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Emergency Medicine | Sarah Yasmine > ID Emergencies 2 > Flashcards

ID Emergencies 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Toxic Shock Syndrome
1. TSS results from the absorption of what?

  1. Historically was usually seen in who?
  2. Increasing number of cases now seen from what? 2
A
  1. toxin from localized Staph aureus colonization or infection
  2. females following tampon use
  3. wound or sinus infections
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2
Q

TSS
Signs and symptoms
1. Short Prodrome consisting of? 5

  1. Develops into? 4
  2. What does the rash look like?
  3. rash fades how quickly?
  4. desquamation of hands and feet occurs in what time?
A
    • fever,
    • myalgias,
    • vomiting,
    • diarrhea,
    • pharyngitis
    • Rapidly develop fulminate shock
    • SBP 102.2
    • with multiple organ failure
  3. A diffuse, blanching, macular erythema appears with signs of pan-mucosal inflammation
  4. in 2-3 days;
  5. all 5-12 days after rash disappears
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3
Q 
Toxic Shock Syndrome
Labs are non-specific, but represent multiple organ system involvement:
1. Bone marrow tox? 2
2. Renal tox?
3. Liver tox?
4. UA?
5. Muscle damage?
6. Leaking capillaries will cause? 2
  1. Blood cultures will show?
  2. Cultures of the source (vagina, wound, or sinus) will grow what?
A
    • Leukocytosis and
    • thrombocytopenia (bone-marrow toxicity)
    • Elevated BUN and Creatinine (Renal toxicity)
    • Elevated LFTS and
    • Bili (Liver toxicity)
  4. Sterile pyuria
  5. Elevated CPK (muscle damage)
    • Decrease serum albumin and
    • total protein due to leaking caps
  7. Blood cultures will be NEGATIVE as this is TOXIN induced
  8. grow S. aureus
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4
Q

TSS tx?

A

Maximum supportive care and treat to prevent additional toxin production (TSS is a NATIONALLY REPORTABLE Disease)

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5
Q

Arthropod borne diseases

3

A
  1. Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever
  2. Lyme Disease
  3. Malaria
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6
Q

Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever

  1. What is it?
  2. Occurs in what areas of the country mostly? 3
  3. 80% of patients have a positive hx of?
  4. Most cases occur during what season?
  5. Incubation period of?
  6. Presentaion? 4
A
  1. Acute febrile tick-borne illness caused by Rickettsia rickettsi
  2. Occurs in all states and most common in
    - South Atlantic region,
    - South Central region and
    - Oklahoma
  3. 80% of patients have a positive history of tick bite
  4. Most cases occur during warm months when ticks are most active
  5. Incubation period of ~ 1 week
    • Sudden onset fever, chills,
    • malaise,
    • myalgias,
    • severe frontal headache
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7
Q

Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever

  1. Which day will the rash appear?
  2. What does it look like?
  3. Where does it appear?
  4. Over the next 24-48 hours rash cahnges how?
  5. Spreads in what pattern?
  6. Diffuse edema due to? 4
  7. dx?
  8. Tx?
A
  1. On the 2nd – 5th day of illness rash appears
  2. Pink, macular 1-4mm in diameter
  3. appears on the palms of hands, soles of feet, hands, feet wrists and ankles
  4. Over next 24-48 hours, rash becomes petechial, purpuric, and even gangrenous
  5. Spreads centripetally to involve the rest of the body
  6. Diffuse edema due to
    - capillary leakage,
    - hypotension,
    - splenomegaly
    - delirium
  7. There is NO definitive laboratory test for RMSF in the acute stage; all labs may be NORMAL; You must make the diagnosis clinically
  8. Treatment is early TCN or Doxy (In Children use Chloramphenicol)
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8
Q

Lyme Disease

  1. What is it?
  2. Transmission?
  3. Highest prevalence where?
A
  1. A chronic disease caused by a spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi
  2. Transmission is by several species of ticks
  3. Highest prevalence in NE and Midwest
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9
Q

Describe Stage I Lyme disease? 2

A

Stage I

  1. Rash = erythema migrans: gradually expanding area of redness with central clearing from bite site
  2. May be accompanied by fever, chills, malaise, reginal adenopathy
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10
Q

Describe Stage II Lyme disease? 3

A

Stage II

  1. Days to weeks after infection
  2. Multisystem involvement (heart, liver, neuropathy, muscular)
  3. Fatigue and lethargy may persist for months
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11
Q

Describe Stage III Lyme disease? 3

A 
Stage III
Lingers for months to years with 
-arthritis, 
-neuropathy, 
-acroderamtitis chronica 
atrophicans
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12
Q

Lyme Disease

  1. Only laboratory “proof” of disease is what?
  2. The best approach to treatment?
  3. Abx?
A
  1. a rising titer seen in paired sera
  2. The best approach is to treat empirically while awaiting labs
  3. Tetracycline 500mg QID X 30 days at minimum
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13
Q
  1. Malaria is what?

2. Symtpoms occur when after exposure?

A
  1. Parasitic infection secondary to Plasmodium falciparum (90% of cases), plasmodium vivax or plasmodium knowlesi
  2. Symptoms occur 12-35 days after exposure (mosquito bite) and can wax and wane due to the parasite load
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14
Q

Malaria
1. Uncomplicated cases, symptoms: ?

  1. Fevers may be predictable and occur at regular intervals (described as what?)
  2. Blood work will show? 3
  3. Diagnosis is clinical and based on the parasite dx with what? 3
A
  1. fever, malaise, myalgias, arthralgias, headache
  2. “cyclical fever”
    • Anemia,
    • elevated WBC,
    • low platelets
  4. 0Giemsa stained visualization of parasites in peripheral blood smear,
    -antigen or antibody tests,
    -molecular techniques for extracting parasite genetic material
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15
Q

Malaria:

1. Complicated cases, symptoms? 11

A
  1. Fever,
  2. anemia,
  3. splenomegaly,
  4. altered consciousness,
  5. seizures,
  6. ARDS,
  7. circulatory collapse,
  8. metabolic acidosis,
  9. renal failure, liver failure,
  10. coagulopathy, DIC, severe anemia, intravascular hemolysis,
  11. hypoglycemia
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16
Q

Malaria:
Symptoms can progress rapidly and can be fatal

PE? 6

A
  1. pallor,
  2. petechiae,
  3. jaundice,
  4. hepatomegaly,
  5. splenomegaly,
  6. splenic rupture
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17
Q

Malaria:

Consult CDC when treating as treatment may depend on what?

A

the region in which the infection was aquired

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18
Q

Bioterroism

What are we worried about? 3

A
  1. Botulism
  2. Smallpox
  3. Anthrax
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19
Q

Botulism:

  1. What is it?
  2. Usually transmitted how? But can be used as a weapon when?
A
  1. Rare but potentially life threatening neuroparalytic syndrome secondary to infection with Clostridium botulinum
  2. Usually ingested through the GI tract but can be aerosolized and released as an act of bioterrorism
20
Q

Botulism

  1. Ubiquitous: meaning?
  2. What kind of bacteria is it?
  3. 5 forms of botulism exist: they are?
A
  1. Spores in soil and marine sediment worldwide
  2. Gram positive, rod-shaped, spore forming obligate anaerobic bacteria
    • foodborne,
    • infant,
    • wound,
    • adult enteric and
    • inhalation
21
Q

Botulism

  1. Classically described as the acute onset of what?
    - with associated what?
  2. Other key features in the clinical presentation? 4
A
  1. bilateral cranial neuropathies
    - associated with symmetric descending weakness
  2. Other key features in the clinical presentation:
    - Absence of fever,
    - pt remains responsive,
    - normal or slow heart rate and normal BP,
    - no sensory deficits with the exception of blurred vision
22
Q

Botulism Testing
1. Infants: evaluate what?

  1. Foodborne: dx?
  2. Wound dx?
  3. Adult enteric dx?
A
  1. Infants
    Negative in the serum, evaluate stool for spores and toxin (takes time)
  2. Foodborne
    Serum analysis for toxin
  3. Wound
    Culture of wound should be +, likely negative serum assays
  4. Adult enteric
    Evaluate stool for spores and toxin
23
Q

Botulism:

Treatment
1. Any signs, symptoms or history suspicious for botulism should be hospitalized immediately and monitored for signs of what?

  1. 2 botulism-a antitoxin therapies: What are these?
  2. Antibiotics are only helpful in what?
    - Use which ones? 2
A
  1. respiratory failure
    • Equine serum heptavalen botulism antitoxin (> 1 year in age
    • Botulism immune globin for infants (less than 1 year)
  3. wound botulism
    - PCN G and Metronidazole
24
Q

What is the only disease known to be eradicated?

Why is this possible?

A

Smallpox

Possible because smallpox is viral disease only infecting humans

Done with worldwide cooperation, vaccination, and isolation

25
Q

Smallpox Epidemiology

  1. ______ transmission from person to person
  2. Anyone ______ has no immunity (110 million in United States alone)
  3. Vaccine before or within _________ of exposure > 99% effective
  4. Spreads most readily during what season?
A
  1. Droplet
  2. less than 26
  3. 2-3 days
  4. cool, dry winter
26
Q

Smallpox virology
1. Agent?

  1. Orthopoxviruses? 2
  2. Mullucipoxvirus? 1
    4, Nonhuman orthopoxviruses? 4
A
  1. Variola (family poxviridae)
  2. Variola, varicella (chickenpox)
  3. : Mulluscum contagiosum virus
    • Monkeypox,
    • cowpox,
    • canarypox,
    • rabbitpox, etc.
27
Q

Smallpox: Epidemiology

  1. Reservoir?
  2. Transmission? 3
  3. Transmission does not occur until what?
  4. Maximum infectiousness which days?
  5. Increased infectiousness if pt is what? 2
A
  1. Humans
    Transmission
    • Contact,
    • droplet
    • airborne
  3. the onset rash
  4. days 7-10 of rash
    • patient coughing or
    • has a hemorrhagic form of smallpox
28
Q

Smallpox

  1. Incubation period?
  2. Clinical features? 4
A
  1. 12 days (7-17 days)

2.

  • Non-specific prodrome (2-4 days) of fever, mylagias
  • Rash most prominent on face and extremities (including palms and soles) in contrast to truncal distribution of varicella
  • Rash scabs over in 1-2 weeks
  • Variola rash has a synchronous onset (in contrast to the rash of varicella which arises in crops
29
Q

Smallpox: Diagnosis

  1. Appearance of ____?
  2. Hemorrhagic smallpox may be mistaken for what? 2
  3. Culture of what?
  4. Should be obtained how?

Alert lab

A
  1. rash
    • meningococcemia or
    • severe acute leukemia
  3. lesions
  4. by immunized person; place specimen in vacutainer tube, tape juncture of stopper and tube, place in second durable, watertight container
30
Q

Smallpox: Signs, Symptoms and Disease Course

  1. Day 0?
  2. Day 12-14?
  3. Day 14-16?
  4. Day 16-18?
  5. Day 22-26?
  6. Day 28-30?

10% will develop malignant disease and progress how?

A
  1. (Day 0) Exposure
  2. (Day 12-14) Fever, malaise, non-productive cough, headache, backache, joint pain
  3. (Day 14-16) Papular rash on face and extremities
  4. (Day 16-18) Papular rash with vesicular and pustular lesions
  5. (Day 22-26) Crusted lesions
  6. (Day 28-30) Resolving

10% will develop malignant disease and die 5-7 days after incubation

31
Q

Smallpox Control

5

A
  1. Clothing/fomites: Decontaminate
  2. Prophylaxis
  3. Pre-exposure: Vaccine
  4. Post-exposure: Vaccine (within 4 days) or vaccine plus VIG (>4 days); potential role for cidofovir (antiviral agent)
  5. Isolation: Contact plus airborne
32
Q

Variola 7 vs. Varicella 7

A
  1. Variola (smallpox)
    - Rash starts face
    - Lesions same stage
    - Deep lesions
    - Often palms/soles
    - Centrifugal rash
    - Back > Abdomen
    - Multiloculated vesicles
  2. Varicella (chickenpox)
    - Rash starts trunk
    - Lesions in crops
    - Superficial lesions
    - Never palms/soles
    - Centripetal rash
    - Back = Abdomen
    - Uniloculated vesicles
33
Q

Smallpox diagnostic testing
Rule-out other vesiculating dz
When in doubt?

A

Quarantine/Isolate

34
Q

Smallpox treatment

3

A
  1. Supportive
  2. Must isolate and immunize contacts
  3. Cidofovir treatment may help

Mortality is age dependent and ranges from 30-95%

35
Q

Anthrax: The Basics

  1. Caused by the what?
  2. Human infection typically acquired through contact with what? 3
  3. Three clinical forms?
A
  1. spore-forming bacterium, Bacillus anthracis
    • anthrax-infected animals
    • or animal products or
    • atypically through intentional exposure
    • Cutaneous
    • Inhalational
    • Gastrointestinal
36
Q

Cutaneous Anthrax: Clinical Course
1. Begins as a what, progresses through a vesicular stage to a what?

  1. What else may occur on the skin? 3
  2. Form most commonly encountered in which cases?
  3. Incubation period: ?
  4. Case-fatality:
    Without antibiotic treatment—?
    With antibiotic treatment—?
A
  1. papule, depressed black necrotic ulcer (eschar)
    • Edema,
    • redness, and/or
    • necrosis without ulceration
  3. naturally occurring
  4. 1–12 days
    • 20%
    • 1%
37
Q

Differential Diagnosis of Cutaneous Anthrax 5

How painful is this?

A
  1. Spider bite
  2. Ecthyma gangrenosum
  3. Ulceroglandular tularemia
    Plague
  4. Staphylococcal or streptococcal cellulitis
  5. Herpes simplex virus

Cutaneous Anthrax is PAINLESS

38
Q

Diagnostic Testing: Cutaneous Anthrax

5

A
  1. Gram stain,
    . polymerase chain reaction (PCR), or
  2. culture of vesicular fluid, exudate, or eschar
  3. Blood culture if systemic symptoms present
  4. Biopsy for immunohistochemistry, especially if person taking antimicrobials
39
Q

When do vesicles develop in cutaneous anthrax?

A

Vesicle development

Day 2

40
Q

Inhalational (Pulmonary) Anthrax

  1. A brief prodrome resembling a “viral-like” illness, characterized by ? 4
  2. Followed by? 3
  3. What happens in 50% of pts?
A
    • myalgia,
    • fatigue,
    • fever,
    • with or without respiratory symptoms,
  2. followed by
    - hypoxia
    - dyspnea,
    - often with radiographic evidence of mediastinal widening.
  3. Meningitis in 50% of patients
41
Q

Differential Diagnosis of Inhalational (Pulmonary) Anthrax

9

A
  1. Mycoplasmal pneumonia
  2. Legionnaires’ disease
  3. Psittacosis
  4. Tularemia
  5. Q fever
  6. Viral pneumonia
  7. Histoplasmosis (fibrous mediastinitis)
  8. Coccidioidomycosis
  9. Malignancy
42
Q

What on Chest X-Ray in Inhalational Anthrax?

2

A
  1. Mediastinal Widening and

2. Pleural Effusion

43
Q

What will be Seen on Chest CT in Inhalational Anthrax? 2

A
  1. Mediastinal and

2. Hilar Adenopathy

44
Q

Gastrointestinal Anthrax

  1. Abdominal distress, usually accompanied by what? 2
  2. followed by? 2
  3. Gastrointestinal illness sometimes seen as what? 3
  4. Develops after ingestion of what?
  5. Incubation period?
  6. Case-fatality?
A
    • bloody vomiting or
    • diarrhea,
  2. followed by
    - fever
    - signs of septicemia
    • oropharyngeal ulcerations
    • with cervical adenopathy and
    • fever
  4. contaminated, poorly cooked meat
  5. 1–7 days
  6. 25–60% (role of early antibiotic treatment is undefined)
45
Q

Differential Diagnosis of Gastrointestinal Anthrax

5

A
  1. Acute appendicitis
  2. Ruptured viscus
  3. Diverticulitis
  4. Diseases that cause acute cervical lymphadenitis or acute gastritis
  5. Dysentery
46
Q

Anthrax Treatment protocol for cases associated with Bioterroist Events

  1. Adults? 2
  2. Duration?
  3. Children? 2
  4. Duration?
A
  1. Adults
    - Cipro 500mg BID or
    - Doxycycline 100 mg BID
  2. 60 days
  3. Children
    -Cipro* 10-15 mg/kg BID or
    -Doxycycline:
    > 8 yrs and > 45 kg: 100 mg BID

Emergency Medicine | Sarah Yasmine (26 decks)

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