Ict Flashcards by Naig Le Floch Best

What is data?

Data is the set of known
entities, cases or facts

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What is information?

is the selected
part in the data that’s
relevant for a particular
application or purpose.

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What is knowledge?

Knowledge is derived from information. know-how, experience insight understanding and contextualized information

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What is spatial data?

are all the data that can be localized in a spatial reference system

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What is geographical data?

are all the data that can be semantically identified and localized in a spatial reference system about the earth

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Name the different types of modern computers.

Supercomputers
Desktop computers
Laptop computers
Tablet
Mobile phones
Wearables
Robots
Chips

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what is an CPU

is the “brain” of a computer: follows the instruction in the code and performs computations very quickly

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What is an GPU?

graphics processing unit: similar to cpu but specialized for handling images, heavely used in coputer games, and now also for parallel computing and machine learning

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What is an NPU?

neural processing unit: specialized chip disigned for IA, optimized to run machine learning olgorithms, often intergrated into CPU

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What is a client-server model?

The client-server model is a computing model where servers provide resources or services, and clients request them. They communicate over a network using standardized protocols like HTTP.

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How does TCP/IP work?

TCP/IP defines the rules for sending information between computers over the Internet.
the tcp protocol breaks data into packets, then the packets travel according to the IP protocol, then the tcp protocol reassembles the packets into the original whole

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What are the steps in program development?

Define the problem
Outline the solution
Develop the outline into an algorithm
Test the algorithm
Code the algorithm
Run the program
Document and maintain the program

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What are control structures in programming?

mechanism that determine the order in which instruction are excecuted in a program)
* Sequence: instructions execute in a order
* Selection: decisions are made with structures like IF THEN ELSE
* Repetition: repeats until a condition does not hold (WHILE / FOR )

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What is the difference between variables and constants in programming?

*Variable is a named memory location used to store data, where the value can change during program excecutionare
* Constants: named data items with fixed name and values that cannot be changed once assigned

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Name common data types in programming.

Integers
Real
Character
Boolean
Array
String

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What are the three major families of programming languages?

Machine Languages
Assembly Languages
High-Level Languages

What are self-defined functions in programming?

is a block of code which only run when it is called, often used to excecute a set of instruction multiple times

What are the differences among list, tuple, set, and dictionary in Python?

List: Ordered and changeable collection, allowing duplicate members
Tuple: Ordered and unchangeable, allowing duplicate members
Set: Unordered and unindexed, no duplicate members
Dictionary: Unordered, changeable and indexed; no duplicate members

What is a DataFrame in Python Pandas?

A DataFrame is a two-dimensional data structure, similar to a table or spreadsheet, consisting of rows and columns

What are the main characteristics of databases?

Storage of data and their structure
Separation of data and applications
Concurrent use
Persistent storage
Security

What is a relational database model?

is a structured collection of named tables, where each table consists of attributes(colums) with defined data types and rows containing single values for each attribut

What is SQL?

Structured Query Language, is a language used to manage and manipulate relational databases. allows to create, modify delete and query tables among other properties

What SQL keyword is used for creating, modifying deleting and querying tables?

CREATE TABLE = creating tables
ALTER TABLE = modifying tables
DROP TABLE = deleting tables
= querying tables

What is the structure of the SFW-Block in SQL?

SELECT: Specifies the list of attributes to include (columns)
FROM: specifies tables or views on which the SELECT is applied
WHERE: Specifies selection conditions

Name common data types in PostgreSQL.

numeric types (integer/smallint) character types (char/vachar) date/time types used to store temporal data (date/time)

What is a primary key?

A column or set of columns that uniquely identifies each row in a table, ensuring values are UNIQUE and NOT NULL

What is a foreign key?

A column or set of columns in one table that refers to the primary key of another table. ensures referential integrety

What are the four different types of JOIN in databases?

* INNER JOIN : selects all rows from both tables aslong there is a match between the columns * LEFT OUTER JOIN: selects all rows from the left table, with the matching rows from the right table * RIGHT OUTER JOIN selects all the rows from the right table, with the matching rows from the left table * FULL OUTER JOIN returnes all rows from both tables

When do you need to use 'GROUP BY'?

'GROUP BY' is used to group rows based on specific attributes, usually with aggregate functions like AVG(), SUM()

What is the difference between 'HAVING' and 'WHERE'?

'WHERE' filters rows before grouping, while 'HAVING' filters grouped data

What qualifies as AI?

Machines or computers that mimic human cognitive functions, such as learning and problem-solving.

What is ubiquitous computing?

a concept in software engeneering and computer science where computer is made to appear anytime and everywhere

What are the 3Vs of Big Data?

* Volume: size of data * Velocity: diff types of data * Variety: the speed at which data is generated