ICS Missed Points

Question 1

Which toll like receptors are intracellular

Answer 1

3
7
8
9

Question 2

Which toll like receptors are extracellular

Answer 2

1
2
4
5
6

Question 3

What does TLR 2 detect

Answer 3

Lipoteichoic acid

Question 4

What does TLR 4 detect

Answer 4

LPS

Question 5

What TLR is expressed on B-cells

Answer 5

None
TLRs are expressed in the innate immunity
B-cells are a part of adaptive - they have antibodies as cell surface receptors

Question 6

What type of repeats do TLRs contain

Answer 6

All TLRs contain Leucine-rich repeats

Question 7

What is the action of beta lactam antibiotics

Answer 7

Act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial walls

Question 8

What type if bacteria is resistant to beta lactams and why

Answer 8

Mycoplasma - they lack a cell wall

Question 9

What are polymyxins

Answer 9

Type of antibiotic
Targets cell membrane of gram -ve bacteria

Question 10

Which drugs target folate synthesis

Answer 10

Sulfonamides +
Trimethoprim antibiotics (used in UTIs)

Question 11

What do macrolide antibiotics target

Answer 11

50S type ribosomal subunits

Question 12

What type of drug is dobutamine

Answer 12

B1 agonist

Question 13

Mechanism of action of dobutamine

Answer 13

B1 agonist

+ve inotrope —> increase heart contractility to then increase cardiac output

Question 14

Mechanism of action for B2 antagonist

Answer 14

Block action of B2 receptors(selectively / non-selectively)
Have a negative chronotropic + inotropic affects

Question 15

Give an example of A-1 antagonist and its mechanism of action

Answer 15

Doxazosin

Competitively inhibit the activation of alpha 1 receptors by norepinephrine —> so get vasodilation (as blood vessel contraction is inhibited)

Question 16

What is first line treatment for BPH

Answer 16

Alpha-1 antagonist

Doxazosin (like tamsulosin)

Question 17

What conditions can desmopressin analogue be used in

Answer 17

Conditions with low ADH production / secretion —> Neurogenic diabetes insipidus

Desmopressin can also help endothelial cells produce Von Willebrands factor so can be used in —> Von willebrands disease

Question 18

Give an example of Na+/K+ ATPase inhibitor

Answer 18

Digoxin

Blocks enzyme activity in the heart —> -ve chronotrope

Question 19

Which TLR detects flagella

Answer 19

TLR 5

F for Five
…
F for flagella

Question 20

What does TLR 9 detect

Answer 20

Unmethylated nucleotide motifs (CpG)

N for Not - methylated
…
N for 9

Question 21

What does TLR 7 detect

Answer 21

Single stranded RNA

S for Single stranded
…
S for 7

Question 22

Role of TLR 10

Answer 22

Specifically detects listeria and influenza A

Question 23

Which TLR is found on in rats / mice

Answer 23

TLR 11

Question 24

Key finding in blood and CSF during bacterial infection

Answer 24

Neutrophils

Question 25

Which cell types are more predominant in viral infection

Answer 25

T cells and b cells

Question 26

What are astrocytes

Answer 26

Glial cells - provide biochemical support to endothelial cells that form blood brain barrier
And provides nutrients to nervous tissues

Question 27

Describe the action of furosemide

Answer 27

Na+/k+/2Cl2- inhibitor

Works on ascending loop of Henle

Question 28

What type of diuretic is a thiazide

Answer 28

NaCl transport inhibitor

Works at distal convoluted tubule

Question 29

Describe type III hypersensitivity reaction

Answer 29

Systemic
Damage to tissues by deposition of antigen:antibody complexes (immune complexes)

Question 30

What type of hypersensitivity is SLE

Answer 30

TYPE III HYPERSENSITIVITY

Question 31

Describe type I hypersensitivity

Answer 31

Mast cell degranulation mediated by antigen - IgE
(allergic reaction - anaphylaxis)

Question 32

Describe type II hypersensitivity

Answer 32

IgM and IgG linkage to self-antigen on cell surface of tissues

Goodpastures syndrome
Autoimmune haemolytic anaemia

Question 33

Describe type IV hypersensitivity

Answer 33

T-cell mediated
Leads to granulomatous inflammmation / direct cytotoxicity

Contact dermatitis

Question 34

What is volume of distribution for a drug?

Answer 34

The amount of drug distributed across the body… in the blood, in the plasma and in the tissue.

Equation: Vd = F x Dose given / peak plasma concentration
F = bioavailability.
If finding the volume of distribution per Kg, just divide above answer by the weight of the individual