war with Qing China.

Question 31

New Amsterdam

Answer 31

(1609-1664) 17th-century Dutch settlement established at the southern tip of Manhattan Island that served as the seat of the colonial government in New Netherland. Pieter Stuyvesant ruled with an iron fist, mercantilist, militaristic trading post, immoral activities rampant despite strict control, decentralized control due to more colonists coming in, Adriaen van der Donck advocated for settlers’ rights, not intended to be a settlement, but just an economic venture, sacked by British.

Question 32

Timbuktu

Answer 32

scholars’ town in Mali, major center of the world in 15th and 16th centuries, transport place on Niger river, 1180- founded as an Islamic area, liked lower Africa with the world through trade, Leo Africanus, 1591- captured by Moroccans, Ahmed Baba was a scholar, scholarly class, trading hub for gold

Question 33

Isfahan

Answer 33

pinnacles of culture, architecture, and art of Safavid empire, commerce essential to growth, Shah Abbas I, who reigned from 1588 to 1629, made the decision to move the capital from Qazvin to Isfahan in 1590, religious building brought people closer to Allah, positioned on NS and EW crossroads of Silk Road

Question 34

Enlightenment

Answer 34

European intellectual movement of the late 17th and 18th centuries emphasizing reason and individualism rather than tradition. It was heavily influenced by 17th-century philosophers such as Descartes, Locke, and Newton, and its prominent exponents include Kant, Goethe, Voltaire, Rousseau, and Adam Smith. The Enlightenment included a range of ideas centered on reason as the primary source of authority and legitimacy and came to advance ideals like liberty, progress, tolerance, fraternity, constitutional government and separation of church and state.

Question 35

Atlantic Slave Trade

Answer 35

The transatlantic slave trade was the biggest deportation in history and a determining factor in the world economy of the 18th century. Millions of Africans were torn from their homes, deported to the American continent and sold as slaves. European demand, African supply, gender imbalance, ports thrived while interior Africa suffered, massive death toll, Caribbean plantations, Spanish, Portuguese, British, Dutch, French, Oyo and Asante benefited from capturing and selling

Question 36

Voltaire

Answer 36

French Enlightenment writer, historian and philosopher famous for his wit, his attacks on Christianity as a whole, especially the established Catholic Church, and his advocacy of freedom of religion, freedom of speech and separation of church and state

Question 37

Adam Smith

Answer 37

was a Scottish economist, philosopher and author as well as a moral philosopher, a pioneer of political economy and a key figure during the Scottish Enlightenment, Wealth of Nations, Laissez Faire, free market, modern economics

Question 38

Taj Mahal

Answer 38

Crown of the Palace, is an ivory-white marble mausoleum on the south bank of the Yamuna river in the Indian city of Agra. It was commissioned in 1632 by the Mughal emperor, Shah Jahan (reigned from 1628 to 1658), to house the tomb of his favorite wife, Mumtaz Mahal. Influence of Mughal Islam and Hindu, cultural icon shows blending and cooperation of cultures

Question 39

Creoles

Answer 39

a person of mixed European and black descent, especially in the Caribbean.

Question 40

Captain Cook

Answer 40

James Cook, British colonized Australia/ Oceania, a British explorer, navigator, cartographer, and captain in the Royal Navy. Cook made detailed maps of Newfoundland prior to making three voyages to the Pacific Ocean, during which he achieved the first recorded European contact with the eastern coastline of Australia and the Hawaiian Islands, and the first recorded circumnavigation of New Zealand.

Question 41

Ahmed Baba

Answer 41

Ahmed Baba was one of the great African intellectuals of the 16th century. A prolific writer and Islamic scholar, his works include a legal opinion on slavery and a number of biographies of famous jurists. Timbuktu, (1556-1626), the ink of a scholar is more precious than the blood of a martyr, tolerant but wrote on Islamic law

Question 42

Topkapi Palace

Answer 42

constructed between 1460 and 1478 by Sultan Mehmed II, the conqueror of Constantinople, and expanded upon and altered many times throughout its long history, the palace served as the home of the Ottoman sultans and their court until the middle of the 19th century.

Question 43

Versailles

Answer 43

A city of north-central France west-southwest of Paris. It is best known for its magnificent palace, built by Louis XIV in the late 1600s

Question 44

Philosophes

Answer 44

intellectuals of the 18th-century Enlightenment. Few were primarily philosophers; rather, philosophes were public intellectuals who applied reason to the study of many areas of learning, including philosophy, history, science, politics, economics, and social issues.

Question 45

Napoleon Bonaparte

Answer 45

was a French statesman and military leader who rose to prominence during the French Revolution and led several successful campaigns during the French Revolutionary Wars. He was Emperor of the French from 1804 until 1814 and again briefly in 1815 during the Hundred Days. Napoleon dominated European and global affairs for more than a decade while leading France against a series of coalitions in the Napoleonic Wars.

Question 46

Simon Bolivar

Answer 46

was a Venezuelan military and political leader who liberated what are currently the republics of Venezuela, Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Panama as sovereign states, independent of the Spanish Empire. 1783-1830

Question 47

French Revolution

Answer 47

laid the ground for ideology of the 19th and 20th centuries, storming of the Bastille on July 14th, 1789, modern propaganda, 3rd estate is taking back power, southern France peasant uprisings killing lords, revolution turns to terror, king louis and marie Antoinette beheaded in 1792, law of suspects to combat counter reformation, 1789- liberal constitutional revolution, 1792- republic, 1793- terror, 1795- dictatorship (Napoleon)

Question 48

Decembrist Revolt

Answer 48

took place in Imperial Russia on 26 December [O.S. 14 December] 1825. Russian army officers led about 3,000 soldiers in a protest against Tsar Nicholas I’s assumption of the throne after his elder brother Constantine removed himself from the line of succession. Because these events occurred in December, the rebels were called the Decembrists

Question 49

Haitian Revolution

Answer 49

was a successful anti-slavery and anti-colonial insurrection by self-liberated slaves against French colonial rule in Saint-Domingue, now the sovereign nation of Haiti. It began on 22 August 1791 and ended in 1804 with the former colony’s independence. It involved blacks, mulattoes, French, Spanish, and British participants—with the ex-slave Toussaint L’Ouverture emerging as Haiti’s most charismatic hero. It was the only slave uprising that led to the founding of a state which was both free from slavery, and ruled by non-whites and former captives

Question 50

Treaty of Nanjing

Answer 50

peace treaty which ended the First Opium War (1839–42) between the United Kingdom and the Qing dynasty of China on 29 August 1842. It was the first of what the Chinese later called the unequal treaties. In the wake of China’s military defeat, with British warships poised to attack Nanking, British and Chinese officials negotiated on board HMS Cornwallis anchored at the city. On 29 August, British representative Sir Henry Pottinger and Qing representatives Qiying, Yilibu, and Niu Jian signed the treaty, which consisted of thirteen articles. The treaty was ratified by the Daoguang Emperor on 27 October and Queen Victoria on 28 December. Ratification was exchanged in Hong Kong on 26 June 1843.

Question 51

Opium Wars

Answer 51

The Opium Wars were two wars in the mid-19th century involving China and the British Empire over the British trade of opium and China’s sovereignty. The clashes included the First Opium War (1839–1842) and the Second Opium War (1856–1860). The wars and events between them weakened the Qing dynasty and forced China to trade with the other parts of the world. The victorious British were successful in inducing an opioid crisis in China, which seriously undermined Chinese society

Question 52

Muhammad Ali, Egypt

Answer 52

was an Ottoman Albanian commander in the Ottoman army, who rose to the rank of Pasha, and became Wāli, and self-declared Khedive of Egypt and Sudan with the Ottomans’ temporary approval. Though not a modern nationalist, he is regarded as the founder of modern Egypt because of the dramatic reforms in the military, economic and cultural spheres that he instituted. He also ruled Levantine territories outside Egypt. The dynasty that he established would rule Lower Egypt, Upper Egypt and Sudan until the Egyptian Revolution of 1952 led by Muhammad Naguib and Gamal Abdel Nasser. An Ottoman pasha of Egypt, Mohammed Ali (1769-1849) was often known as the father of modern Egypt because of the economic, social, and political changes set in motion during his almost half century of personal rule

Question 53

John Locke

Answer 53

was an English philosopher and physician, widely regarded as one of the most influential of Enlightenment thinkers and commonly known as the “Father of Liberalism”. Considered one of the first of the British empiricists, following the tradition of Sir Francis Bacon, he is equally important to social contract theory. His work greatly affected the development of epistemology and political philosophy. His writings influenced Voltaire and Jean-Jacques Rousseau, many Scottish Enlightenment thinkers, as well as the American revolutionaries. His contributions to classical republicanism and liberal theory are reflected in the United States Declaration of Independence.

Question 54

Robespierre

Answer 54

6 May 1758 – 28 July 1794) was a French lawyer and politician, as well as one of the best known and most influential figures associated with the French Revolution and the Reign of Terror. As a member of the Estates-General, the Constituent Assembly and the Jacobin Club, Robespierre was an outspoken advocate for the poor and for democratic institutions. He campaigned for universal male suffrage in France, price controls on basic food commodities and the abolition of slavery in the French colonies. He was an ardent opponent of the death penalty, but played an important role in arranging the execution of King Louis XVI, which led to the establishment of a French Republic.

Question 55

Peter the Great

Answer 55

Tsar who modernized Russia, turn to western ways, tutored as a child in a grand militaristic manor, interacted with foreign traders in Muscovy who had to live in the German quarter, learned from them, abolished patriarch of Orthodox church, he is in charge, state funds for education, public libraries, known as the anti-christ, military revolution: standing army, recruiting serfs, navy built, taxes to fund, built St. Petersburg in the north, represents new, Moscow represents old Russia,

Question 56

Unholy Synod

Answer 56

The All-Joking, All-Drunken Synod of Fools and Jesters (1692– 1725) was a club founded by Peter I of Russia. The group included many of Peter’s closest friends, and its activities centered mostly around drinking and partying. The group was not without controversies; some of its parodies against the Church in particular were heavily criticized.

Question 57

Napoleonic (Civil) Code

Answer 57

serfdom abolished, some revolutionary rights, state police power, private property, ends terror, religious freedom, personal rights, it was drafted by a commission of four eminent jurists and entered into force on 21 March 1804. The Code, with its stress on clearly written and accessible law, was a major step in replacing the previous patchwork of feudal laws.