ICS Missed Points Flashcards
Which toll like receptors are intracellular
3
7
8
9
Which toll like receptors are extracellular
1
2
4
5
6
What does TLR 2 detect
Lipoteichoic acid
What does TLR 4 detect
LPS
What TLR is expressed on B-cells
None
TLRs are expressed in the innate immunity
B-cells are a part of adaptive - they have antibodies as cell surface receptors
What type of repeats do TLRs contain
All TLRs contain Leucine-rich repeats
What is the action of beta lactam antibiotics
Act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial walls
What type if bacteria is resistant to beta lactams and why
Mycoplasma - they lack a cell wall
What are polymyxins
Type of antibiotic
Targets cell membrane of gram -ve bacteria
Which drugs target folate synthesis
Sulfonamides +
Trimethoprim antibiotics (used in UTIs)
What do macrolide antibiotics target
50S type ribosomal subunits
What type of drug is dobutamine
B1 agonist
Mechanism of action of dobutamine
B1 agonist
+ve inotrope —> increase heart contractility to then increase cardiac output
Mechanism of action for B2 antagonist
Block action of B2 receptors(selectively / non-selectively)
Have a negative chronotropic + inotropic affects
Give an example of A-1 antagonist and its mechanism of action
Doxazosin
Competitively inhibit the activation of alpha 1 receptors by norepinephrine —> so get vasodilation (as blood vessel contraction is inhibited)
What is first line treatment for BPH
Alpha-1 antagonist
Doxazosin (like tamsulosin)
What conditions can desmopressin analogue be used in
Conditions with low ADH production / secretion —> Neurogenic diabetes insipidus
Desmopressin can also help endothelial cells produce Von Willebrands factor so can be used in —> Von willebrands disease
Give an example of Na+/K+ ATPase inhibitor
Digoxin
Blocks enzyme activity in the heart —> -ve chronotrope
Which TLR detects flagella
TLR 5
F for Five
…
F for flagella
What does TLR 9 detect
Unmethylated nucleotide motifs (CpG)
N for Not - methylated
…
N for 9
What does TLR 7 detect
Single stranded RNA
S for Single stranded
…
S for 7
Role of TLR 10
Specifically detects listeria and influenza A
Which TLR is found on in rats / mice
TLR 11
Key finding in blood and CSF during bacterial infection
Neutrophils
Which cell types are more predominant in viral infection
T cells and b cells
What are astrocytes
Glial cells - provide biochemical support to endothelial cells that form blood brain barrier
And provides nutrients to nervous tissues
Describe the action of furosemide
Na+/k+/2Cl2- inhibitor
Works on ascending loop of Henle
What type of diuretic is a thiazide
NaCl transport inhibitor
Works at distal convoluted tubule
Describe type III hypersensitivity reaction
Systemic
Damage to tissues by deposition of antigen:antibody complexes (immune complexes)
What type of hypersensitivity is SLE
TYPE III HYPERSENSITIVITY
Describe type I hypersensitivity
Mast cell degranulation mediated by antigen - IgE
(allergic reaction - anaphylaxis)
Describe type II hypersensitivity
IgM and IgG linkage to self-antigen on cell surface of tissues
Goodpastures syndrome
Autoimmune haemolytic anaemia
Describe type IV hypersensitivity
T-cell mediated
Leads to granulomatous inflammmation / direct cytotoxicity
Contact dermatitis
What is volume of distribution for a drug?
The amount of drug distributed across the body… in the blood, in the plasma and in the tissue.
Equation: Vd = F x Dose given / peak plasma concentration
F = bioavailability.
If finding the volume of distribution per Kg, just divide above answer by the weight of the individual
