ID #4 - Ch. 7 & 8 Flashcards
“Republican Mother” (1790’s)
Republican values bring re-evaluation of women’s role in motherhood, marriage, and courtship. Woman are to raise virtuous sons, to become better citizens. Argued that women could only doso through education. Early movement allowed for woman to be educated, and become educators to raise the next generation of virtuous male citizens. Aided in educational reform especially for woman.
Second Great Awakening (1830s-1840s)
Few Americans were attending church. Rationalist ideas had sofened the older orthodoxy. Deism inspired a religion - the Unitarian Faith (God existed in one person, no trinity, promoted good works, belived man was inherently good.) The Second Great Awakenign was a reaction to growing liberalism in religion. It started on the Souther frontier, and soon spread to the Northeast. Larger than the First Great Awakening. Many converted soules, reorganization of churches, ne secrts appeard (Mormons, Adventists). Encouraged Social Reforms: Prison reform, temperance, women’s movement, and crusade to abolish slavery. Both were caused by liberalism in religion. Second bigger than First. Second inspired more than just religion, inspired reform movements, as well as literature and education-y stuff. Thousands met at “camp meetings” to hear hellfire sermons. Methodists and Baptists gained the most conversions from this Awakening. Women were the most fervant enthusiasts of religious revivalism. Made up a majority of church memberships. Women’s job to “bring their families back to God.”
Eli Whitney (1793)
The inventor of the cotton gin in 1793. Whitney’s invention improved the process of removing the seed from raw cotton, which made cotton the number one case crop of the south. Overall, created a demand for labor –> reinvigorated slavery in the south. “Cotton is King!” More slaves –> more cotton, Cotton beniffited the North –> prosperity of North and South rested on Southern slaves. Britain depended on trade of American cotton - gave America power, and was monarch of the South. Overall, increased slavery, and introduced interchangeable parts. American Technology begins to evolve.
Marbury V. Madison (1803)
The case came out of a struggle between the Federalists and the Democratic-Republicans. After Thomas Jefferson was elected president, but before he was actually sworn into office the current president, John Adams and the Federalist congress created a number of new judgeships (Judiciary Act of 1801) and appointed all Federalists in order to try and balance out the Jeffersonians once they took over. William Marbury, justice of DC sued to save his commission. Until Marbury vs. Madison in 1803, it was wondered who had the final authority to interpret the meaning of the Constitution. Chief Justice John Marshall determined the concept of “judicial review” - the Supreme Court alone had the last word on the question of Constitutionality. This upset Jeffersonians (they even tried to impeach loud-mouth judge Samuel Chase, but failed).Marbury v. Madison is significant because it is the first case which really asserted the Supreme Court’s power of Judicial Review.
Louisiana Purchase (1803)
France (under Napoleon) got Louisiana area from Spain. Getting Louisiana from Napoleon would probably take brutal warfare and America would need alliances. Jefferson sent two envoys (James Monroe and Robert Livingston) to buy the New Orleans area for a max of $10 million. If France refused, it would be war, and America would make alliance w/ Britain :O. Napoleon decided to sell Louisiana because: Louisiana was used to provide food for French Santo Domingo, but that place was an epic fail AND he wanted America to haver power and not be allies w/ the British! Robert Livingston (American minister) negotiated and bought Louisiana for $15 million. Jefferson thought this rapid expanse of the union was unconstitutional, wanted to make an amendment, but no time
Louisiana in the Long View: Set a precedent for America to acquire foreign territory by purchase. Jefferson sent his personal secretary Lewis and army officer Clark to explore N territory. St. Louis -> Rockies -> Pacific Coast.
Burr Conspiracy (1806)
A secession plot which arose in 1806, with the hopes of taking Mexico from the Spaniards and joining it with the Louisiana Territory, thereby creating a new country to the west. When President Jefferson heard of this plot, he called for the instigator’s immediate arrest and trial for treason. Chief John Marshall was on the bench of the jury trial, and the plotter was eventually acquitted and freed because the prosecution had no credible witnesses. Involved Aaron Burr, a shady guy, known as a self promoter.
Embargo Act (1807)
A act passed in 1807 which prohibited U.S. merchant vessels from anchoring at any foreign port. In response to the Berlin and Milan Decrees and the Orders on Council making trade difficult for the U.S. While Jefferson hoped this loss of U.S. trade would cripple Britain and France’s economies, the damage to the U.S. economy was disastrous (New England merchants and Southern farmers suffered the most). This resulted in the establishment of a vast network of black market goods along the Canadian border, leading to harsher enforcement laws.
Impressment (1800’s)
Impressment was when British sailors forced naturalized American sailors born on British soil, or dissenters back into the British Navy. Prominent in the early 1800’s, Impressment would often make no distinction between naturalized Americans/dissenters and natural born Americans. The Chesapeake-Leopard incident would highlight the injustice of impressment. This incident along with impressment would add to American dislike toward Britain and a cause for the war of 1812.
Tecumseh (-)
Shawnee Native who organized a large native confederacy to prevent american progression westward. Their goal was to stop American expansion into tribal lands, and recover the North East by setting a boundry between teh U.S. and Indian country on the Ohio River. In 1811, Tecumseh left to visit Southern tribes, but found the confederacy in shambles.
Warhawks (1810)
In 1810, a rising generation of congressmen eager for war with Brigain became known as warhawks. Henry Clay of Kentucky, and John C. Calhoun of South Carolina, became two of their most infuential leaders. They desired war with Great Britain and the acqusition of new territory within Canada. Their war fever illustrated the public’s desire for war with Britain, and became a major contribution to the beginning of the war of 1812.
Hartford Convention (-)
A meeting involving a radical group of New England Federalists which met to determine ways to force the federal government to pay them for the loss of trade which was a result of the Embargo Act, Macon’s Bill No. 2, and the War of 1812. Other discussed amendments to the Constitution included a one-term limit for the president and an end to the Three-Fifths Compromise.
American System (-)
A system which was devised by Henry Clay to include the re-charter of the Bank of the United States, tariffs such as the one passed in 1816, and the development of infrastructure such as turnpikes, roads, and canals. While the Second Bank of the United States and the first protective tariff had already been established by Congress, Prsident Monore was concerned about the plan for internal improvements. He believed the Constitution did not allow for the federal government to allocate money to fund public works projects, and so he continuously vetoed bills related.
Era of Good Feelings (-)
A time period which was named by a U.S. newspaper, and was accredited to James Monroe’s presidency. The period was known for its renewed sense of independence and national pride, but it was not always as amicable as the name suggested. During this period, there was much tension regarding slavery, tariffs, and political power within the National Republican.
Adam-Onis Treaty (1819)
A Treaty which provided for the United States purchase of Florida from Spain in 1819. In addition, gained Spain’s guarantee that it would relinquish its claims in the Oregon Territory. Significant as it shows American expansion.
Panic of 1819 (1819) ^.^
A crisis which resulted when the Second Bank of the United States (BUS) over speculated on Western land and attempted to curb inflation by reducing credit for state banks. When the BUS was hit hard by the decreased demand for goods abroad and a trade deficit with Britian, it demanded payment in coin from banks. Frontier banks had limited amounts of currency and were not able to pay the BUS> As a result, the currency in circulation became dangerously low and so the BUS demanded that Western banks foreclose on farmers who would not pay debts.
