ICT Theory Flashcards
IGCSE
1
Q
What is a ‘motherboard’?
A
- Printed circuit board found in all computers
- Allows processor and other computer hardware to inter-communicate
- Acts as a ‘hub’ for other computer devices to connect to
2
Q
What is a Random Access Memory (RAM)?
A
- Internal chip
- Data is stored temporarily in here
- Can be written to and read from
- Often referred to as a volatile or temporary memory Stores data currently in use
3
Q
What is Read Only Memory (ROM)?
A
- Used to store permanent information
- Like the configuration data for a computer system
- Can only be read from
- Information is not lost even after computer shut down
- Often referred to as non-volatile or permanent memories.
4
Q
What is a Central Processing Unit (CPU)?
A
- Processor in an electronic circuit board
- Executes instructions from a computer program
- Components:
- Arithmetic and logic unit (logical operations are carried out)
- Control unit (takes instructions, decodes, executes)
5
Q
What is a Network Interface Card (NIC)?
A
- Allows a computer or any other device to connect to a network
- Can be wired or wireless
- Hard-coded with a unique Media Access Control (MAC) address
6
Q
What is a graphics card?
A
- Allows a computer to send graphical information to a video display device
- Usually connects to the motherboard
- Components:
- A processing unit
- Memory unit (RAM)
- Cooling mechanism
- Connections to a display unit
7
Q
What is an Internal Hard Disk Drive (HDD/SSD)?
A
- HDDs: Magnetic
- Main method for storing data
- SSDs: Modern computers use me
- I replace HDDs
- I do the same thing they do
8
Q
What is a Compiler?
A
Program in high-level language ? machine code (understood by computer)Helps a computer to perform a task repetitively without recompilation each timeExamples: Java, Python, Visual Basic, Fortran, C++, Algol, etc.
9
Q
What is a Linker?
A
Putting code modules together to form the final program
10
Q
What is a device driver?
A
Enables one or more hardware devices to communicate with the Operating systemExamples of hardware devices that require hardware device drivers: printers, memory sticks, mice, CD drivers, etc.
11
Q
Define the Operating System
A
Software running in the background of a computer systemWithout, many computers would be user-unfriendly
12
Q
What are Utility programs?
A
Help manage, maintain and control computer resources
13
Q
What are the advantages of using keyboards?
A
FastWell-known (no training needed)Easy to useEasier verification checks (it’s on the damn screen)
14
Q
What are the disadvantages of keyboards?
A
Can be difficult to use if the user has RSICan develop RSI with prolonged useSlow compared to DDEFairly large, uses valuable desk space
15
Q
What type of keyboard can a user use in case they have RSI?
A
Ergonomic keyboards
16
Q
Where are numeric keypads commonly used?
A
ATMsPoint of sale terminalsChip and PIN devicesSpreadsheet data entry
17
Q
What are the advantages of numeric keypads?
A
Faster than keyboardsPortableSmall
18
Q
What are the disadvantages of numeric keypads?
A
Small keys can make input difficultInintuitive number order on different keypads
19
Q
What is an optical mouse and what are its advantages?
A
Movement is detected by reflected light No moving parts (robust)Does not collect dirtImproved performance (won’t skid)
20
Q
What is a cordless or wireless mouse?
A
Transmits signals to a USB wireless receiver plugged into the computer
21
Q
What are the advantages of using a mouse?
A
Faster than a keyboardQuick navigationDoes not need a large desk area
22
Q
What are the disadvantages of mouse?
A
Difficult for people with RSIIn this case, they can use a trackerball or an ergonomic mouseEasy to damageCan collect dirtDifficult use with no flat surface
23
Q
What are the advantages of using a touchpad?
A
Faster than a keyboardQuick navigationSaves desk spaceRobust, built-in laptopDoesn’t need a flat surface
24
Q
What are the disadvantages of a touchpad?
A
Difficult with RSIDifficult to control compared to a mouseInconvenient for operations like drag-n-drop
25
What is the difference between the physical components of a mouse and a trackerball?
Trackerballs have a ball on the top or side of the device, mice don'tTrackerball: the user controls the pointer by rotating the ball, Mice: the user moves the device
26
What are the uses of a trackerball?
Alternative for people with RSIUsed in industrial control room environmentsLuxury cars to perform functions such as volume, radio, telephone, music, navigation, etc.
27
What are the advantages of a trackerball?
Does not need the same fine controlEasier to use for RSIAccurate positioningMore robustNeeds less desk space
28
What are the disadvantages of a trackerball?
Not supplied with the computerExpensiveUser will need training
29
What are the advantages of a remote control device?
Can be operated from any (reasonable) distanceSome hazardous industrial processes may need a remote control to operate from a distance
30
What are the disadvantages of a remote control device?
Difficult for RSIEasy to block the signal
31
What are some of the common uses of a touch screen?
Self-service tillsATMs (to choose on-screen options)POS terminalsPublic information systemsMobile phones, tablets, and GPSInteractive whiteboardsComputer-based trainingOutput device as a flat-screen monitor
32
What are the advantages of a touch screen?
Faster than keyboard + mouseEasyUser-friendlyNo training neededCan expand the display
33
What are the disadvantages of a touch screen?
Limited input optionsDifficult to prevent/with RSIScreen can get dirty with constant touchingCan reduce responsivenessCan spread infectionsGlares can reduce reading capabilities (especially in strong sunlight)
34
What are some uses of a scanner?
Documentsancient documents/booksPhotosBarcodes at POSs
35
What are the advantages of using scanners?
Images can be stored to edit laterCan complement OCRFasterAccuratePossible to recover damaged documents and photos
36
What are the disadvantages of scanners?
Quality depends on scanner resolutionSlow with filters
37
How can images stored on a digital camera be transferred to the computer?
directly reading the memory card (card reader)connecting the camera to the computer (USB)wireless data transfer (WiFi or Bluetooth)
38
What are the uses of digital cameras?
Taking photosData-capture devices (rear camera in cars)Dentistry (photos of patients' teeth)VR tours
39
What are the advantages of a digital camera?
Better-quality photosEasierFasterNo need to develop film and printMemory cards = god storage
40
What are the disadvantages of a digital camera?
Need to tech savvy to know how to uploadLost artistry because software can now correct photographic errorsImages need to be compressed
41
Describe the steps of sound travelling from a microphone to a computer.
Sound ? air vibration ? diaphragm of the mic ? cone moves back and forth ? copper coil attached to cone moves back and forth ? magnetic field is cut ? electric current gets induced ? amplified or sent to recording device
42
What are the advantages of using microphones?
Faster input of dataPossible to manipulate soundImproves safety (if used in security)
43
What are the disadvantages of microphones?
Can use up a lot of storage spaceNot as accurate as typing
44
What are sensors, and what do they do?
Inputs data to a computerMeasures physical, continuously-changing dataAnalogue in natureNeeds an ADC for information to be transferred to computer
45
What are the types of sensors used in automatic washing machines?
TemperaturePressure
46
What are the types of sensors used in intruder alarm systems?
PressureSound/acousticLight
47
What are the types of sensors used in glasshouses?
TemperatureLightHumidity/moisturepH
48
What are the advantages of using sensors?
Accurate compared to humansContinuousFasterAutomaticCan perform tasks humans cannotDirect data entry to computers using ADC
49
What are the disadvantages of using sensors?
Faulty ? inaccurateNeed an ADC to enter data
50
What are the advantages of using light pens?
AccurateSmallPortableEasy to use
51
What are the disadvantages of using light pens?
Lagging problemsOnly works with CRT monitors (untrue now)Not that accurate when drawingOutdated technology (untrue now)
52
What are the two uses of magnetic stripe cards?
Credit/debit cards for purchasesSecurity to access certain rooms or regions
53
What are the advantages of using magnetic stripe readers?
FastAccurateSecurePrevents access to restricted areas (security)Not affected by oil, water, moisture, etc.Physically robust (no moving parts)
54
What are the disadvantages of using magnetic stripe cards?
Damaged? Data is lostDoes not work at a distanceInfo not human readable
55
Describe the process of a contactless card making payment.
Customers lookout for the contactless symbol on the payment terminal The shop assistant enters the amount for payment The card reader informs the customer to present their card The customer holds the card close to the front of the card reader The terminal display will indicate that the card has been read successfully
56
What are the advantages of using contactless cards?
Faster 128-bit encryption system (safe)No worries for errors, more accurateRetailers do not have access to personal informationUnique transactions IDs every time; SAFE SAFE SAFE!!
57
What are the disadvantages of using contactless cards?
More expensive Thief with suitable reader can steal card Can give money twice Transactions are usually limited Transactions sometimes carry out without the cardholder being aware of it
58
What are the components of radio frequency identification (RFID) readers?
A microchip that stores and processes information, and an antenna which is used to receive and transmit data information.
59
What are the uses of RFID?
Livestock tracking Admission passes Retail Libraries
60
What are the advantages of RFID?
No line of sight contact is necessary RobustReliableFast read-rateBidirectional data transferBulk detection
61
What are the disadvantages of RFID?
Tag collisionEasy to jam or interrupt Pretty easy to hack into More expensive
62
What are the advantages of OMR devices?
Fast Accurate
63
What are the disadvantages of OMR devices?
Forms need to be carefully designed Have to be manually checked before being read Time consuming Expensive
64
What are the advantages of OCR?
Faster More accurate
65
What are the disadvantages of OCR?
Still has some difficulties reading unique handwriting styles Not so accurate
66
What are the advantages of barcode systems?
Faster Accurate A way of recording safety testing Automatic stock control Trusted technology
67
What are the disadvantages of barcode systems?
Expensive Not foolproof Easily damaged
68
What are the components of a QR code?
MatrixFilled dark squares on a light backgroundThree large corner squares are alignmentMore data, more complex
69
What are the uses of a QR code?
AdvertisingAutomatic access to...WiFiWebsiteE-mail addressTicket websiteOnline boarding passesLinks to appsAR experiencesVirtual online stores
70
How do I use a QR code?
Point the deviceApps will process the image taken by the cameraThe squares are converted to readable dataBrowser software on device auto-reads data, will also decode web addressesUser will then be directly sent to...the website encodedthe phone number encodedboarding pass
71
What are the advantages of using QR codes?
Holds much more informationFewer errorsBuilt-in error checking systemsNo data redundancyEasy to send/receiveEncryption = possible!
72
What are the disadvantages of using QR codes?
More formats are availableAttagging: Transmission of malicious codesAnyone is capable of itMalicious code could infectDevice could be dead
73
What are the uses of CRT monitors?
Specialist areas; CADUsed with light pens to design
74
What are the advantages of CRT monitors?
CheapWide range of viewing anglesAllow light pen usage
75
What are the disadvantages of CRT monitors?
Rarely used in this time periodHeavy (weight hazard if not supported properly!)Can cause firesLarge desk area usedConsumes more powerDisplay can flickerHeadachesEyesight problems
76
Describe the characteristics of LED screens
Made up of light-emitting diodes (LEDs)Can be red, green or blue in colourDiode brightness can be controlledCan produce a vast range of colorsGives very good contrast too
77
Describe the characteristics of LCD
Made up of tiny, liquid crystals (liquid crystal display)For LCD screens to work, they require backlightingBefore, they used Cold Cathode Fluorescent Lamps (CCFL) as the backlighting method
78
What are the advantages of LED screens?
They reach their maximum brightness almost immediatelyGive a whiter light, unlike CCFL's yellower tintMuch thinner screensLast indefinitelyConsume little power
79
What are the advantages of LCD screens?
LightweightDo not suffer from screen image burn-inScreen sizes can varyDo not suffer from flickering imagesSharp image resolutionLower electromagnetic field production
80
Describe the characteristics of LED displays
Made up of light-emitting diodesCan be red, green or blue in colorBrightness can be controlledProduces a vast range of colorUsed for large outdoor displaysIts backlighting offers good contrast
81
What are the disadvantages of LCD screens?
Inconsistent display from different viewing anglesMotion blurLower contrast than CRTCan have weak or stuck pixelsMay not be uniformly illuminated by the backlight
82
What are the uses of a touch screen as an output device?
DevicesATMs at banksTicket collection machines at theatresInformation kiosks at museums or art galleries
83
What are the advantages of touch screens as an output device?
Faster entryVery easyUser-friendlyNo training requiredOption to expand display size
84
What are the disadvantages of touch screens as an output device?
Limited options availableNot good for large dataBecomes inaccurateSlow interfaceScreen can get dirty with constant touchingRisk of spreading infectionsReducing its responsivenessDifficult to read in sunlightEasy to track user interactions from fingerprint
85
What are the uses of multimedia projectors?
Training presentationsAdvertising presentationsHome cinema systemsAny place where large number of people are required to see the same multimedia presentation
86
What are the advantages of multimedia projectors?
Enables many people to see Disables crowdingAvoids the need for several computers
87
What are the the disadvantages of multimedia projectors?
Images can be fuzzy/distortedExpensiveDifficult setup
88
Describe the process of a laser printer's printing.
The printing drum is given a positive chargeThe drum rotates, simultaneously the laser beam scans acrossLaser removes the positive charge in certain areasThe exact text and content gets a negative chargeThe drum is then coated with positively-charged tonerPyaar ho gaya ( + is attracted to -, so text gets formed)Negative-charge sheet of paper is then rolled over the drumToner sticks to the paper to produce an exact copy sent to the printer (pyaar ho gaya, again!)Electric charge on paper is removed after a rotation (to prevent stickage)Paper goes through a fuser (this permanently heat-fixes the text on the page)Discharge lamp removes all electric charge
89
What are the uses of laser printers?
Where low noise is requiredFast, high-quality, high-volume printing required
90
What are the advantages of laser printers?
Printing is fastCan handle large printsConsistently high-qualityToner cartridges last for a long time
91
What are the disadvantages of laser printers?
Only fast if large printing jobExpensive to runOzone and volatile organic compounds produced
92
What are the components of an inkjet printer?
A print headNozzlesAn ink cartridge(s)Stepper motor and belt: moves the print head assemblyPaper feed
93
What are the two different ways ink droplets are produced?
Thermal bubble: tiny resistors create localised heat which makes the ink vaporisethis causes the ink to form tiny bubbles, and as it expands, some of the ink is ejected from the print head to the papercollapsation of the bubble causes a vacuum which allows fresh ink to be drawn into the print headPiezoelectric: a crystal is located at the back of the ink reservoir for each nozzlewhich is given an electric charge, making it vibratevibration forces ink ejectionsimultaneously, more ink is drawn in for printing
94
What are the uses of inkjet printers?
Where low-output volumes are requiredHigh-quality printing for single pagesIndustries to produce prototypes
95
What are the advantages of inkjet printers?
High-qualityCheaper than laserLightweightSmall physical footprintNo ozone/volatile organic compound production
96
What are the disadvantages of inkjet printers?
Slow output if several copiesCannot do large print jobsPrinting can smudgeCan be expensive with high usage
97
What are the uses of a dot-matrix printer?
- Noisy/dirty environments
- Where multi-part stationary have to be produced
- Till receipts
98
What are the advantages of a dot-matrix printer?
Can be used in environments laser/inkjet printers can't work inMulti-part stationary can be producedCheapEasy when continuous stationary required
99
What are the disadvantages of a dot-matrix printer?
NoisyGreater initial costs compared to inkjet printersSlowPoor-quality
100
How is a graph plotter different from other printers?
Use a pen, pencil or marker to draw multiple continuous linesSize of paper can be... anythingProduce vector graphic drawingsOften are used in CAD and CAM (computer-aided design and manufacturing)
101
What are the uses of plotters?
Architectural drawingsEngineering drawingsAnimation/cartoon characters
102
What are the disadvantages of plotters?
Slow printingExpensive initiallyLarge physical footprint
103
What are the two types of manufacturing a 3D printer uses?
Additive manufacturing:the object is built layer by layerSubtractive manufacturing:material is removed to make the objecta form of this is CNC where metal is removed to form an object
104
What are the two types of printing a 3D printer uses?
Direct:inkjet technologyprint head can not only move sideways, but upwards and downwards tooBinder:similar to direct printinguses 2 passes for each of the layersfirst pass sprays dry powdersecond pass a binder (glue) sprays to form a solid layer
105
What are the uses of 3D printers?
Prosthetic limbsPrecision reconstructive surgeryAerospaceFashion and artItems no longer in production
106
How do I create a solid object using 3D printers?
Design is made in CAD softwareFinalised drawing is imported into some special software3D printer is set upObject is built up layer by layerObject is removed from the printerIt is prepared
107
What are the advantages of 3D printers?
Become much easier than beforeHas led the way for customised productsAllows rapid prototypingLesser costs compared to labour-intensive productionMedical benefits: prosthetics, artificial organs, customised medicines, etc.Parts for machinery that are no longer made could now be manufactured
108
What are the disadvantages of 3D printers?
Potential to make counterfeitsPotential to plagiarise or illegally deal with intellectual propertyIn the hands of wrong people = wrong activitiesJob losses if this kind of tech takes over
109
How is digitised sound stored on a file and converted to sound?
Digital data is passed through a DACIt is changed into an electric currentPassed through an amplifierCreates a current large enoughElectric current is fed to a loudspeakerElectric current flows through the coil of wrapped wireCore becomes a temporary electromagnetPermanent magnet is also positioned very closeElectric current through coil varies = induced magnetic field in iron core variesIron core is attracted/repelled from permanent magnetIron core and cone vibrateSound waves produced!
110
What are the uses of speakers?
Electronic devicesMultimedia presentationsVisually impaired peopleDownloaded sound files
111
What are the advantages of speakers?
Much louder than the originalEveryone in a conference can hearGood atmosphereHelps visually-impaired, or blind, peopleSimple
112
What are the disadvantages of speakers?
Disturbing to othersExpensiveLarge physical footprint
113
What is an actuator?
An actuator is a mechanical or electromechanical device. Examples: relay, solenoid, motor.
114
What are the uses of actuators?
Control motors, pumps, switches, buzzers, and other mechanical devicesAllows a computer to control mechanical devices
115
What are the advantages of actuators?
Allow remote operation of many devicesRelatively cheap
116
What are the disadvantages of actuators?
Could go faulty or errComputer signals need to be converted using a DAC
117
What are the disadvantages of using a tablet computer rather than a laptop computer?
Keyboard is smaller, and difficult to type withNot all services that are available on a laptop are available on a tabletDifficult to read from because smaller text (not necessarily?)Touch screen means error-proneMore file format support on laptops
118
What are some ways music can be transferred onto a computer that does not contain an optical drive?
Streaming online is the best choiceUSB/Flash drive/pen drive transferWireless transmission by BluetoothStorage/download from the cloudSend audio files via e-mailManually record the music from the microphone
119
What are some of the methods that could be taken to protect user's data when they use devices with IoT? (Internet of Things is a computer network that allows users to control houhsehold devices remotely)
Use WiFi encryptionRegularly change passwordsAvoid connecting to public networksConnect personal devices to your personal WiFi networks, instead of the IoT networkHave a operating firewallUse updated anti-spyware/malware/hack softwareDisable inactive features from your household devices that could be continuously obtaining your personal informationStrong/unique passwords
120
Evaluate your use of computer keyboards in terms of health risks, and explain any strategies you use to minimise these health risks
Extended use without proper care can result in Repetitive Strain Injury, or RSI, in handsOne should use an ergonomic keyboard to support the hand properlyUse proper wrist rest to support wrist and hands while workingPrecautionary measures include taking regular breaks, stretching and exercising hands, and taking care of postureAlternative to typing include dictation using microphone
121
What are some disadvantages of policing the Internet?
Serious content is alternatively availableWill need to price usersAt the level that the internet has expanded, policing would be:Time-consumingA waste of resources Who is to decide what stays or leaves? Freedom of speech infringementPrivacy infringementReduction in browsing speedLaws are different in every country Increased dark net
122
Explain why it is not always easy for the students to find reliable information on the Internet
Search novelty overload Expanse of informationFallible mindset that the topmost search results are the only relevant resultsSearch engine sort by faster load, not relevanceMay contain incorrect informationOutdated informationAnyone can post in credit/opinionated information
123
What are the advantages of having microprocessor-controlled devices at home?
Don't have to do manual tasksMore time for leisure activitiesNo need to stay homeCan control using smartphonesAutomated alarms give sense of securityHealthier lifestyle from smart fridges/freezersSave energy because they turn off when not neededEasier to program than manually do
124
What are the disadvantages of having microprocessor-controlled devices at home?
Unhealthy lifestyles + reliance on ready-made mealsBecome less fitLose household skillsCybersecurity threatsGenerally more wasteful society (not cost-effective to repair microprocessor devices)Complex for technophobesWastes electricity when on standby
125
Why is a microprocessor-controlled device unsafe? (Elaborate on cybersecurity issues)
It can become possible to find out when to break in by accessing family's holiday dates. It can also become possible to access locations, location of the car, when accessing car microprocessor details.
126
How can I prevent microprocessor-controlled devices' cybersecurity issues from affecting me?
Regularly change passwords, and always install new software updates.
127
What are the advantages of interacting online?
Easier to make new friends using chat roomsFind new people that share interestsLess expensive to keep in touch (compared to letters, telephone charges)
128
What are the disadvantages of interacting online?
Social isolation due to lack of face-to-face meetingsMore anxious when meeting people in real lifePeople behave differently online, online personasCyberbullying
129
What are the advantages of smart motorway monitoring?
Possible to quickly re-routeCan improve overall safety Improves punctuality Reduces traffic jams Minimises journey timesAutomatic penalisation using ANPRCriminals can be tracked easilyMinimises human error
130
What are the disadvantages of smart motorway monitoring?
Cybersecurity issuesFailure can lead to huge consequences Poorly designed systems compromise everything Automatic penalisation means privacy infringement Vanity/false plates can make ANPR difficult
131
What are the advantages of autonomous vehicles?
Human error is removed: saferEfficient operation, so better for the environment Reduces traffic congestionIncreased lane capacity Reduced travel times Stress-free motorist parking
132
What are the disadvantages of autonomous vehicles?
Expensive to set upCybersecurity issues Systemic discrepancies can cause serious consequences Heavy reliance on sensors malfunctioning Reluctance to new tech Unemployment
133
What do autonomous trains make use of?
LiDaR: Light Detection and RangingLasers that build up a 3D image of their surroundingsSensorsProximity sensorsGPS technology
134
What are the advantages of autonomous trains?
Improved punctuality Reduces running costs of staff Minimises human error Saves on energy because they're efficientCan increase the frequency of trainsEasier to update train scheduling
135
What are the disadvantages of autonomous trains?
Cybersecurity issues Doesn't work well with busy services Initially very expensive (due to high capital and operational costs)Need to ensure acceptable passenger behavior to avoid damages/misusePassenger reluctance
136
What are the advantages of autonomous airplanes?
Better passenger comfortReduced running costsImproved safetyImproved aerodynamics due to lack of pilot cabin
137
What are the disadvantages of autonomous airplanes?
Security and customer care because of lack of crewEmergency situations can't be dealt withCybersecurity issuesPassenger reluctance to new technologyUnchecked software glitches have great consequences
138
What is VoIP?
Short for Voice Over Internet ProtocolAllows audio and visual communication over the internetRecipient can receive calls using a smartphone or tablet
139
What are the advantages of VoIP?
Phone calls are freeDevice's camera allows a video call to occurSplit screen allows multiple people to be seenPossible to record sessionsDoesn't need expensive equipmentOnly needs a microphone, speaker or an internet-enabled phoneThe technology allows users to add actual telephone numbers of those who are not using the internet
140
What are the disadvantages of VoIP?
Sound qualityDrop out (loss of voice)EchoingVery noisy lineReliant on a fast, stable broadband connectionSecurity issues (identity theft, viruses, malware, spamming)Requires user to download appsSmall screen size can limit feature potential
141
What does VoIP exactly do?
It's a method used to talk to people using the internet, by converting sound (picked up the mobile's internal microphone), into discrete digital data packets that can be sent to their destination by the internet.
142
What are the advantages of online booking systems?
Prevent double-bookingImmediate feedback on the availability of seatsAvailable 24-7 to make bookingsE-mail connections allow special offers and discounts to be sentEasier to browse seating plansPossible to temporarily reserve a seat before confirming itNo printed tickets, less postal costs and saves paperAllows use of modern technology (QR code)
143
What are the disadvantages of online booking systems?
Setup/maintenance = expensiveNeed a reliable internet connectionDifficult to cancel and refundServer down = impossible to book in any wayNot well-designed? Hard to navigate, error-proneDoes not allow building a personal relationship to get free upgrades or special offers
144
What are the advantages of online commerces (shopping, banking)?
Reduces transport costsAccess to worldwide marketLess time-consuming (when combined with the traveling, the arriving, the browsing, etc.)Easier for disabled and elderlyCan be done anywhere, anytime, 24/7Can allocate time to doing other thingsLess embarrassing to ask for a bank loan in front of peopleLong queue time consumption avoidedReduced wage costs because no more staff needed
145
What are the disadvantages of online commerces (shopping and banking)?
Necessary to have an internet connection and computerSecurity issuesAccidental use of fraud sitesOnly possible to see a picture, need to return if not the right oneEasier to make errorsHigh-street banks are closing, ghost towns are formingIsolation and lack of socialisationLack of exercise
146
what are the positive effects on companies from online commerces becoming a popular medium?
Save costs, due to lesser staffPotential customer base from around the world increasesRobberies are less likely to occurBanks also need to employ fewer security staff
147
what are the negative effects on companies from online commerces becoming a popular medium?
Increased costs from retrainingSetup and maintenance of an online counterpart is expensiveDrop in customer loyalty due to lesser relationships
148
What are the advantages of ANPR?
Automatic monitoring of vehicle speedsNo parking security guards, saves costsFaster than checking a ticketAutomatic control of entry/exit to a car parkDoubles as a security system, preventing illegal parking/accessAnalyses driver behavior for transport planningAutomatic charging if you enter a traffic zone
149
What are the disadvantages of ANPR?
Lack of manned security promotes vandalismCCTV ineffective, damage already donePrivacy infringement due to continuous monitoringVanity/fraud/clone plates not recognised, and often used by criminals
150
What are the advantages of GPS systems?
No paper maps, saferRemoves errors with warnings on the roadWarn about speed camerasEstimates the time of arrivalProgram in the fastest route to a placeUseful information around the location
151
What are the disadvantages of GPS systems?
Outdated maps can provide wrong informationSystem needs to be completely sophisticated, else errors greater from the map than humanLoss of satellite signals = oh noIncorrect start/end points lead to malfunctions
152
What are some disadvantages of using satellite systems for global communication?
Disadvantages include time delays in signal receipt, susceptibility to bad weather and obstructions, impact of sunspot activity, need for monitoring and control to maintain correct orbit, long learning curve and high cost of GIS software, requirement for large amounts of data input, and complexity of command language interfaces.
153
What are some advantages of using satellite systems for global communication?
Advantages include good global coverage, cost-effectiveness compared to laying cables, high bandwidth, ease of network expansion, security through coding, flexibility in ground station placement, suitability for broadcasting, and portability for remote locations.
154
How do satellite systems transmit television, telephone, and internet data globally?
Signals are converted to analogue (if necessary) and beamed to satellites from Earth-based dishes. The signals are delivered by carrier waves with their own frequencies and bandwidths. Once the data reaches the satellite, it is boosted and often has its frequency changed before being sent back to Earth.
155
What are some satellite systems and their applications?
Satellite systems include global positioning systems (GPS) for determining exact locations, geographic information systems (GIS) for spatial data management, and media communication systems such as satellite television and satellite phones.
156
What are the distinct modes of operation with NFC?
NFC has three distinct modes of operation: peer-to-peer mode allows two NFC-enabled devices to exchange information, read/write mode enables one-way transmission of data, and card emulation mode allows an NFC device to function as a smart or contactless card.
157
How does iris recognition work and where is it commonly used?
Iris recognition uses visible and near infrared light to capture a sharp photograph of a person's iris. It uniquely identifies individuals and is used for security purposes in immigration control and some bank branches.
158
What are some disadvantages of media communication systems that use satellites?
Disadvantages include time delays in signal receipt, susceptibility to bad weather and obstructions, impact of sunspot activity, need for monitoring and control to maintain correct orbit, long learning curve and high cost of GIS software, requirement for large amounts of data input, and complexity of command language interfaces.
159
How does retina recognition work and what are its advantages and disadvantages?
Retina recognition involves capturing an infrared photograph of the unique pattern of blood vessels in the back of the eye. It is a secure technology but expensive to implement, invasive, slower to scan and verify, and used only in specialized high-security settings.
160
What are some advantages of media communication systems that use satellites?
Advantages include global coverage, cost-effectiveness compared to laying cables, high bandwidth, ease of network expansion, security through coding, flexibility in ground station placement, suitability for broadcasting, and portability for remote locations.
161
What are some examples of how GIS is used in various fields?
Examples include emergency services using GIS to dispatch personnel, biologists and environmentalists using GIS to protect vulnerable areas, and teachers incorporating GIS into their lessons. GIS can also be used for crime mapping, route monitoring, management of agricultural crop data, public health analysis, and mapping wildfire risks.
162
What are some examples of biometric recognition systems?
Biometric recognition systems include face recognition, iris and retina recognition, finger and thumb recognition, hand recognition, and voice recognition.
163
What is near field communication (NFC) and how does it differ from general RFID technology?
Near field communication (NFC) is a subset of RFID technology that operates at a specific frequency. NFC requires close proximity between sender and receiver, making communication more secure. Unlike general RFID, NFC devices can act as both receivers and readers.
164
How does a geographic information system (GIS) allow us to map, model, query, and analyze large amounts of data?
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165
How do contactless credit/debit cards work?
Contactless credit/debit cards use embedded passive RFID tags. When the card comes into contact with an RFID reader, the chip emits a low-powered radio wave that initiates the payment process. An antenna built into the card allows connection with the contactless reader.
166
What are some disadvantages of using GPS and satnav systems for navigation?
Disadvantages include incorrect instructions due to outdated maps, problems caused by road closures, loss of satellite signals, and incorrect information if an incorrect start-point or end-point is entered.
167
What are the main reasons for using RFID tags in vehicles?
RFID tags in vehicles are used to allow or deny access to parking in secure car parks, ensure vehicles are not carrying excessive weight at weigh-stations, enable toll road payments, and track the progress of vehicles on a car production line.
168
How do RFID tags in passports work?
RFID tags in passports are passive tags that have no power supply. When presented to an RFID scanner, the scanning device provides enough energy for the chip to broadcast its stored information. This information is then sent to a computer, and it can contain security data such as photographs and fingerprints.
169
What are some advantages of using GPS and satnav systems for navigation?
Advantages include not having to consult paper maps, error prevention through warnings about one-way streets or closures, estimation of arrival time, programming of fastest routes or route avoidance, and access to useful information like location of petrol stations.
170
What are some applications of RFID technology?
RFID technology has various applications, including distribution centers for locating items, automatic tracking of items from warehouse to customer, embedding tags in passports for secure identification, using tags in vehicles for access control and weight monitoring, and enabling contactless payments with credit/debit cards.
171
How do satellite systems enable accurate positioning in navigation devices?
Satellites transmit data indicating their position and time, which is received and interpreted by computers installed in navigation devices. By calculating the exact position based on information from at least three satellites, the device can provide accurate positioning.
172
What are some disadvantages of using RFID devices?
Disadvantages of using RFID devices include tag collision, susceptibility to jamming or interruption, potential for hacking into transmitted data, higher initial cost compared to barcodes, and limitations with design and usage.
173
What are some advantages of using RFID devices?
Advantages of using RFID devices include non-line-of-sight contact, robustness, difficult forgery, reduction in staff requirements, fast read rate, bi-directional data transfer, and bulk detection capability.
174
What are some uses of RFID technology other than tracking stock?
Other uses of RFID technology include passport tracking, automobile identification, and contactless payments.
175
How is automated number plate recognition (ANPR) used in smart traffic management systems?
ANPR is used in smart traffic management systems to automatically monitor vehicle speed, analyze driver behavior, control entry/exit to congestion zones, and enable automatic charging based on number plate recognition.
176
What are some disadvantages of using RFID technology?
Disadvantages of using RFID technology include tag collision, susceptibility to jamming or interruption, potential for hacking into transmitted data, higher initial cost compared to barcodes, and limitations with design and usage.
177
What are some advantages of using RFID technology?
Advantages of using RFID technology include non-line-of-sight contact, robustness, difficulty in forging tags, reduction in staff requirements, fast read rate, bi-directional data transfer, and bulk detection capability.
178
What are the components of an expert system?
An expert system typically consists of a knowledge base (repository of facts), explanation system (provides reasoning behind conclusions), user interface, and inference engine (applies inference rules).
179
What are some effects of online shopping and banking on society?
Online shopping and banking have led to reduced physical shopping, potential health risks due to lack of exercise, security concerns, impact on local businesses, and changes in high street landscapes.
180
How are RFID tags used in tracking stock?
RFID tags are used to track stock by attaching them to items. RFID readers use radio waves to capture information stored on the tags, allowing for automatic tracking and inventory management.
181
What are some disadvantages of using ANPR systems?
Disadvantages of using ANPR systems include potential privacy concerns, vulnerability to vandalism or crimes due to lack of regular checks, limitations with damaged or dirty number plates, and the possibility of number plate cloning.
182
What is tokenisation and how is it used in mobile wallets for online payments?
Tokenisation involves replacing credit card details with randomly generated numbers (tokens) stored on a user's smartphone. This enhances security by preventing exposure of real credit card information in case of hacking or theft.
183
What are some advantages of using ANPR systems?
Advantages of using ANPR systems include automatic monitoring of vehicle speed, cost savings by reducing the need for security guards, faster processing at car park exits, and control over entry/exit to car parks or private roads.
184
How does near field communication (NFC) technology enable contactless payments?
Near field communication (NFC) allows electronic devices like smartphones to communicate with NFC readers at a distance of up to 5 cm. Encrypted data is exchanged between the device and terminal, ensuring secure contactless payments.
185
What are some applications of automated number plate recognition (ANPR) systems?
ANPR systems are used for various applications such as car park entry/exit control, traffic management, security systems, and inner-city congestion charging.
186
What are the advantages and disadvantages of chip and PIN cards?
Advantages: increased security compared to magnetic stripe cards, quicker transactions, contactless payment options. Disadvantages: risk of fraud when entering PIN, limited acceptance in some countries.
187
What is electronic funds transfer at point-of-sale (EFTPOS) and how does it work?
Electronic funds transfer at point-of-sale (EFTPOS) refers to payment made by card or electronic device at the POS terminal. It involves checking credit or debit cards, establishing a secure connection between the terminal and the bank, and transferring funds based on authorization codes.
188
What are some disadvantages of using OMR devices for marking multiple-choice question papers?
Disadvantages of using OMR devices for marking multiple-choice question papers include the need for careful design of forms, potential problems with incorrect filling, limited compatibility with pen or pencil color, and limitations in expanding beyond predefined questions.
189
What are some advantages of using OMR devices for marking multiple-choice question papers?
Advantages of using OMR devices for marking multiple-choice question papers include faster processing, increased accuracy, ease of analysis, and automatic export of results to a database or spreadsheet.
190
How has the growth of ICT and online shopping and banking affected companies and organizations?
The growth of ICT and online shopping and banking has led to cost savings for companies, increased global customer base, decreased need for physical stores, potential drop in customer loyalty, reduced risk of robberies, and changes in employment needs and roles.
191
How is OMR used in school registers?
OMR is used to read paper-based school registers. The attendance records are scanned into a computer using OMR, and the data is stored on a central database.
192
What are some advantages and disadvantages of online shopping and banking?
Advantages: convenience, access to a wider market, time-saving, accessibility for people with disabilities, and reduced costs for businesses. Disadvantages: potential isolation, security risks, health risks due to lack of exercise, reliance on technology and internet access, limited ability to see or try products before purchase.
193
What are some recognition systems mentioned in Chapter 2 and earlier in this chapter?
Some recognition systems mentioned include OMR, barcode readers, QR code readers, OCR, RFID, and biometric recognition systems.
194
What is the process involved in using barcodes and POS terminals for automatic stock control in a supermarket?
The process involves attaching barcodes to items, scanning the barcode at the POS terminal, searching for the barcode on the stock file, updating the stock level, and generating an itemized bill for the customer. It also includes ordering new items when the stock level falls below a certain threshold.
195
Why have other methods not been adopted to replace barcodes?
Other methods have not been widely adopted to replace barcodes due to factors such as cost, compatibility issues, and the established infrastructure and familiarity with barcode systems.
196
How do barcodes contribute to the automatic control of stock levels in a supermarket?
Barcodes are attached to all items sold by the supermarket and are associated with a stock file containing details such as price, stock levels, and product description. When scanned at the point-of-sale (POS), the barcode is searched for on the stock file, and the stock level is updated accordingly.
197
What is the purpose of using barcodes (including QR codes) in the retail industry?
Barcodes (including QR codes) are used in the retail industry to facilitate various processes such as inventory management, price scanning, and product identification.
198
What is the purpose of barcodes in the retail industry?
Barcodes are used in the retail industry for automatic stock control systems and point-of-sale (POS) terminals. They allow quick identification of product details and facilitate efficient inventory management.
199
What are some advantages and disadvantages of using cheques?
Advantages of using cheques include convenience, the ability to stop payments if necessary, post-dating options, and traceability. Disadvantages include being refused as legal tender, slow processing, vulnerability to fraud, and relatively high costs.
200
What are the disadvantages of using expert systems?
Disadvantages of expert systems include the need for user training, high set-up and maintenance costs, potentially 'cold' responses, reliance on accurate information input, and the risk of users assuming infallibility.
201
What are some advantages and disadvantages of credit cards and debit cards?
Advantages of credit cards include customer protection, international acceptance, interest-free loans if paid back within the agreed time period, and online purchasing capability. Disadvantages include high interest rates, annual fees, potential credit damage, and security risks. Advantages of debit cards include no interest charges, safety compared to carrying cash, and online purchasing capability. Disadvantages include less customer protection, the need for available funds, and security risks.
202
What are the advantages of using expert systems?
Advantages of expert systems include a high level of expertise, accuracy, consistency, vast knowledge storage, logical solutions and diagnostics, fast response times, unbiased reporting, and indication of the probability of suggested solutions being correct.
203
How does the explanation system in an expert system contribute to its usability?
The explanation system informs the user of the reasoning behind the expert system's conclusions and recommended actions. It provides transparency by explaining how the diagnosis or solution was reached, allowing the user to evaluate the validity and make informed decisions.
204
What is the process involved in paying with a chip and PIN card?
When paying with a chip and PIN card, the customer enters their PIN using a keypad, the card's validity is checked, and the PIN on the card's chip is compared to the one entered. If they match, the transaction is authorized, and the payment amount is deducted from the customer's account.
205
What is the purpose of the user interface in an expert system?
The user interface allows interaction between the user and the expert system. It presents questions or prompts for input, typically with yes/no answers, based on previous responses. The user interface facilitates communication and data gathering.
206
How are 3D printers used in medicine?
3D printers are used in medicine for various purposes, such as producing anatomical parts for diagnosis and surgical planning, printing prosthetics at a lower cost, and even tissue engineering by printing bio-compatible materials, cells, and supporting structures.
207
How can expert systems be applied in route scheduling for delivery vehicles?
Expert systems can be employed to find the most efficient route for parcel delivery vans. They determine the fastest and least expensive route, suggest the number of vehicles and drivers needed, and optimize the delivery process.
208
What are some applications of computers in medicine?
Computers are used in various areas of medicine, including keeping patient records, pharmacy records, use of 3D printers in surgery and customised medicines. They enable accurate record-keeping, quick access to patient data, and advancements in surgical planning and prosthetics.
209
How do expert systems work in oil prospecting?
In oil prospecting, an interactive user screen is used to gather information about geological profiles. The inference engine searches the knowledge base using the rules base to suggest the probability of finding oil and the probable depth of deposits. Expert systems also make predictions about geological deposits and produce contour maps showing concentrations of minerals, rocks, and oil.
210
What is centralised clearing of cheques and how does it improve the cheque clearing process?
Centralised clearing of cheques is an image-based system that speeds up the cheque clearing process. When a cheque is paid into a bank, an electronic image is made and processed by a central facility, reducing the time required for clearance compared to the older paper-based method.
211
What are the advantages of using expert systems in medical diagnosis?
Expert systems in medical diagnosis offer a high level of expertise, accuracy, and consistency. They can store vast amounts of knowledge, provide logical solutions and diagnostics, and offer fast response times. Additionally, they provide unbiased reporting, indicate the probability of suggested solutions being correct, and allow for multiple types of expertise.
212
How do credit/debit card transactions work?
Credit/debit card transactions involve using a card with a chip and PIN. The card is checked for validity, the PIN is verified, and if everything checks out, the transaction is authorized and the payment amount is deducted from the customer's account.
213
How does 3D printing enable the customization of medicines?
3D printing techniques allow scientists to customize medicines to suit individual patients. This patient-centric medicine offers controlled release of the medicine into the patient's body and allows for fixed-dose combinations of multiple medicines within a single printlet.
214
What are the disadvantages of using electronic fund transfer (EFT)?
Some disadvantages of EFT include the inability to reverse transactions once they have been transferred without a full dispute investigation, the immediate availability of funds required for the customer, and the risk of fraudulent collection by someone with a fake ID.
215
What is the significance of biomimetic blood vessels in tissue engineering?
Biomimetic blood vessels, created through 3D printing, mimic the structure and function of natural blood vessels. They provide a solution for human anatomy problems and can be used in tissue engineering applications.
216
What are the advantages of using electronic fund transfer (EFT)?
The advantages of using EFT include its high level of security, quick transaction processing, lower costs compared to other payment methods like cheques, and the ability for customers to dispute payments within 60 days.
217
How are artificial blood vessels created using 3D printing?
Artificial blood vessels can be created using 3D printing and bio-inks, which are biological inks made up of human cells and other materials. The 3D printing process involves layering these bio-inks to produce artificial live tissue.
218
What is electronic fund transfer (EFT) and how is it commonly used?
Electronic fund transfer (EFT) is a secure and quick payment method that involves transferring money electronically. It is commonly used for salary payments to employees and for making purchases using credit/debit cards.
219
How does an online booking system prevent double-booking of seats for events?
The online booking system checks the availability of selected seats in its database and marks them as 'no longer available' once they are temporarily held, preventing others from booking the same seats.
220
What are some advantages of using e-tickets instead of printing out confirmation emails for event bookings?
E-tickets provide convenience, eliminate the need for physical tickets, can be easily scanned at the venue, and may contain all the necessary booking details in a QR code.
221
What is computer-aided learning (CAL) and how does it enhance the academic teaching of students?
Computer-aided learning uses computer-based systems to assist in teaching. It allows students to learn at their own pace, offers interactive multimedia content, and provides immediate feedback on tests and assessments.
222
How does an online booking system for events like concerts, theatres, and cinemas work?
Customers select the desired performance, enter the date and time, choose the number of seats, view the seating display, select seats, check seat availability, confirm the selection, temporarily hold the seats, make payment, and receive confirmation via email or QR code.
223
How can spreadsheets be used in school management systems to monitor student performance?
Spreadsheets can record test results, compare student performance, and generate reports summarizing academic achievements over a term or year.
224
What is the purpose of electronic fund transfer at point-of-sale (EFTPOS) in credit/debit card transactions?
EFTPOS enables payment for purchases using a chip and PIN card. It facilitates secure electronic funds transfer directly at the point of sale.
225
What are some functions that can be added to an ID card system for school management?
Additional functions may include using a PIN for security, GPS tracking, and RFID technology for location monitoring (with privacy concerns).
226
What advantages does an ID card system offer compared to traditional paper-based registration?
Advantages include accurate and comprehensive attendance records, improved security, and the ability to generate reports easily.
227
How does an online banking system allow customers to manage their money more easily?
Online banking systems provide services such as statements, account balance checks, and bill payments, allowing customers to conveniently monitor and control their finances without the need to visit a physical bank.
228
How does an ID card system automate the registration and attendance process in schools?
Students are issued ID cards with magnetic stripes that contain their personal information. They swipe their cards through a reader to record their entry and exit times, which are stored in a database.
229
What are some disadvantages of using automatic teller machines (ATMs)?
Disadvantages of ATMs include the risk of theft at night, potential for shoulder-surfing and card-cloning scams, fees charged by some banks for ATM usage, and limitations on cash withdrawal amounts.
230
What are some possible ways to automate the registration process in schools?
Possible ways include using hardware and software solutions such as ID cards, magnetic stripe readers, and databases.
231
What are some advantages of using electronic funds transfer (EFT) for payments?
Advantages of EFT include enhanced security, quick transactions, lower costs compared to other payment methods like cheques, and the ability to dispute payments within a certain timeframe.
232
How were registration and attendance records traditionally recorded in schools?
Traditionally, registration and attendance records were recorded manually using daily registers.
233
How does a credit/debit card transaction using a chip and PIN work?
In a chip and PIN transaction, the customer enters their PIN on a keypad, the card's chip is checked for validity, and if successful, the transaction proceeds. This method enhances security compared to relying solely on a signature.
234
What tasks are involved in school management systems?
School management systems involve tasks such as student registration, attendance records, and performance monitoring.
235
What are the disadvantages of using robots on a production line?
Disadvantages include high initial costs, potential job displacement, and the need for regular maintenance and programming.
236
What is electronic funds transfer (EFT) and how does it work?
Electronic funds transfer (EFT) is a system that enables money transfer instructions to be sent directly to a bank's computer system. It involves the electronic transfer of money between accounts without physical cash being exchanged.
237
What are the advantages of using robots on a production line?
Advantages include increased efficiency, accuracy, productivity, and the ability to handle repetitive or dangerous tasks.
238
What services can be performed using an ATM other than cash withdrawal?
An ATM allows customers to deposit cash, deposit cheques, check their account balance, view mini bank statements, pay bills, transfer money, change their PIN, and perform other banking transactions.
239
What functions do robots perform at different stages in an industrial process?
Robots can perform tasks such as assembly, packaging, quality control, and material handling in various stages of an industrial process.
240
What are some examples of industrial processes that use production line control?
Examples include bottling plants and other manufacturing processes.
241
How does an ATM process a cash withdrawal transaction?
An ATM verifies the customer's PIN, checks account balance and daily withdrawal limit, dispenses the requested amount of cash, updates the customer's account, and provides a receipt if requested.
242
How does the automated production line process continue until stopped?
The whole process is continuous until it is stopped for maintenance, errors occurring, or a change in the process.
243
What are the stages involved in logging on to a flight booking website and making a booking?
The stages include selecting the desired performance, entering the date and time, choosing the number of seats, viewing the seating display, selecting seats, checking seat availability, confirming the selection, temporarily holding the seats, and making payment.
244
What happens when the computer sends a signal to a second actuator in a production line?
The second actuator operates a motor to move the conveyor belt and allow the next empty bottle to take its correct position.
245
What are some advantages of using e-tickets instead of printing out confirmation emails?
E-tickets, such as those accessed through smartphone apps, provide convenience, eliminate the need for physical tickets, and can be easily scanned at the venue for entry.
246
How does a computer signal an actuator to close a valve in a production line?
When the signal from a sensor indicates that a bottle is full, the computer sends a signal to an actuator to close the valve.
247
What is the purpose of an online flight booking system?
An online flight booking system allows customers to book flights conveniently over the internet.
248
How does computer modelling help in flood water management?
Computer modelling helps perform risk assessments, predict water levels and flows, and plan flood protection measures. It allows for continuous data collection and modification of flood defence systems.
249
Why is data collection important in computer modelling for traffic management?
Accurate data collection is crucial for creating realistic models. Data on traffic patterns, vehicle counts, build-up at junctions, and other relevant factors help ensure that the simulations accurately represent real-world scenarios.
250
What are some benefits of using computer modelling in traffic management?
Computer modelling allows for the testing and optimization of different traffic control strategies without the need for real-world experimentation. It provides cost-effective solutions, improves traffic flow, and enhances safety.
251
What are some examples of applications where computer modelling is used in personal finance?
Examples include modelling sales projections, profit calculations, and financial scenarios using spreadsheets.
252
Why is it important to compare costs when deciding between computer modelling and building the real thing?
Both computer modelling and building the real thing can be expensive options. It is necessary to compare the costs and benefits before deciding which approach to use.
253
How can computer modelling be used in flood management?
Data from sensors can be fed into a simulation to model flood areas, allowing for improvements and better understanding of the situation. This helps in making informed decisions and planning effective flood management strategies.
254
What are the advantages of using computer models in bridge and building design?
Computer models allow for testing different scenarios, zooming into details, cost-effective design modifications, and safer simulations compared to real-life construction.
255
What are the benefits of using spreadsheets for personal finance modelling?
Spreadsheets allow for zooming into details, rotating designs, cost-effective testing, and trying out different scenarios before making financial decisions.
256
What is the purpose of modelling motorway closures in traffic management?
Modelling motorway closures helps assess the impact on traffic flow and allows for the optimization of traffic control strategies during repairs or maintenance work.
257
How is the simulation of traffic lights carried out?
Data collected from the Y-junction is entered into a computer model, which is then run to simulate different scenarios. The model's results are compared with actual traffic flow data to optimize the timing and operation of the traffic lights.
258
How can computer modelling be applied to personal finance?
Computer modelling can be used to create spreadsheets that simulate financial scenarios, helping with tasks such as sales projections and profit calculations.
259
What advantages does using a computer-based system offer for managing flood protection?
A computer-based system allows for faster response to changing conditions, continuous and accurate data collection, and safer monitoring without putting humans at risk.
260
What are some considerations when collecting data for traffic light simulation?
Data collection involves monitoring traffic at a Y-junction using induction loop sensors. Factors such as vehicle counts, time of day, build-up of vehicles, pedestrian crossings, and other relevant data need to be recorded.
261
How is computer modelling used in flood water management?
Computer models are used to perform risk assessments, predict water levels and flows, and identify sources of potential flooding. They help plan and implement flood protection measures.
262
What is the process of weather modelling?
Weather modelling involves dividing the atmosphere into a three-dimensional grid and inputting data from weather stations into the appropriate grid. The model is then run forward in time to make predictions, which are compared with actual weather observations for validation.
263
What factors should be considered when designing bridges and buildings using computer modelling?
Factors such as heavy loading, strong winds, earthquakes, tidal waves, ice floes, and vibrations need to be considered. Computer models help test different scenarios and modify designs accordingly.
264
How does computer modelling contribute to weather forecasting?
Computer models simulate weather patterns by representing air movement, heat exchange, and moisture exchange in the atmosphere. By inputting data from weather stations, forecasters can predict future weather conditions.
265
Why is simulation important in computer modelling?
Simulation allows for studying the behavior of a system, predicting future behavior, and influencing that behavior. It helps understand how a system behaves without having to build the real thing.
266
What are some disadvantages of using robots in industry?
Disadvantages include difficulties in handling unusual tasks, potential unemployment due to job replacement, loss of certain skills, and initial setup and maintenance costs.
267
How does wireless broadband connectivity benefit mobile devices when connecting to the internet?
Wireless broadband connectivity is less expensive, consumes less power, and offers greater bandwidth compared to the mobile phone network. It allows for more data to be downloaded quickly and provides a better quality of service.
268
What are some advantages of using robots in industry?
Advantages include the ability to work in harmful environments, continuous operation, lower long-term costs, higher productivity, consistent output, and the ability to perform boring or repetitive tasks.
269
What are the disadvantages of using computer models?
A model is only as good as the programming or data entered, costs need to be compared with real-life alternatives, and people may not trust the results. Examples include personal finance modelling, bridge and building design, flood water management, traffic management, and weather forecasting.
270
How are robots used in manufacturing?
Robots are used in various manufacturing processes, such as paint spraying, welding, microchip production, and stock movement in warehouses. They can perform repetitive tasks, work in hazardous environments, and increase productivity.
271
What are some examples of applications where computer modelling is used?
Some examples include personal finance, bridge and building design, flood water management, traffic management, and weather forecasting.
272
What is the purpose of automated number plate recognition (ANPR) systems in traffic management?
ANPR systems are used to automatically capture and read vehicle number plates. They assist in tasks such as monitoring traffic flow, enforcing speed limits, and identifying vehicles involved in criminal activities.
273
How does internet access differ on mobile devices compared to desktop or laptop computers?
Internet pages displayed on mobile phones are often different from those on desktop or laptop computers due to smaller screens. Software detects the type of device connecting to a website and sends an optimized web page for that device.
274
What are the advantages of using computer models in various applications?
Using computer models is less expensive, safer, allows for trying out different scenarios, and can provide faster results compared to real-life alternatives.
275
What is augmented reality and virtual reality?
Augmented reality involves overlaying digital content onto the real world, enhancing the user's perception of reality. Virtual reality immerses the user in a simulated digital environment, creating a sense of presence in a different world.
276
What are the disadvantages of using a touch screen as an input device?
Disadvantages of using a touch screen include having a limited number of input options available, potential strain on arm muscles or risk of repetitive strain injury (RSI), and the screen getting dirty with constant touching.
277
What are the characteristics of random access memory (RAM) and read-only memory (ROM)?
RAM stores data temporarily and can be altered or deleted by the user. ROM stores data permanently and cannot be altered or deleted. RAM is volatile memory, while ROM is non-volatile memory.
278
What are the disadvantages of using a remote control as an input device?
Disadvantages of using a remote control include being difficult to use for people with limited hand/wrist movement and the possibility of blocking the signal if the walls in the building are very thick.
279
Compare and contrast command line interfaces (CLI) and graphical user interfaces (GUI).
CLI requires typing instructions, while GUI represents applications with icons and allows options to be chosen from menus. CLI involves memorizing many instructions, while GUI provides a more intuitive and visual interface. CLI is text-based, while GUI is graphical.
280
What are the disadvantages of using a trackerball as an input device?
Disadvantages of using a trackerball include not being supplied with the computer as standard (therefore more costly) and potentially needing training because it is not standard equipment.
281
How can you create a bookmark for a document?
To create a bookmark for a document, you can use the bookmark option in the document management menu.
282
What is the purpose of the 'Document Properties' command?
The 'Document Properties' command provides information about a document, such as its title, author, creation date, file size, and file format.
283
Why are computers still needed despite the capabilities of smartphones?
Computers of all types are still needed because they can perform functions that smartphones cannot. They offer more processing power, larger storage capacity, and the ability to handle complex tasks that require specialized software.
284
How can you open a document in a new window?
To open a document in a new window, you can right-click on the document and select 'Open in New Window' from the context menu.
285
What are the disadvantages of using a touchpad as an input device?
Disadvantages of using a touchpad include being difficult to use for people with limited hand/wrist movement and more difficulty in certain operations such as drag and drop.
286
How does the 'Copy as Document Link' function work?
The 'Copy as Document Link' function allows you to create a link to a specific document that can be shared with others. When clicked, the link opens the document directly.
287
How can you find a specific document within the document management system?
To find a specific document within the document management system, you can use the find option in the menu or press Ctrl+F on your keyboard.
288
What are some characteristics of computer systems that use command line interfaces (CLI) and graphical user interfaces (GUI)?
In CLI, instructions have to be typed, while GUI represents applications with icons and allows options to be chosen from menus. CLI requires memorization of many instructions, while GUI provides a more intuitive and visual interface.
289
What are the disadvantages of using a mouse as an input device?
Disadvantages of using a mouse include being difficult for people with restricted hand/wrist movement, easy to damage, and requiring a flat surface.
290
What are some options available when using the 'Forward' command in document management?
When using the 'Forward' command, you may have options such as specifying recipients, adding comments or notes, and selecting the format of the forwarded document.
291
How can you view a document in the document management system?
To view a document in the document management system, you can use the view option in the menu or select the document and open it in a new window.
292
How does the 'Copy Selected as Table' function work?
The 'Copy Selected as Table' function allows you to copy selected content and paste it into a document as a table, preserving its formatting.
293
What are the uses and advantages of a scanner as an input device?
Uses: Entering information from hard copy into a computer, scanning documents/photos for various software packages, archiving old/valuable documents/books, scanning photographs, scanning barcodes. Advantages: Faster entry of options than using a keyboard or mouse, protection of originals, more accurate positioning of images.
294
What is the purpose of a drop-down menu in relation to a mouse?
A drop-down menu is accessed by right-clicking with a mouse and provides a list of options for the user to choose from.
295
What are the advantages of using a mouse as an input device?
Advantages of using a mouse include faster selection of options, quick navigation through applications and the internet, and not requiring a large desk area compared to a keyboard.
296
How does a touch screen function as an input device?
With a touch screen, the user can choose an option by simply touching a button/icon on the screen. The selection is automatically made without the need for any pointing device.
297
How can you search for a specific document?
To search for a specific document, you can use the search option in the document management menu or press Ctrl+E on your keyboard.
298
What does the 'Cancel' function do in document processing?
The 'Cancel' function allows you to abort or stop an ongoing operation or action within a document without saving any changes.
299
What are some properties that can be associated with a document?
Some properties that can be associated with a document include its title, author, creation date, file size, and file format.
300
How can you unlock a locked document?
To unlock a locked document, you can use the unlock option in the document management menu.
301
How does a mouse function as a pointing device?
A mouse allows the user to control the position of a pointer on the screen by moving it around. It typically has two buttons with different functions, and some also have a scroll button for faster navigation through documents. Optical mice and wireless mice are commonly used in modern computers.
302
How can you lock a document?
To lock a document, you can use the lock option in the document management menu.
303
How can the 'Enter' key be used in document processing?
Pressing the 'Enter' key allows you to create line breaks or paragraphs within a document, separating content into distinct sections.
304
What are the uses and advantages of a driving wheel as an input device?
Uses: Video/computer games, simulators (e.g., car-driving simulators). Advantages: Easier than a keyboard or joystick to control steering movements, more realistic driving experience.
305
What is the purpose of the restore action in document management?
The restore action in document management allows you to recover deleted documents and restore them to their original location.
306
What is the purpose of the 'Open' command in document management?
The 'Open' command allows you to access and view the contents of a document for reading or further editing.
307
What are numeric keypads primarily used for?
Numeric keypads are primarily used for entering numbers, such as PINs in automatic teller machines (ATMs), phone numbers in mobile phones, and manual input when barcode readers fail at point of sale terminals (POS).
308
How does a joystick function as an input device?
By gripping the stick, the user can control a pointer on the screen. Joysticks also have buttons for making selections and additional buttons for gaming purposes.
309
How can you delete a document?
To delete a document, you can use the delete option in the document management menu or press the Del key on your keyboard.
310
What are some options available when using the 'Edit' command?
When using the 'Edit' command, you may have options such as editing the content of a document, making changes to formatting, or adding annotations.
311
What actions can you perform on a document using the document management menu?
Using the document management menu, you can perform actions such as printing, deleting, restoring, locking, unlocking, searching, viewing, finding, opening in a new window, and creating bookmarks.
312
What are the advantages and disadvantages of using keyboards as input devices?
Advantages of keyboards include fast entry of new text, ease of use for most people, and the ability to do verification checks. Disadvantages include difficulty for users with limited arm/wrist use, slower compared to direct data entry methods, and taking up valuable desk space.
313
What are the uses and advantages of a remote control as an input device?
Uses: Operating other devices using infrared signals, controlling televisions, satellite systems, DVD/Blu-ray players, Hi-Fi systems, multimedia systems, industrial applications. Advantages: Can be operated from a distance, useful in hazardous environments, no need for a wired connection.
314
How can the 'Forward' function be used in document editing?
The 'Forward' function allows you to send a copy of a document to another recipient or forward it to another location.
315
How can you print a document?
To print a document, you can use the print option in the document management menu or press Ctrl+P on your keyboard.
316
What are some examples of applications that use input/output devices?
Some examples of applications that use input/output devices include automatic teller machines (ATMs), mobile phones, point of sale terminals (POS), chip and PIN devices, and spreadsheets.
317
What is the purpose of the 'Cut' command?
The 'Cut' command is used to remove selected content from its original location and place it in the clipboard for later pasting.
318
What are the uses and advantages of a trackerball as an input device?
Uses: Alternative to a mouse for people with conditions such as RSI, industrial control room environment, luxury cars. Advantages: Easier to use for people with limited hand/wrist movement, no need for a large amount of desk space.
319
What are some keyboard shortcuts for document management?
Some keyboard shortcuts for document management include Ctrl+X (cut), Ctrl+C (copy), Ctrl+V (paste), Ctrl+E (search), Ctrl+P (print), Del (delete), and Ctrl+F (find).
320
How does the 'Paste' function work?
The 'Paste' function allows you to insert copied or cut content into a new location within a document.
321
How can augmented reality and virtual reality impact society in the near future?
Augmented reality and virtual reality have the potential to impact various areas such as healthcare, education, entertainment, fashion, heritage, business, engineering, sport, media, and scientific visualization. They can enhance experiences, improve training, and provide new opportunities for interaction and exploration.
322
How does a touchpad function as a pointing device?
The user controls the pointer on the screen by moving their finger on the touchpad and tapping it to simulate the left-hand button of a mouse. It also has buttons under the touchpad that serve the same function as the left and right buttons on a mouse.
323
What are some common actions associated with document management?
Some common actions associated with document management include printing, deleting, restoring, locking, unlocking, searching, viewing, finding, opening in a new window, and creating bookmarks.
324
What are some common functions associated with the 'Copy' command?
Some common functions associated with the 'Copy' command include copying selected text or content, copying as a document link, and copying selected content as a table.
325
What is the difference between augmented reality and virtual reality?
Augmented reality involves overlaying digital content onto the real world, while virtual reality immerses the user in a simulated digital environment.
326
What are the advantages and disadvantages of using a mouse as an input device?
Advantages: Easy to use, faster than a keyboard for data entry. Disadvantages: Can be difficult for people with restricted hand/wrist movement, easy to damage, requires a flat surface.
327
How do gesture-based interfaces work?
Gesture-based interfaces rely on human interaction through hand, head, or foot movements. Sensors or cameras pick up these gestures, which are then processed by an on-board computer to carry out the required action.
328
What are some examples of devices that use dialogue-based user interfaces?
Luxury modern cars with voice activation systems for controlling in-car entertainment or satellite navigation systems. Devices like Amazon Alexa, Google Now, Apple Siri, and Microsoft Cortana also use dialogue-based user interfaces.
329
Who would typically use a Graphical User Interface (GUI)?
The end-user who does not require in-depth knowledge of how the computer works. They use the computer for running software, playing games, storing/manipulating photographs, etc.
330
Are there any known variations or alternate spellings of 'ONNSWVS U D'?
There are no known variations or alternate spellings of 'ONNSWVS U D'.
331
Is there any known significance to the order of the letters in 'ONNSWVS U D'?
There is no known significance to the order of the letters in 'ONNSWVS U D'.
332
What is the context of 'ONNSWVS U D' in the given text?
The context of 'ONNSWVS U D' in the given text is unknown.
333
Does 'ONNSWVS U D' have any relation to a specific language or culture?
'ONNSWVS U D' does not have any known relation to a specific language or culture.
334
Has 'ONNSWVS U D' been mentioned in any research studies or papers?
There is no known mention of 'ONNSWVS U D' in any research studies or papers.
335
Are there any known references to 'ONNSWVS U D' in scientific literature?
There are no known references to 'ONNSWVS U D' in scientific literature.
336
What are the possible origins of 'ONNSWVS U D'?
The possible origins of 'ONNSWVS U D' are unknown.
337
Who would typically use a Command Line Interface (CLI)?
A programmer, analyst, or technician who needs direct communication with a computer to develop software, locate errors, initiate memory dumps, etc.
338
Is 'ONNSWVS U D' a common term or phrase?
'ONNSWVS U D' is not a common term or phrase.
339
Has 'ONNSWVS U D' been used in any specific context or industry?
'ONNSWVS U D' has not been used in any specific context or industry.
340
Does 'ONNSWVS U D' have any cultural or historical significance?
'ONNSWVS U D' does not have any known cultural or historical significance.
341
Are there any known associations or connections with 'ONNSWVS U D'?
There are no known associations or connections with 'ONNSWVS U D'.
342
What is the meaning of 'ONNSWVS U D'?
The meaning of 'ONNSWVS U D' is unknown.
343
What are some advantages of using tablets compared to laptops?
Tablets have faster startup times, are fully portable, use touch screen technology, and can run several built-in apps. They are also lightweight and do not require additional input devices.
344
Is there any known relationship between 'ONNSWVS U D' and a specific person, place, or event?
There is no known relationship between 'ONNSWVS U D' and any specific person, place, or event.
345
What are some advantages of using smartphones for banking?
Smartphones allow users to perform telephone banking, make VoIP calls, and access social networks. They provide instant access to social networks and messaging services.
346
Can you provide any additional information about 'ONNSWVS U D'?
No additional information is available about 'ONNSWVS U D'.
347
Has 'ONNSWVS U D' been mentioned in any other context or literature?
There is no known mention of 'ONNSWVS U D' in any other context or literature.
348
What are some uses of augmented reality (AR) in everyday life?
AR can be used in safety and rescue operations, entertainment, shopping, retail, education, and remotely controlling devices at home.
349
Are there any known synonyms or alternative names for 'ONNSWVS U D'?
There are no known synonyms or alternative names for 'ONNSWVS U D'.
350
What are some negative impacts of artificial intelligence (AI)?
AI could lead to job losses in various areas and create dependency on technology. It may also result in loss of skills and limitations in transferring files without specific applications.
351
Does 'ONNSWVS U D' have any relation to a specific field or subject?
'ONNSWVS U D' does not have any relation to a specific field or subject.
352
How does Li-Fi differ from Wi-Fi in terms of speed and interference?
Li-Fi is considerably faster than Wi-Fi and does not interfere with flight control systems, making it suitable for use during airplane flights.
353
What are some possible interpretations of 'ONNSWVS U D'?
There are no known possible interpretations of 'ONNSWVS U D'.
354
What are the disadvantages of tablets compared to laptops?
Tablets can be expensive, have limited memory or storage, and may require costly internet access. Typing on a touch screen can be slower, and file transfer may require specific applications.
355
Is 'ONNSWVS U D' a known acronym or abbreviation?
'ONNSWVS U D' is not a known acronym or abbreviation.
356
What are the advantages of tablets compared to laptops?
Tablets are fast to switch on, fully portable, have touch screen technology, and can use several built-in apps. They are also lightweight and simple to use without additional input devices.
357
What is the origin of the term 'ONNSWVS U D'?
The origin of the term 'ONNSWVS U D' is unknown.
358
Are there any theories or hypotheses related to 'ONNSWVS U D'?
There are no known theories or hypotheses related to 'ONNSWVS U D'.
359
What are some uses of smartphones, tablets, and phablets?
They are used for entertainment, gaming, internet access, email, GPS navigation, banking, VoIP calls, social networking, instant messaging, office tasks, education, and remote device control.
360
Is there any significance to the letters 'ONNSWVS U D' being capitalized?
There is no known significance to the capitalization of the letters 'ONNSWVS U D'.
361
What is the context of 'ONNSWVS U D' in the text?
The context of 'ONNSWVS U D' in the text is unknown.
362
How does artificial intelligence (AI) impact everyday life?
AI can perform tasks that require intelligence, such as language processing, facial recognition, and data analysis. It has both positive impacts, like improved safety and quality of services, and negative impacts, like potential job losses.
363
What can be inferred from the mention of 'ONNSWVS U D'?
No inferences can be made from the mention of 'ONNSWVS U D' as there is no information available.
364
What are some advantages of using augmented reality (AR)?
Augmented reality allows users to experience the relationship between virtual and physical worlds. It enhances the real world with digital details and can be used in safety operations, entertainment, and retail.
365
Is there any known connection between 'ONNSWVS U D' and a specific topic?
There is no known connection between 'ONNSWVS U D' and any specific topic.
366
What is Li-Fi and how does it compare to Wi-Fi?
Li-Fi is a communication system that uses light waves instead of radio waves like Wi-Fi. It offers faster data transfer rates and increased security.
367
Why is 'ONNSWVS U D' mentioned in the text?
'ONNSWVS U D' is mentioned in the text without any context or explanation.
368
What does 'ONNSWVS U D' refer to?
'ONNSWVS U D' does not refer to anything specific.
369
How do tablets differ from laptops?
Tablets are fast to switch on, fully portable, and use touch screen technology. They have several built-in apps and are simple to use without additional input devices.
370
Can you provide any information about 'ONNSWVS U D'?
No information is available about 'ONNSWVS U D'.
371
What are the disadvantages of using smartphones?
Smartphones have small screens and keyboards, which can make reading and typing difficult. Web browsing and photography can drain the battery quickly.
372
What is the significance of 'ONNSWVS U D'?
The significance of 'ONNSWVS U D' is unknown.
373
What are the advantages of using smartphones?
Smartphones are small, lightweight, and easy to carry. They can be used for phone calls and internet access on the go.
374
What are internal storage devices in a computer system?
Internal storage devices, such as hard disk drives (HDDs) and solid-state drives (SSDs), are used to store data, files, and most of the system and applications software. HDDs use magnetic technology, while SSDs use solid-state technology.
375
What is the function of read-only memory (ROM) in a computer system?
Read-only memory (ROM) is used to store permanent information, such as configuration data for a computer system. It cannot be altered and retains its contents even when power is turned off, making it a non-volatile memory.
376
What is the purpose of random access memory (RAM) in a computer system?
Random access memory (RAM) is an internal chip where data is temporarily stored when running applications. It allows data to be written to and read from, but its contents are lost when power to the computer is turned off.
377
What is the function of a network interface card (NIC) in a computer system?
A network interface card (NIC) allows a computer or other device to be connected to a network, such as the internet. It can be wired or wireless and has a unique MAC address code for identification.
378
What is the role of a sound card in a computer system?
A sound card is an integrated circuit board that provides a computer with the ability to produce sounds. It allows users to hear sounds through speakers or headphones, record sound input from a microphone, and manipulate stored sound.
379
What is the purpose of a graphics card in a computer system?
A graphics card allows the computer to send graphical information to a video display device such as a monitor, television, or projector. It usually connects to the motherboard and consists of a processing unit, memory unit, cooling mechanism, and connections to a display unit.
380
What are the main components of a central processing unit (CPU)?
The main components of a CPU are the arithmetic and logic unit (ALU), where arithmetic and logical operations are carried out, and the control unit (CU), which decodes and executes instructions.
381
What is the function of the motherboard in a computer system?
The motherboard is a printed circuit board that allows the processor and other computer hardware to function and communicate with each other. It acts as a 'hub' for connecting other computer devices.
382
How does Microsoft Windows address security concerns?
Microsoft Windows includes built-in security features such as a firewall, antivirus software, and user account controls to help protect against malware, viruses, and unauthorized access.
383
What is the significance of regular updates and support from Microsoft for Microsoft Windows users?
Regular updates and support from Microsoft ensure that users have access to the latest features, bug fixes, and security patches, helping to keep their systems up-to-date and protected.
384
How does Microsoft Windows ensure compatibility with a wide range of software applications?
Microsoft Windows provides a software development kit (SDK) and application programming interfaces (APIs) that allow developers to create software that can run on the Windows platform.
385
What are some common services provided by Microsoft Windows?
Some common services provided by Microsoft Windows include file management, networking capabilities, printing support, and security features.
386
How does multitasking work in Microsoft Windows?
Multitasking in Microsoft Windows allows users to run multiple programs simultaneously, switching between them and performing tasks concurrently.
387
What is the role of Microsoft Windows in managing computer hardware resources?
Microsoft Windows manages computer hardware resources by allocating memory, processing power, and input/output devices to different software applications running on the system.
388
How does the user interface of Microsoft Windows enhance user experience?
The graphical user interface of Microsoft Windows provides visual elements such as icons, windows, and menus, making it easier for users to interact with the computer and its applications.
389
How can you open Windows Explorer from the command line in Windows?
You can open Windows Explorer from the command line by typing 'explorer' followed by the path to the desired location or folder.
390
What are the advantages and disadvantages of a graphical user interface (GUI)?
Advantages of GUI include ease of use, no need to learn commands, and visual representation with icons. Disadvantages include higher memory usage and limited options compared to CLI.
391
What are some disadvantages of using Microsoft Windows?
Some disadvantages of using Microsoft Windows include susceptibility to malware and viruses, occasional system crashes or errors, and the need for regular updates and maintenance.
392
What does the phrase 'All rights reserved' indicate in terms of content usage?
The phrase 'All rights reserved' indicates that the owner of the content has exclusive rights and permissions over its use, reproduction, and distribution.
393
What are the advantages and disadvantages of a command line interface (CLI)?
Advantages of CLI include direct communication with the computer and flexibility, while disadvantages include the need to learn commands and the time-consuming nature of typing commands for each operation.
394
What are some advantages of using Microsoft Windows?
Some advantages of using Microsoft Windows include a large selection of software applications, compatibility with a wide range of hardware devices, and regular updates and support from Microsoft.
395
How does Microsoft Windows differ from other operating systems?
Microsoft Windows has a distinct graphical user interface and is designed to be user-friendly for a wide range of users.
396
What are the different types of user interfaces in operating systems?
There are four main types: command line interface (CLI), graphical user interface (GUI), dialogue-based user interface, and gesture-based user interface. CLI requires typing commands, while GUI uses icons and symbols for interaction.
397
What is the latest version of Microsoft Windows?
The latest version of Microsoft Windows is Windows 10.
398
What are the main tasks of an operating system?
An operating system controls the operation of input, output, and backing storage devices, supervises the loading and running of applications programs, deals with errors, maintains security, allows communication between user and computer, and more.
399
How can you access the Desktop folder in Windows Explorer?
You can access the Desktop folder in Windows Explorer by navigating to 'C:\Users\\Desktop', where is your user account name.
400
What are some key features of Microsoft Windows?
Some key features of Microsoft Windows include a graphical user interface, multitasking capabilities, and support for a wide range of software applications.
401
What is the purpose of an operating system?
The purpose of an operating system is to manage computer hardware and software resources and provide common services for computer programs.
402
When was Microsoft Windows developed?
Microsoft Windows was developed in 2019.
403
What is the purpose of backing storage in a computer system?
Backing storage, such as a hard disk drive (HDD) or solid-state drive (SSD), is used to permanently store large amounts of data. It is non-volatile and considerably larger than RAM, but has slower data access time.
404
What is the significance of the 'reserved rights' in intellectual property?
The phrase 'reserved rights' indicates that the owner of the intellectual property has retained exclusive rights and control over its use, reproduction, and distribution.
405
Who is the developer of Microsoft Windows?
Microsoft Corporation is the developer of Microsoft Windows.
406
What are input and output devices in a computer system?
Input devices allow data to be entered into a computer, such as keyboards or sensors, while output devices display or present the results of computer processing, like printers or monitors. Some devices can act as both input and output devices.
407
What is the purpose of the command 'exe C:\Users\Stephen> C:\Users\Stephen\Desktop'?
The command 'exe C:\Users\Stephen> C:\Users\Stephen\Desktop' is not a valid command. It seems to be an incomplete or incorrect command.
408
What are the differences between RAM and ROM?
RAM is temporary memory that can be written to and read from, while ROM is permanent memory that can only be read from. RAM is volatile, meaning its contents are lost when power is turned off, while ROM is non-volatile and retains its data even when power is off.
409
What is the version number of Microsoft Windows?
The version number of Microsoft Windows is 10.0.18363.900.
410
How can you open Windows Explorer from the command prompt in Windows?
You can open Windows Explorer from the command prompt by typing 'explorer' followed by the path to the desired location or folder.
411
What is the name of the operating system?
The operating system is called Microsoft Windows.
412
What does 'All rights reserved' signify?
'All rights reserved' signifies that the owner of the content has exclusive rights and permissions over its use, reproduction, and distribution.
413
What is the role of the CPU in a computer system?
The CPU, or central processing unit, interprets and executes commands from the computer hardware and software. It consists of a control unit, an arithmetic and logic unit (ALU), and registers.
414
What are the advantages of relational databases over flat-file?
Storage space is savedNo data redundancyEasier for usersEasier queries, reports, etc.
415
What is the difference between the primary and foreign keys?
A primary key is a key that holds unique data and identifies a record in a table. A foreign key field in one table stores values in a primary key field from another table.
416
What is alphanumeric data?
Storage of text or numeric data that won't be used for calculations. In Access, this is just a Text field. An example: H5C85
