Iconoclasm, Politics & Religion, Medieval Theology

Question 1

the year 529 is something of a landmark in christian history there was a meeting in france called the ____ which dealt with ___

Answer 1

Synod of Orange
Pelagianism

in 529 the synod of bishops a Synod in orange criticized and completely disowned the salvation and salvation by works as the pelagians had been advertising

Question 2

now without going into great detail about it the Pelagian heresy was

Answer 2

a denial of salvation by grace alone so it was a very serious attack on biblical Christianity it stressed human free will and salvation as a cooperative endeavor between God and man. God supplies his grace and then the individual is at liberty to accept or reject that grace and if he accepts it then he will be able to work toward his salvation and receive credit for his good works along the way as a simplified version of the heresy It’s named after a british monk by the name of Pelagius and so the pelagian heresy fight

Question 3

before long somebody came along with a modified version of pelagianism called _____ in the ____ century, which asserted…

Answer 3

semi-pelagianism

the absolute necessity for god’s grace no one could work his way to heaven apart from god’s grace so god’s grace would really enabling power that that enabled people then to perform meritorious good works and enhance their opportunity for salvation in that that was in the 6th century

Question 4

In the 7th century, the Christian movement east and west was now being threatened by

Answer 4

islam became a very serious threat especially to the eastern part of the roman empire now remember the western part had collapsed by this time there is no longer an identifiable roman empire in the west
but constantinople held out for a long time in fact constantinople would not succumb to the conquest of the turks until 1453 about a thousand years longer than the empire in the west

Question 5

In ____ the Frankish tribe from the west inflicted an immense defeat upon the Muslims…

Answer 5

islam was a standing threat though both east and west but then in 732 the frankish tribe from the west inflicted a immense defeat upon the muslims the muslims at that time were overrunning spain and some of their forces spilled over into tour at southern france and the leader of the franks charles martel by name became the hero of the hour and his forces conclusively defeated the muslims at that point and preserve the christian culture of the west in in general

Question 6

In 717 _____ who is sometimes called ____ became the Roman Emperor at Constantinople and there at Constantinople there had developed ____.

Answer 6

Leo III
Leo the Isyrian
Caesaro-papism

Question 7

What is caesaro-papism?

Answer 7

notice that caesar first pope second well the fact the pope was probably a distant ninth by this time. In the east more and more the eastern patriarchs were having long-standing disagreements with rome about one issue or another and the emperor was far more influential in the church than the pope would have been he controlled the appointment of bishops for example the patriarchal bishop was responsible to the emperor rather than the pope and so an eastern church was moving toward independence from rome entirely

Question 8

What happened in 1054?

Answer 8

now that wouldn’t come until the last straw you might say was broken that was in the year 1054. in 1054 the east went its own way renouncing the papacy the pope excommunicated the patriarch of constantinople and the patriarch returned the favor by excommunicating the pope and whatever the patriarch or other bishops did in the east they were responsible ultimately to the emperor who was the head of the church as well as the state that has a long history behind it it goes back to the emperor constantine the first roman emperor to accept the christian faith and what he did he made himself the protector of the church and supporter of the church but at the same time he was not going to be manipulated by the pope or anybody else
but it but the western relationship of church and state did not develop so thoroughly as the eastern one did at least not toward cesaro papism

Question 9

Name 5 things Justinian I did.

Answer 9

1. he protected the church he defined its teachings and he prosecuted people who committed heresy
2. he closed pagan schools in athens and other places
3. he destroyed pagan temples in egypt
4. and persecuted the samaritans in palestine
5. he’s mainly remembered though for his legal mind he collected roman law and subjected it to a thorough analysis and arrangement which became known as the code justinian the code of justinian and it was destined to have a very long stretch of influence in fact almost all these legal systems of western nations show the evidence of that of the durability of the code justinian

Question 10

In Justinian’s code, he included an affirmation of _______ and prescribed __________ for those who would not conform to his code. It forbid the inhumane treatment of ________ and became….

Answer 10

Christianity
penalties
slaves
basis for criminal and civil law in most of Europe

Question 11

justinian was generous toward the church and he spent money to erect some magnificent church buildings the most famous of these is still standing…

Answer 11

hagia sophia the holy wisdom hagia sophia it is no longer a church it’s now a muslim museum for a long time it was a mosque but now it’s a muslim museum what was its name as a mosque it had a different name right i’m sorry it had a different name as a mosque didn’t it oh yes i don’t remember what the name is actually they changed the status of fabia sofia two months ago it’s most again oh okay let’s hear that again they changed the status of aguilla sofia a few months ago and it’s mosque again oh that’s right yeah yes thank you that’s right and it was in the news not long ago right it became a a mosque once again yes it’s a magnificent structure and all the tourists flock there when they go to visit constantinople which is no longer constantinople but istanbul

Question 12

all right so each of the a as a consequence of a variety of tensions some doctrinal issues a lot of arguments about authority the eastern church divided into four other churches well for three other churches…

Answer 12

the first one was constantinople that’s obvious the second was alexandria in egypt the third was antioch in syria and the fourth was jerusalem these are the four patriarch gates in the east and they operate with a great deal of autonomy they weren’t really legally independent of one another although that would be coming in the future but they certainly were acting in an autonomous fashion that happened after the great schism or before all before okay but the great scissors 10 54 we’ll get to it and it was quite picturesque a front uh chin to chins uh standoff between the pope’s emissary and the patriarch

Question 13

all right Leo III as i said became emperor at the in the east in 717 he ruled in a manner which is _________ and he became concerned about _____________

Answer 13

thoroughly authoritarian to the church as well as the state

a practice that he was convinced was leading to idolatry idolatry in the eastern church
well here’s what it was there for a long time the church had been decorating its sanctuaries with statuary paintings stained glass windows with pictures on it and all of these things he said were superstitions and they ought to be abolished now the greek word for these items is icons people that that words come into english now we hear it every day any more icon so and so is the icon in this in the sports world or icon in the entertainment world whatever well he used the term icon to describe those things

Question 14

Why did the monks want to preserve icons and the emperor want to get rid of them?

Answer 14

for the most part the monks in the eastern church were the ones who produced those images and sometimes they sold them at a very nice price and so the monks had a vested interest in preserving the use of icons whereas the emperor was resolved to eliminate them if he could when the emperor tried to abolish the use of images entirely this led a lot of people to be very unhappy great disturbances occurred public demonstrations in fact in some cases open riots agitated by unhappy monks this is rare rare that the church leaders ever confronted the emperor like that so it was a very serious issue
but emperor leo iii maintained that the use of icons in religion violates the second commandment which says you shall not make unto yourselves any graven image

Question 15

What happened with the patriarch of Constantinople during the iconclast controversy?

Answer 15

now the patriarch of constantinople found himself now opposing his own emperor on this issue and it was a dangerous thing to do eventually some soldiers raided the homes of icon holders and the people resented that because their idols were being taken away from them and they resisted violently so there’s a serious situation developing
the patriarch when he became allowed in his opposition to the imperial policy the patriarch was deposed the emperor said out with you

Question 16

How did the west look at the iconoclast controversy?

Answer 16

while this was happening in the east there were two popes in succession in the west Gregory II and Gregory III now both of those popes knew about the image problem the icon problem in the east and they denounced the emperor for pursuing that policy they said it is not idolatry and in all fairness to the issue to the people involved in the issue keep in mind that by that time by the eighth century i still a large majority of europeans east and west could not read they were still illiterate and so the church in the west was the first one to introduce the use of icons and it didn’t cause a great uproar in the west when it did in the east and the idea because behind the icons was here are people who cannot understand the written text of the bible or the church liturgy or any such thing we need to instruct them in the faith and we’ll give them pictures to do it whether they’re statuary or paintings or whatever but pictures all called icons so it was a harmless intention behind it but the problem was that after a while it was evident that many ignorant people were now worshiping the icons instead of being taught the lesson they needed to learn they were now practicing outright idolatry and they didn’t even know it and it was that problem was more pronounced in the east where the emperor was taking the policy into his own hands yeah this time where the services whatever you want to call it mass or whatever held in the common tongue still or were they latin in the east greek of the west and was that what most people spoke or was that already to the point well that’s a good point because uh the latin language in the west was being supplanted by languages derived from it and then mingled with native dialects and so most of the people had a spoken language which really was not pure latin by any means it was getting farther and farther away from that and so the problem was the bible was available in latin but they couldn’t read it they couldn’t read any language they could converse with one another in their native tongue but they couldn’t put it on paper so like even the preaching they wouldn’t have been able to understand defend it some of the priests did obtain a substantial education most of them were monks because the monasteries kept alive the practice of literacy and they even operated some monastic schools as we shall see but they could educate only a fraction of the people most of the priests would not have the equivalent of what you and i would call a high school education not not nearly and some of them are outright illiterate and so what they do i’ll give you an example this happened back in the 20th century i knew a missionary who was working in alaska and he said when he arrived in alaska he realized that the russian orthodox church had a mission there where he was going to work so he decided he’d try to get acquainted with a priest there and he he wandered into the russian church and there was a free start celebrating the liturgy problem was he had a manual called a missile missile was a sort of a prayer book with the liturgy of the church in it and he was going on a in russian but the problem was that booking had he had it upside down and he didn’t know it was upside down because he couldn’t read any language yeah that’s an extreme situation that was not common but it did happen so you can see it’s a serious matter

Question 17

Who was John of Damascus? Who were the two sides in the icon controversy?

Answer 17

after all the controversy brought into the public eye a teacher and theologian named John of Damascus john damascene or john of damascus an 8th century figure he later became a very influential theologian in constantinople and he supported the use of icons and his position triumphed at a council of the church the eastern church the count is called the second council of nicaea the first council of nicaea was in 325 so this is much later second council of nicaea in 787 and there at this council the government withdrew its program of against the iconic land or against the icon icono files the iconophiles were the people who loved the icons that wanted to preserve them the iconoclasts were the ones who want to destroy the icons and they did

well leo iii who had initiated all this controversy died in 741 and after he died the following emperors were not nearly so zealous to promote iconoclasm many monks bishops and hierarchs in the west hailed the decision of charlemagne there when he said that the finding of the second council although it was in the east applied to the west as well and he said he thereafter would support that policy of preserving the icons the turmoil about the icons agitated agitated the church and the state of constantinople through the reigns of several monarchs john Damascene’s work as a theologian in this matter and his formulation of orthodox doctrine for the east in general established the teaching of the greek church and the greek church is still separate from rome and it still shows the evidence of john davisone’s contribution so he would be regarded as one of the foremost fathers of what’s now called the greek orthodox church you may know that in downtown greenville there’s a very beautiful saint george’s greek orthodox church and i’ve been in there for a service one time i was curious i went in and beautiful place in there and the the liturgy of that church recites it in english now it shows beyond doubt that the greek orthodox church has moved farther and farther away from the biblical roots with which it began and in particular the greek theology we want to call it that was a frontal rejection of the works of paul and augustine now they did never publicly announce paul or augustine where they chose to to ignore their teaching in some ways and for paul and augustine the matter of salvation was pure and simple so la grace alone that’s the means of our salvation but you won’t find that teaching in the greek church or other eastern orthodox churches most of the great greek theologians writing after john damascene died were producing commentaries on his work he wrote a systematic theology which he entitled the fountain the fountain of knowledge founded of knowledge that was his major work but he produced many other things too preached a lot of sermons some of which have been preserved the iconoclastic controversy reflects a very deep dispute between church and state the emperor’s image had been the subject of veneration for a long time and sometimes when in the eastern church when the people held a religious procession they would carry icons in the procession and one of the icons was the image of the reigning emperor himself yeah in fact in the end when the emperor went by the emperor’s icon went by the throngs on the sides of the street would holler bless it is he who comes in the name of the lord that was the emperor as statues adorn the city and its environs in fact that didn’t even seem to bother the pope at the time and the pope that had an emperor of the eastern had an icon of the eastern emperor in the lateran palace in rome the statutes of constantine received great veneration because he was the one who gave christianity legal standing

Question 18

Did Constantine make Christianity the state religion?

Answer 18

incidentally stop right there for a moment if you haven’t seen it before you will eventually see it somebody writes a book or an article who extend expounds on constant so here is the man who made christianity the roman state religion don’t you believe it he did not he made it one legal religion among many the pagan religions had the same rights and privileges as the christian it was not until emperor theodosius later theodosius ii was the one who actually made christianity the state religion in the west then the use of images did become increasingly idolatrous the emperor constantinople claimed to be the vicar of christ and it’s clear he viewed the church as an arm of the state and he subjected the church to the authority of the state and he met with bishops in a sort of synod of bishops but the whole affair was something orchestrated by the emperor himself and the big issue was he wanted the church officially to declare him the 13th apostle this and he wondered there was a lot of agitation going on

Question 19

What is the iconostasis?

Answer 19

now today orthodox believers greek believers or other orthodox believers when they enter the church they go first to a section of the wall called the icano icono stasis the icono sasses it’s a series of icons in fact the sanctuary is very heavily decorated with this and when people come in they first of all before they would take a seat in the church they said they go to the icon of stasis and they kiss each of the icons and say a prayer as they do so so it is truly idolatrous practice

Question 20

What does the feast of orthodoxy commemorate?

Answer 20

each year the orthodox church greek or otherwise celebrates something called the feast of orthodoxy it commemorates the triumph of the iconophiles the lovers of icons over the iconic class the production of icons is still today the work of bugs and they work in teams and they deliberately leave their paintings and statuary unsigned as a christian duty of humility icons they say provide windows into heaven from which the beings in heaven can manifest themselves to believers on earth some icons they claim are the works of christ himself many of them are the works of recognized and canonized saints of the church on one occasion the claim is that the virgin mary appeared in a church building and left an icon behind as proof of her visit and through the incarnation they claim god produced the perfect icon of himself and that is jesus christ and so if jesus christ is an icon then of course icons are not evil

the orthodox monasteries have often tried to erect their buildings where somebody made a report of a miraculous vision of someone from the other world who brought his icon down for federation well that controversy has been resolved to the satisfaction of the people involved in it now and they resolutely deny there is now or has not ever been any idolatry

Question 21

How does eastern missionary work compare with western?

Answer 21

now how about missionary work we’ve dealt extensively with the missionary work of the western or latin church which is very very impressive at the time went far and wide hundreds of people involved in this practice and in the east there were some missionary work at the early stage but it really didn’t endure on that level very long the patriarchs did at one time appoint officials called directors of missions so there was some organized effort especially among the slavic people of eastern europe and some of the slavic christians there served serve in the imperial army and that’s what brought them into the church when they enlisted in the army

Question 22

that’s what we have in romanism and eastern orthodoxy two vast large movements which are really given over to the priority of…

Answer 22

sacramental worship rather than preaching was becoming ever more prominent in both the east and the west and today that’s what we have in romanism and eastern orthodoxy two vast large movements which are really given over to the priority of the sacraments rather than the word of god in fact an ordinary daily mass in the roman church today there is very seldom any preaching at all it’s all ceremony focused on the altar where the transubstantiation of bread and wine is presumed to occur

Question 23

What was the condition of Christendom in the 9th century?

Answer 23

well we’ve gotten up now to about the opening of the 9th century so let’s make some observations about the condition of christendom in that era as i’ve been saying now if you compare the east and the west the comparison is very startling or very substantial in some ways by about 800 cesaro papism had taken a heavy toll in the east and little missionary spirit was it evident any longer and there were a variety of political and military threats confronted the eastern empire they came from persia and arabia and other countries that succumbed to succumb to islam in the west though the roman empire was no more but most of the barbarians in the west had been converted to at least to the degree that they were nominal adherence to christianity and usually that was in response to the preaching of evangelists evangelic evangelistic monks in ireland and england and gold germany and so forth although there was a church state connection in the west it was never so complete as it was in the east and so therefore the church state connection in the west did not have the effect of almost immobilizing the church and making it a department of the state the way that happened at constantinople

Question 24

in doctrinal matters the eastern theologians had not given a lot of attention to anthropological and soteriological issues such as pelagianism and semi-pelagianism the eastern leaders were more interested in…

Answer 24

what they said were the practical questions concerning with self concerning with salvation and eastern theologians were far more interested in those strange christian doctrines where they could apply greek philosophy and speculation such as the creation of the universe and the trinity of the godhead those subjects seem to attract the eastern thinkers far more than the western thinkers who are interested no end in saturiology and so greek theology took its character largely from greek philosophy latin theology from the works of augustine and then of course others who came later eventually thomas aquinas

Question 25

How was monasticism in the east different?

Answer 25

another major difference in east and west appears in their respective monastic establishments the monasticism of the east was decidedly mystical in character it stressed severe asceticism asceticism means self-denial punishing the body to cultivate the health of the soul that's what they said eastern monks therefore when they entered the monastery were without reservation committed to winning their own salvation by depriving themselves of the ordinary comforts of life and going out outside the monastery and spreading the faith was a very distant secondary consideration in the west however that was not the case western monks were in the vanguard of catholic expansion and they became the primary institute instruments of evangelistic outreach by 1800 western monasticism was vigorous indeed it was flourishing while that of the east was stagnant as the eastern church in general was stagnant yet in some of his practices the eastern church was more faithful maybe than the western church

Question 26

Name examples of sectarianism in the east and what happened in the west.

Answer 26

sectarianism was another feature of the east which had no counterpart in the west in the east the speculative theologians disputed among themselves and in so doing they sapped a lot of the energy out of the eastern church and disputes about obscure issues cause divisions which really ought not to have occurred but they did and because of that even some of the eastern churches not only renounce the papacy but they renounced the bishop of constantinople as well give you some example in egypt there is still today a coptic church the coptic language is used for liturgical purposes and the priests will read the text of the liturgy and then translate it for the people who don't know the coptic tongue and not many people do so there are what we call coptic churches in syria there are what are called jacobite churches and ethiopia has her own orthodox church eritrea does as well so all these are separate churches now with their own hierarchy in fact some of them even have officials they call popes yeah it's not not a widespread practice but it does happen in the west however no such massive sectarianism developed there were challenges from various heretical groups but the roman church latin church was able to withstand them to rebuke them and sometimes with the aid of sympathetic civil governments they were able to crush them

Question 27

Probaby the most stubborn of the problems confronting the western church was ________. Explain this.

Answer 27

probably the most stubborn of the problems confronting the western church was aryanism now this takes us all the way back to saint augustine's time arius was his name aries was a rationalistic thinker a a monk who thought that it was wrong to to present the christian message as the message from jesus christ the god-man jesus christ was the son of god but not god the son that that in a nutshell was the aryan view and the arians magnified the irrationality of believing one equals three or three equals one and so they were outspoken then in defiance of this teaching now the western church produced some thinkers who try to defend the trinitarian fame and to do so and try to meet the the heretics on their own ground and argue fro m philosophy as well as theology but the western church was able to withstand that and as a consequence the western church was well united and well organized and very assertive at the same time the eastern church was becoming stagnant and even decadent

Question 28

In Western Europe, the Roman Catholic church as we now call it by the year _____ was the wealthiest organization on the scene in any country. Explain this.

Answer 28

in western europe the roman catholic church as we now call it by the year 800 was the wealthiest organization on the scene in any western european country mainly it had revenue derived from very valuable properties then of course it was entitled to collect tithes from its members and fees for various church services so for example if people wanted to marry in the church there's a fee for weddings there's a fee for funerals there was a fee for masses for the dead and so the church was very very wealthy

Question 29

What was the coptic attitude toward Orthodox Christians?

Answer 29

the coptic church that i mentioned still has a following in egypt about 10% of the population it's about 10% of the population this body in egypt the coptic church separated from the orthodox greek church in egypt and chose its own patriarch as an act of defiance the cops (as they’re called) called the orthodox church members melkites from the hebrew word melech is the hebrew word for king and so the cops ridiculed the orthodox people because they said the orthodox people were stooges to the emperor they were melkites they were followers who had submitted simply to melech the king

Question 30

When did the coptic church in egypt gain freedom of religion? Why?

Answer 30

the muslims when they appeared in egypt [Music] receives a strange welcome from some people um more than more than a a minority a small majority of egyptians at first turned to the muslims as liberators and they joined in persecuting fellow egyptians who would not comply and a large number of the coptic people who were unfaithful did become muslims and believe it or not, it would not be until 1841 1841 when the cops gained official toleration in egypt by that time the country was overwhelmingly muslim well you wouldn't quite wonder why in 1841 did the government in egypt allow for toleration that's because by that time great britain has moved into egypt and a good bit of egypt was subject to british rule and the british demanded freedom of religion for everybody

Question 31

What is the coptic language?

Answer 31

the coptic language is a combination of egyptian greek and arabic terms it's now just a liturgical language only the priests can read it and translate it for their congregations

Question 32

another evidence of sectarianism in the east was the development of an armenian church, explain that.

Answer 32

another evidence of sectarianism in the east was the development of an armenian church now not armenian armenian the armenian church it originated in persia until the persian government began persecuted and then the armenians began fleeing for their lives they while they were still in persia they were not at all inclined to accept the ancient persian religion called zoroastrianism and when the byzantine empire of the eastern empire conquered a portion of persia the armenians armenians were faced with an attempt to make them conform to the orthodox greek church when the muslims conquered them the armenians were subjected to cruel repression at times

Question 33

What was the error of the Armenian church and what was its influence?

Answer 33

the error of the armenian christians was that they they had a following that found the teachings of nestorius very appealing nestorius was a 7th century heretic who was involved in a teaching which like arianism denied the eternal and essential deity of christ Nestorian missionaries were very active for a while some of them spread as far east as china where they are their descendants remain today suffering persecution at the hands of the communist government

Question 34

While the western church was succeeding in the conversion of Germanic barbarians, what was happening in the east?

Answer 34

as islam spread over central asia the muslim place more and more restrictions upon christians of any stripe so while the western church was succeeding in the conversion of germanic barbarians the eastern church was losing ground to islam

Question 35

What is the situation for Christianity in North Africa? What about Judaism?

Answer 35

muslims expansion all but annihilated the church in north africa so that if you go today to egypt you find about 10 of the people profess christianity in some version or other and there is an evangelical church in egypt today too it's not tiny i think the figure i read was about 300 000 members so what not not tiny but they're not very aggressive not very expansionary so if you go in egypt and cross along the rim of north africa get all the way out to morocco on the western side you'll encounter almost no trace of christianity or judaism either although there are a few places in North Africa where judaism has made some progress for when the jews were chased out of spain in the 15th century 1492 the last muslim and jewish people who would not convert had to leave spain but the situation there was such that people missionaries were never welcome in that region when it was so-called christian it was connected to the eastern church rather than the western church although saint augustine was born in north africa but he made his mark as a scholar and theologian first in italy and then went back to north africa and then came the avalanche of muslims from the east going west and inflicting great damage as they went

Question 36

What very bold thing did the eastern empire claim in 843?

Answer 36

in the west the emperors who rule and kings who ruled there after the collapse of the roman empire in the west those rulers sometimes antagonize the papacy and there are heated arguments back and forth at times when the pope's excommunicated civil rulers that happen in 1843 the eastern empire did a very bold thing it claimed the city of rome itself and the surrounding papal territory as a thief - a feudal thief - subject to imperial authority well making the claim was one thing and forcing it was another and nobody in the west is going to roll over and play dead for that but it shows you how ambitious the eastern rulers were at times

Question 37

What date is usually assigned to the conversion of the Franks? What tradition was established?

Answer 37

when the conversion of the franks took place at the end of the - well 496 is the date usually assigned to it - when the conversion of the franks occurred this established a tradition of collaboration and mutual support between the kings of the franks and the pope in rome

Question 38

this continued throughout the middle ages in a very irregular pattern sometimes the relations between the franks and the popes were very hostile other times that are very cordial a high point in the collaboration occurred when...

Answer 38

charlemagne who was king of the franks became charlemagne emperor of the romans

Question 39

How did Charlemagne become Holy Roman Emperor?

Answer 39

here's how it happened the papal states in central italy were in terrible jeopardy the barbarian tribes were assaulting it stealing slices of territory and the pope appeared to be helpless he was frightened as he called upon the king of the franks to come to his aid and charlemagne did he sent a large large army into italy that defeated the barbarians drove them out and saved the territory of the pope the pope was delighted of course and on christmas day in the year 800 there was going to be a big celebration centered in rome and featuring a special mass to thank god for salvation from the barbarians and among those who gathered there for worship was charlemagne himself the charlemagne is the name we give him today but his real name was Karl der Große. he was a german the franks were dramatic people and so the name has had a significant change but everybody now seems to call him charlemagne and he was kneeling in prayer when suddenly the pope got up walked over and on the kneeling king of the franks he placed a crown and said i hail thee emperor of the romans

Question 40

What was Charlemagne's German name?

Answer 40

Karl der Große

Question 41

Why was the anointing of Charlemagne as Holy Roman Emperor such an occasion for speculation?

Answer 41

well that's become the occasion for a lot of speculation what did he mean by that your emperor of the romans but there was no longer a roman empire had not been one for centuries and it collapsed long ago how could he be emperor of the romans if there is no roman state any longer italy was broken up into dozens of principalities free cities feudal territories up and down well

Question 42

Was Charlemagne pleased to be Holy Roman Emperor?

Answer 42

charlemagne nevertheless was embarrassed by the whole care fair because charlemine was a very tough-minded self-centered person he didn't play second fiddle to anybody even the pope and when the pope put the crowd upon his head it's evidence that charlemagne was really not pleased you could see the whole thing seemed to happen to be a farce and it gave the wrong impression there was the king kneeling before the pope receiving a crown so what's the lesson there i the pope up here crowned you down there emperor of the romans so who's really on top the pope is on top of course and charlemagne could not have been delighted with that because he never wanted to give the impression he was anybody stooge and that included the pope

Question 43

By what year did Charlemagne conquer the Saxons? How were the Saxons 'converted'?

Answer 43

charlemont was however a sincere adherent to roman catholicism he conquered the saxons by the year 804 and then forced christianity upon them at the point of a sword this was a reflection of his two-fold concern one was his devotion to political power and the second one his devotion to the catholic church but his political ambition was his primary concern

Question 44

How did Charlemagne reveal his concern for the doctrinal integrity of the church?

Answer 44

it could now be argued though that in some ways anyhow that the roman empire had been brought back into existence by this deed of crowning and emperor mutual support of our pope and emperor made it appear the church and state were now united in a single desire to advance the kingdom of god charlemagne revealed his concern for the doctrinal integrity of the church and when some spanish bishops were found to be adopting and espousing a teaching known as adoptionism that led to having them condemned charlemont had them condemned and a synod of bishops and he thereafter appointed bishops himself and

Question 45

What was adoptionism?

Answer 45

adoptionism requires a little explanation remember when jesus was baptized a voice from heaven said what say what this is my son with whom i am well pleased yes this is my son with whom i am well pleased the voice of the father spoke from heaven and he thereby adopted the human jesus into the divine family well that is not biblical teaching that is serious heresy but the spanish bishops were attracted to it and when they did not relent charlemagne led the way in having them condemned for heresy and replaced with bishops of charlemine's own choosing he did the same thing with the abbots of the monastery

Question 46

To assure support for the catholic clergy, Charlemagne imposed...

Answer 46

the full establishment of tithes ties were always requirements but often there were requirements that people did not observe they ignored them but now he made it mandatory and he threatened people who refused to pay their tithes

Question 47

What were 3 things which were compelled on people by Charlemagne?

Answer 47

in order to compel obedience to the laws of the church he decreed the death penalty for some offenses such as eating meat and lent when is lent we'll be there soon right now yeah let is 40 days before easter that is the season of lent it's in the calendar of the roman church and some other churches it is identified as a holy day a holy week and during that holy week the people are supposed to fast in particular in charlemine's day this meant avoid eating meat for 40 days now much later the catholic church narrowed that to eating no meat on friday which is the traditional day of the crucifixion now what the what the the avoidance of meat had to do with the crucifixion escapes me i'm sorry i do not understand well under charlemine compulsion in religious matters became common uniform rights and even uniform patterns of prayer were imposed in the churches baptism became viewed as a magical means to cleanse from sin and everyone was required to submit to baptism

Question 48

How did clergy deliver sermons during Charlemagne's time?

Answer 48

preaching declined in quality and prominence often clergymen read sermons which had survived from the ancient church fathers because they did not know how to compose sermons on their own

Question 49

The clergy became what during Charlemagne's time? What was the cult of saints?

Answer 49

the clergy had become the elite and there was a cult of saints which was highly developed the virgin mary was most prominent of them but a whole host of others until every day in the calendar year was denominated as a saints day on some days there are more than one the authorities then called upon the civil rulers and the civil rulers responded by imposing religion upon people who were disobedient to the church

Question 50

What one thing of great value did Charlemagne do?

Answer 50

now through his one thing charlemagne did of great value he established a palace school he realized how pitifully ignorant most of the clergy were and to try to overcome that he endowed a school at a place called isla chappelle and he fostered the education of the clergy by bringing in celebrated scholars even from a distance one he employed of great value great ability was Alcuin of York and England he established and expanded so uh schools and libraries many times the libraries were connected with monasteries now by the time he was he had died off when he died the territory we know will know as france was in a greatly improved condition educationally organizationally and in matters of discipline greatly greatly approved the carloma and charlemine deserves credit for paying the expenses of this

Question 51

Name 3 scholars Charlemagne brought in in connection with this so-called Carolingian Renaissance?

Answer 51

and bringing Alcuin from england and he also brought paul the lombard in italy who was a historian who wrote a chronicle of his own people and then another italian scholar peter apisa skillful barbarian but of the the great names we cite the connection with this so-called Carolingian renaissance a renaissance due to charlemagne the third renaissance means rebirth and i think what happened there in the frankish kingdom was evidence of a revival of learning but restricted only to the franks and the wrong people and as a consequence calling it a renaissance i think is somewhat of an exaggeration but an improvement in learning that's for sure

Question 52

What was Alcuin's influence?

Answer 52

Alcuin exerted great influence upon Charlemagne and he encouraged the ruler to expand his educational activities and the clergy were the principal beneficiaries of this so-called renaissance almost every monastery had a special room called the scriptorium from which we get our term scripture of course scriptorium and the scriptorium was a place where monks studied and wrote and copied they copied ancient manuscripts and fed many evil ones as well they copied the bible again and again and again in latin it was the latin vulgate version which have been adopted in the fifth century

Question 53

What developed out of the scriptorium during the carolingian period?

Answer 53

so out of the scriptorium there developed a new style of handwriting called carolingian miniscule carolingian miniscule it was a greatly improved style of handwriting that made the written material much more legible and it forms the basis for our modern script in european and english languages

Question 54

What did Charlemagne accomplish by going to war?

Answer 54

charlemagne when he went to war was intent upon not only defeating his rivals but compelling them to submit to catholicism as well with the wealth he plundered from his victories on the battlefield he endowed more monasteries so more monks and priests could go to the scriptorium and learn their lessons it was important to note that among the things taught there was the greek language the greek language had just about disappeared in western europe almost vanished with the passage of time rome became more and more latin constantinople more and more greek and the cleavage between them was wide but the so-called renaissance brought manuscript copying into a more uniform script and therefore much easier to read

Question 55

when charlemagne died he left his crown in the hands of

Answer 55

his son louis now that's l-o-u-i-s but the french pronounced it louis and so louis the pious as he was known for he was a very deeply religious person he in fact became a co-emperor with his father that when his father died the crown reverted to louis when louis the pious became king it was year 8 40 when that happened his father died and he took over and then

Question 56

Who ruled the three areas into which the carolingian empire was divided?

Answer 56

when he died the carolingian empire was divided into three and i have a map here to show you that that's the wrong rack this one here okay there you can see it divided into three separate kingdoms and this decision to do it came because they quarreled so badly about the in succession and they finally gave up quarreling he decided to make a peaceful settlement so there's the three where charles the bald world-headed man louis the german and lothar and so they divided the kingdom in those three ways and that brought peace in the family at least but not a great deal more than that and that accounts for the separation of france and germany now remember the franks were germanic people but the germanic element was stunted while the frankish well the latin element prospered this show is very clear isn't it i don't know why i don't use a screen we have one right here let's try it right there that's better okay they're good enough to shoot me though

Question 57

all right now during this time there was the roman empire which was long gone the holy roman empire was not holy was not roman was not an empire that existed only on paper and only in the minds of some people instead what was happening across almost all of europe

Answer 57

was fragmentation the old roman authority was extensive it was under central direction coming from rome itself but that was all gone now and battles after battle occurred as as noble lords especially scrambled across the country looking for territory they could control and they did get a lot of territory that way germany for example by this time had more than 300 identifiable states some of them so tiny has to never merit inclusion on a map they were that small

Question 58

What happened as a result of the division by Louis's 3 quarrelling sons?

Answer 58

and the three quarreling sons of louis made this division that weakened central government from within at the very time of serious threats are coming from without a variety of barbarian forces arrived on the scene saracens slavs magyars vikings all invaded almost all at the same time and so the situation in europe was poor and getting poorer

Question 59

What was good about Charlemagne?

Answer 59

with the passage of time while charlemagne ruled the franks he was a very tough-minded very insistent leader and very competent leader his morality leaves something to be desired that's for sure but nevertheless he was a faithful churchman maybe not a christian but a faithful a devoted christmas christian devoted churchman yeah he voted yourself and his endeavors in education promoted promoted the liberal arts and even the study of scripture

Question 60

Toward the end of his life, what did Alcuin begin to think and what did he urge Charlemagne to do?

Answer 60

but toward the end of his life Alcuin did something strange Alcuin who had led the so-called carolingian renaissance now had second thoughts he began to worry that too much education particularly in ancient pagan literature would have harmful effects upon the church by leading to false teaching and and a false philosophy pagan philosophy so out when and lost enthusiasm for the so-called renaissance some time before he passed from the scene he opposed Alcuin and opposed forced conversions and he urged Charlemagne to send missionaries to evangelize the pagan saxons rather than sending soldiers there to kill them and

Question 61

How was baptism treated under Charlemagne?

Answer 61

the monarch agreed to send missionaries but only after his army first subdued the saxons and that meant a huge amount of bloodshed most of the saxon chiefs eventually did accept baptism but baptism was really just a formality as far as most of them were concerned they wanted to escape the wrath of charlemine that was one way to do it be baptized and get a hundred or fifty or a thousand other people to be baptized at the same time the roman church of the middle ages developed that attitude a baptized person is a christian right then and there because of baptismal regeneration baptism regenerates the souls of people who were dead in sin and now they're alive and now they have the ability and desire to do good things or at least that was the principle it didn't work in many cases so in this case then the saxons did not remain compliant charlemagne lost patience with them and decreed death penalty for anyone to refuse baptism or anyone who violated the canon laws of the church

Question 62

What are the canon laws?

Answer 62

now when i say canon laws make sure you spell it right c-a-n-o-n it's not c-a-n-n-o-n it's not the rule the law of the gun barrel it's the cannon law and that's still they're still kind of the law of the catholic church and rarely people hear about it anymore but there are very many volumes of canon law to which scholars examine for some time

Question 63

One day when Charlemagne was furiously angry with his enemies, he sent an army to what's now the French city of _________ and their duty was to punish the people there for refusing _______. The Saxons wanted ________ and Charlemagne's answer was ________.. When he had finished...

Answer 63

``` Verdun baptism freedom of religion 4,500 people beheaded in a single day when he was finished the sharp line of division by this time had appeared between germany and france as a result of the partition among the sons of louis the pious and a large number of feudal entities developed in that territory ```

Question 64

Explain feudalism in the carolingian period.

Answer 64

now let's take a moment and explain feudal f-e-u-d-a-l feudal-ism when the roman empire collapsed in the west there was no central authority to put it back together the only really efficient working central authority was the catholic church as the power of the pope grew substantially so in the absence of working political powers the cities and the states and the rural areas all began thinking about themselves about exercising their own government and they did and so I’ll give you an example in germany i'll put this up again all right now (on whiteboard) say this this guy was the king of hungary he was a king of hungary and under him there were dukes counts by counts and this is a system then where there are levels of authority and prestige with the king always at the top but the king was always in need of help because he didn't have nearly enough resources to act as a monarch would in a major war and territory had become scarce because everybody wanted it commerce was declining and so therefore land was becoming the principal form of value so there are land fights all the time on local levels and sometimes bigger than that and so here says another duke over here and earl over here and these people would make agreements covenants among themselves and the king then would try to align with a duke here or an earl over there or someplace and if he were successful in getting an agreement that would enhance the king's power and with his power become an improved prestige but he could lose everything as quickly as he gained it because the lower people on the totem pole of nobility were sometimes stronger than the king himself and they realized their own strength and they fought against the king who might be applying for their alliance

Question 65

What was warfare like during the Carolingian period?

Answer 65

warfare then became very very common but it was a warfare of a very limited scope two little principalities would fight each other or two or three would fight whatever the case may be but the armies were small and so the casualties were relatively few but the population of europe was low was low as well so feudal society then was going to be the pattern of political social and economic arrangement now for the foreseeable future warfare could not be stopped

Question 66

Augustine of Hippo taught that war could be waged rightly only by

Answer 66

the auspices of the state private warfare was never justified it is always evil and must be avoided that was augustine's teaching

Question 67

Now that the Roman State was no more in existence, private warfare raged on and on and on. The church tried to moderate it if possible. How?

Answer 67

and one of the devices the church used was something called the truce of god here's how it worked everybody knows from the church calendar there are holy days and on holy days there must be no fighting that would be wickedly sinful to fight on holy days and so the church sternly for about everyone from taking arms and fighting shedding blood on a holy day well which was the first holy day they had in mind well sunday sunday the holy sabbath day there should be never never be any funny any fighting on sunday and for a while in the feudal hierarchy the princess and dukes and so forth seemed to give attention to this they were glad to get the relief that came from a day without fighting but then somebody got the right idea that it would be nice if we could enlarge this policy because if if the holy day is sunday don't we have other holy days too and one proposal was well let's consider the sabbath from sundown friday to sunrise monday morning and there'd be fewer casualties then because there'd be less fighting good but then remember too there are holy seasons of the year lent 40 days before easter no fighting for 40 days hey everybody could take a holiday or and 40 days before christmas known as what advent that's right another holy season and the problem was the church got too ambitious began demanding com appliance with his laws and the truths of god became a laughingstock

Question 68

What were the papal states like during the carolingian period?

Answer 68

and so the the folks then realized that if they're going to have any authority over the bloody warfare in europe and the popes themselves would have to take the lead they could not depend upon civil authority in italy the popes ruled substantial territory of their own this is known by various titles most commonly refer to it as the papal states this is territory in and around the city of rome about a fourth of the italian peninsula was subject politically to the pope so the pope was king in the papal states just as the king of hungary was had his territory and the king of the franks had his etc so this being the case the church was still trying to moderate the furious bloodshed taking place and that the papal states themselves should have been immune or exempt from any kind of attack because after all the holiest person on earth was there his holiness the pope but it's amazing how little respect some people had for his holiness in fact in some cases his holiness with anything but holy some of them were is unscrupulous tyrants anyhow the papal states contain some very valuable minerals and therefore the pope derives substantial income from the papal states the peasants who work there worked for the pope and land was the most important form of wealth now so those estates which were in the territory of the pub were a major asset a major financial asset to the roman papacy elsewhere the bishops often held large lands as members of the feudal hierarchy so some of the states were ruled by religious lords others by secular lords the popes tried to keep the bishops loyal to rome and the roman catholic church was the only truly central form of government in europe at the time

Question 69

Why did the popes agree that some reform was necessary? Which two ecclesiastical organizations were created?

Answer 69

so the situation politically socially economically was altogether different than had been under the roman empire the roman empire was a well-organized centrally governed power but that was gone now and going forever so the papacy was the symbol of order in a fragmented world and popes took the measures took measures to make the government of the church efficient and secure now i say that i don't mean to limit the government of the church to the papal states pope should try to set an example by reforming the administration of the papal states and then hope that other countries would replicate that but anyhow the uh the church needed internal reorganization and some of the more perceptive popes looked at the condition of the church and its lands and lands that were being lost to time to thievery from other lords second and lords and for that reason the popes agreed that some plan of reform was necessary and this brought into being two entirely new ecclesiastical organizations one is called the college of cardinals another is called the papal curia that's c-u-r-i-a it's a latin term for court c-u-r-i-a so the curology of cardinals and their papal curia made their debut

Question 70

What is the college of cardinals?

Answer 70

``` now at this time around the 9th the 10th and 11th centuries in earlier times the bishops of rome were nominated by the clergy of rome and then elected by the so-called people now we have to be careful that term people anytime a politician tells you he's going to do something for the people demand a definition because they never mean everybody never they mean the political people the people who matter to them that's what what they mean it wasn't any different in the middle ages folks leo first and gregory first had become popes in that exact manner they were nominated by the clergy and elected by the so-called people the people in this case were the lower ranking noblemen but they were aristocrats they were not peasants or middle class by the year 1060 the election of the pope though where it was placed in the hands of a body still available today named the college of cardinals if you ever seen a photograph of a catholic cardinal if he's in full dress you'll see he wears on his head a yellow no a red scarlet scarlet i'd say a scarlet skull cap right over the back of his head that's the sign of a cardinal other clergymen are not entitled to wear that only cardinals are now what's the duty of a cardinal the duty of a cardinal begins when a reigning pope dies then the cardinals gather in rome and they hold a college of cardinals or a conclave of cardinals and they vote on the who will be the next pope sometimes they they're they're there for months they've even sometimes and for years but recent history hasn't taken that long by the earlier centuries as it often did and some of the elections were not honest there was bribery in those elections as there was in secular politics at the time and so what was intended as an institution to purify the church and make it operate more smoothly and more ethically in the end may have backfired the clergy of rome itself were the pope's chief aides and advisors he selected them from the local clergy now at first the college of cardinals seemed to work quite well but the pope found himself entangled in arguments with the so-called holy roman emperor and the college soon became more and more autonomous from the rest of the church hierarchy and the college would operate on its own ```

Question 71

_________ who ruled from _____ to _____ issued the electoral decree which created the college of cardinals. From whom did he gain political support for this change?

Answer 71

one thing that had to be resolved was to create a orderly procedure for the selection of posts in the past have been no orderly selection service assistant at all and there is no predicting what would happen when a folk died or left office and that of course happened very often the answer to that was to create the new office called Cardinal the Cardinals Nicholas second was the Pope who did that he issued an electoral decree creating the College of Cardinals from a body of papal advisors this deprives the Roman aristocrats of their right to choose books it also hindered the every ever primont influencing the papal selection nicholas ii gained political support for his change through an alliance with the Normans now the Normans enduring today there's a section of France called Burgundy it's on the coastline facing the English Channel well the Normans the Vikings originally they migrated it down from Scandinavia and settled on the Normandy come of France and built their own power house right there and it was quite powerful at times they were known to be very ferocious spiders and so troops supplied by the Normans were very much in demand and landlords whose properties were in danger or known quite often to employ Norman troops to fight for their cause and they often did so quite effectively Oh Nicholas ii recognized the value of support from the Normans and so he allied himself with the dormers he gave them plans and had belonged to the Byzantines and some for the Muslims as well he gave them their lands as payment for their support now prior to the creation of the Cardinals the election of the Pope was by consensus consensus usually of the clergy in and around the city of Rome and in those selections secular noblemen of great wealth or power had a great deal of influence and choosing the Pope's involved there are a lot of irregularities a lot of disputed elections and

Question 72

When did the French discontinue their support for the papacy as a military force for the last time?

Answer 72

nicholas ii then found himself entangled in increasing number of quarrel quarrels with the holy roman emperor who did not always agree to support the pope now the original arrangement remember on christmas day 800 the coronation of charlemont was to make the franks a political and military arm of the pope it didn't work very long and as a consequence antagonism sometimes led to outright fighting between papal troops and french troops but all things considered from time to time the the diplomacy did well in most of the engagements with the emperor and this may startle you but maybe i'll ask you and see if you know the answer when did when did the french discontinue their support for the papacy as a military force or political force when did they do that for the last time it wasn't so long ago in the 19th century to be exact yeah it was that 1870 and 71 when france and prussia went to war with each other and the russians won hands down and so the pope had to stay on good terms with both sides as he could and after that the french no longer dabbled very much in italian affairs

Question 73

How many times were candidates chosen for the papacy ousted and declared to be anti-popes?

Answer 73

well prior to the creation of the cardinals we see that there was chaotic chaotic descent in and around rome choosing a pope was a hard proposition and getting its people satisfied to accept anybody's decision was often the matter of almost impossibility and during the rest of the middle ages this again is startling there were 60 times 60 times when candidates chosen for the papacy were ousted and declared to be anti-popes you've heard of antichrist this is anti-pope 60 times that happened in the middle ages at times the popes would nominate their own successors but then they would still leave the election up to the cardinal electors nicholas ii ordered the cardinal bishops who were most bishops in metropolitan rome to choose a papal candidate and to present him to the lord clerics and to the so-called people so we’re back with that again

Question 74

Who could be elected to be a pope?

Answer 74

yes did the candidates to become the pope have to be a cardinal no if they could elect anyone no this is interesting any roman catholic male in good standing with the church if he is not married may become a candidate for pope even he's not a priest now in that case he would become a priest you know if he were laymen were elected and spoke and the church was satisfied with that choice then he would have to be ordained as a pope consecrated as a bishop because he'd have to be bishop of rome and then declared to be a cardinal and pope he'd go boom boom up the line it never happened that way and uh but it could happen if it according to canon law any roman catholic male in good standing with the church if he's not married could be eligible for consideration by the college of cardinals but the cardinals are so jealous of the their physician that they would rarely ever choose somebody outside the college and within the college there will be a crap game so to speak some time and with a lot of corruption a lot of threats and so forth so it was not a pretty picture

Question 75

What is the papal curia?

Answer 75

okay now let's look at the second institution that came into being at this period this is the papal curia meeting court now it doesn't mean a court room as such but it means a court where governing affairs are ex are originated and how that they are implemented put into practice the papacy suffered from almost chaotic in inefficiency at times and so now the papacy was moving toward a better arrangement papal curia the papal court developed as let's call it the machinery of the church or the machinery to govern the church and this would include particularly supervision over financial matters and church discipline this central agency did a great deal to advance papal control over the church unfortunately though in the control of papal dispensations curia became financially corrupt and it involved the church the scandal and that brought brought it right up to martin luther company who protested the scandals and uh condemned some of the teachings of the roman church

Question 76

In the South of France there is a town named _______ which was going to become the site of a major effort to improve the catholic church by correcting the errors of clergy and people. ________ reforms came about when _______ had given a tract of land for the erection of a monastery. Why did wealthy people give money to monasteries at this time? Why was this a problem?

Answer 76

Cluny Cluniac Robert Molesme now when people did that wealthy people did that in the middle ages they thought that by giving money to erect a monastery that the monks would do something for them in return and what would it be can you surmise well the monks were supposed to be committed to the life of poverty evangelical poverty they sometimes called it they had nothing like that that they could give to to their benefactor but they could pray for the benefactor and that was the intention here so Robert Molesme a wealthy aristocrat in france designated a large tract of land for the erection of a monastery and later he endowed other monasteries stories as well in return he expected that the most would pray for the repose of his soul after he died because like all the catholics of the era he expected to go to purgatory and purgatory is a place of temporal punishment it's not eternal but it's just like a dose of hell but not not the full dose and therefore he was satisfied that his own standing with God could be greatly improved as he supported the monks and they in turn supported him with their prayers and masses

Question 77

What was the Cluniac reform?

Answer 77

the cluniac reform was very simple at first it was an attempt to revive the oldest known rule for monastic living in the western church now here's where the western and eastern churches did went their separate ways not literally but they had a different conception of the monastic life and so in the west at Cluny there was an effort to correct the errors of older monastic orders well the oldest of them all was the order of saint Benedict of Nursia

Question 78

Who drafted the oldest of the monastic orders?

Answer 78

saint Benedict of Nursia n-u-r-s-i-a benedict of Nursia benedict drafted the document approved by the papacy and it became the fundamental rule for monastic living all throughout western the western world at the time the people who joined the monastery were usually from the middle class or even more so the aristocracy the common people very seldom did join some of them did but not as many as you might expect for one thing the monks were very insistent upon developing literacy they taught people how to read and write and so other monks learned from them

Question 79

In the monasteries, the practice of life was regulated by which three vows?

Answer 79

poverty, chastity, and obedience

Question 80

Why did they have a vow of poverty?

Answer 80

poverty means just when it says poor they put a assigned a high value to the virtue of poverty because after all didn't jesus say foxes have holes birds of the air have their nests but the son of man has no place to lay his head jesus owned no property at all while he was here on earth he lived a very simple life and never had any wealth and so that was the example that all christians should follow and so the best place to do that was in the confines of a monastery and monasteries were usually situated in rural areas outside the towns so as not to allow the monks to be to influenced by the sinful behavior taking place in the towns

Question 81

What were the things monasteries had been doing which they were now ignoring?

Answer 81

but it wasn't long before the rule of saint benedict was being widely ignored and the monasteries were no longer places of holiness or about holiness even and they were not places of charity or scholarship either they were they had done all those things originally almost every monastery had a designated room called the scriptorium but this is a place where the writing was done and the writing was often copying copying ancient documents that would have disappeared entirely had the monks not done that and so they produced libraries of hand copied manuscripts and made them available for the monks and sometimes other people to study it was a very valuable contribution they made in that regard and keep in mind that included the bible

Question 82

What was the Vulgate?

Answer 82

the bible by this time was available in latin known as the vulgate the vulgar translation now vulgar does not mean disgusting it means the common translation language of the common language of the people at the time that appeared about 400 a.d and was the work principally of the church father jerome who was one of the great scholars of christian history and so the books and their monasteries copied the bible as well as many other religious and secular documents

Question 83

Rather than poverty, monasteries had become...

Answer 83

and the question was that the monks in doing this work and taking contributions from people who wanted their prayers the monasteries were no longer places for the true practice of poverty many of them had grown wealthy and they were they enjoyed an almost steady income which would be very very large by comparison to the people the monks were supposed to be serving so the life of the monastery became rather comfortable and the monks themselves became very lax in their duties so the the first vow then the vowel of poverty was being widely ignored as time passed by

Question 84

What was meant by the vow of chastity?

Answer 84

the second was chastity now by chastity that they meant complete abstinence from sexual activity monks were not permitted to marry and so there was no good reason for them to be engaged in sexual activity but you know and i know and almost everybody knows that it's not the marriage certificate which stimulates sexual desire all kinds of people in all kinds of places have sexual desires the monks are not accepted from that and many of the scandalous tales began to spread across the countryside about monks and even nuns who were engaged in corrupt activity and hideous tales about pregnant nuns for example became rather common Robert Molesme must have been terribly distressed by all of this and as a consequence of the condition in monasteries the it was evident that they were the monks many times were not living by obedience to the monastic rule the rule of saint benedict and some of the monasteries altered the books the rule of saint benedict with the approval of the of the hierarchy in the church so those were the three expectations of every month poverty chastity and obedience

Question 85

What did Bernard of Clairvaux do in 1098?

Answer 85

in the year 1098 another development occurred which would have a profound effect not impact but a profound effect upon the monks there was a man named Bernard bernard was a came from a well-to-do french family and he was destined for the life of a monk he deliberately chose that life he looked at the existing monasteries and he was disgusted with what he found the corruption was massive and so he decided he then would form a monastic order of his own and it was called the Cistercian movement

Question 86

What does cistercian mean?

Answer 86

Cistercian comes from a consummate term that can loosely be translated as the white monks because they wore white garments rules say benedict called for black garments but now this one would have white garments to distinguish it from the black ones

Question 87

Who wrote praiseworthy accounts of Bernard of Clairvaux? How did they regard him?

Answer 87

Bernard of Clairvaux was one of the great Godly figures of the middle ages and you might be interested to know that both luther and calvin wrote praiseworthy accounts of of bernard for claremont they regarded him as a true gospel preacher and a good godly example and i think they're right i think they were right now keep in mind that while we groan and moan about the condition of the medieval church that does not mean that everybody in that church had been putrified with corruption it doesn't mean that God has his people his remnant that he preserves in all the circumstances of life all across the calendar all across time and so forth and among them i would say were augustine of klippo of hippo and bernard of clairvaux

Question 88

What prompted Bernard of Clairvaux to fund the cistercian movement?

Answer 88

bernard and a group of companions i think there are about 30 in the group all together joined at the monastery at Cluny only to be terribly disappointed by what they found there and so they withdrew and formed a separate body called the white monks or the cistercians bernard was their leader

Question 89

What characterized Bernard's hymns?

Answer 89

now you know bernard in a way maybe you don't realize it but you do you have sung some of his hymns can you think of it are you doing no yeah do you ever look at the authors and composers of the hymns before you sing them i always do bernard was a talented poet and he wrote some of these poems for music and let's see if i'd give you an example jesus the very thought of thee with longing fills my breast but greater for thy face to see and on thy wisdom rest and it goes on from there then another one is oh let's see do we have a hamburger right here next time you you have a handbook in your head look in the back under the index of authors and see what you find by bernard you'll find three or four hymns at least and the beauty of you need a sacred head down with it i'm sorry did he use sacred head now wounded yes was that someone else that is one of his yes oh sacred head now wounded with grief and shame laid down now scornfully surrounded as tears thy only crown thornside only crown oh here i fall my savior just i deserve thy place look on me with thy pleasure and save me by my grace his hymns are all christo-centric very powerfully christocentric and i think their great devotion shows his great devotion to his lord

Question 90

What story illustrated Bernard's influence with kings and popes?

Answer 90

Bernard was influential influential with kings and popes in fact at one point the papacy was vacant and every time the cardinals voted for another pope it was a tie vote and they asked bernard what to do about that and he said the next time don't count the balance weigh the balance put the balance put the one side put on the scale the one candidate and then one on the other side a different candidate and see which one is heavier and in that way Innocent II became the pope yeah but it shows you how how great was the respect they had for bernard that they would do that such a thing

Question 91

Many of the monks were very decent, sincere men. Too many of them were decent and sincere because..

Answer 91

they thought in that way they could win their salvation that's a pitiful pitiful mistake it really is but then there were some here and there who seem to genuinely love the savior and trust in him and not themselves and Bernard fits that description and Saint Augustine is that description

Question 92

The term __________ which we render Mother of God can be traced back t least to the ________ and refers to

Answer 92

all right now then let's move on to the next subject this takes us to a consideration of the growing importance and influence of the Virgin Mary in Catholic belief and practice the development of Maryology I'll call it this is a very important and interesting subject veneration for the mother of Jesus had a long history behind it going all the way back to early times her greek title had become very popular with reference to Mary - theotokos (she whose offspring is God) which we render as Mother of God and it's still in use today in the Roman Church and in the Greek Church there are still frequent references to Mary the mother of God that can be traced back at least to the early fourth century

Question 93

but there are many debates then and since then about what is the meaning of theotokos us how should it be defined disputes about that work common and often intense and they led to it is a dispute where that movement called __________ named for __________ father of it and this was something that agitated the Eastern Church more than the West at ____the general council met at ________ and upheld the use of the term theotokus because here’s the argument...

Answer 93

Nestorianism Nestorius 451 Chalcedon when Mary gave birth to Jesus the child who came forth from her womb was the God man he was fully God and fully man now we would not say and neither the Roman gods of Greek Church would say that the Virgin Mary is eternal no she's not she's the mother of the god man and well it's difficult to separate the deity from humanity at times the fact remains that there are two all entire natures in the single person of Jesus son of Mary and son of God

Question 94

by the opening of the _________ everybody say the __________century moving forward a cult of the virgin was becoming well-established and church leaders were heaping all sorts of praise upon Mary They cited Mary as the best example of _______ a model for all other Christians. Poets and theologians bestowed vitals upon her here are some of them Queen of Angels mother of truth mother of Christians most merciful lady and on and on. The uniqueness of Mary appears especially in the title virgin mother because...

Answer 94

scholastic late 11th piety we all think biologically over here the term virgin and mother and they don't go together but that's one of the titles that Mary holds in those churches

Question 95

in fact many people argued many theologians argue that while Mary gave birth to Jesus a true human being nevertheless she preserved her ________ now here's what I mean within the vagina of a woman who has never had intercourse there is a membrane called the ______ and when intercourse occurs it punctures the ______ and we would say at that point that woman has lost her virginity well according to this supposition that's all it is a supposition well Mary gave birth to Jesus in some miraculous way her hymen was not disturbed and so she remains today the ____________________ and the principal mediator or we say _________ is a feminine form of that and so her virginity remained intact and she remains a virgin forever and this is not a Dogma in the Roman Church but it is a widely held belief that's for sure

Answer 95

virginity hymen Virgin Queen of Heaven mediatrix

Question 96

What is the difference between doctrine and dogma?

Answer 96

in Roman Catholic teaching to the present moment we need to recognize there are two categories I believe one is doctrine and the other is Dogma doctrine and dogma doctrine of course means teaching and so there are hundreds of teaching elements in Roman Catholicism and not all of them are mandatory beliefs if a belief is mandatory as a person cannot deny that belief and remain in good standing of the church that is a dogma the dogma must be believed doctrines should be believed under the authority of the church but if it doesn't if a person doesn't believe it that doesn't jeopardize his standing in the church

Question 97

How would the best Christians then follow Mary's example?

Answer 97

well since Mary never had sexual relations according to this assumption so they the people who want to be the best Christians would follow her example and sacrifice the pleasures of marriage and remain celibate now this too was not yet a dogma it became a dogma only for the clergy but and that wouldn't come until later in the 12th century

Question 98

When did clerical celibacy become a dogma?

Answer 98

later in the 12th century but today all the clergy of the Roman Church must remain single and celibate and if they leave the priesthood and of course they can marry or do as they please and a great exodus has happened over the last quarter century or so and what year one year in the Diocese of Chicago alone 400 men left the priesthood to marry so they could not remain celibate and therefore they would they would go leave the priesthood and marry There's a on fox news there is a commentator Jonathan Oh his name escapes me he's a former priest yeah and I don't think he is married yet but he's a did leave the priesthood Jonathan Morris Morris Jonathan Morris thank you that's very good yeah big help there

Question 99

What is the rosary and where did it come from?

Answer 99

all right the title in which Mary seems that it held the highest honor is Virgin Queen of Heaven Mary is a special prayer recited to Mary fifty times in succession by people who use the Rosary the Rosary according to a legend was something that the Virgin Mary gave to Saint Dominic Dominic will deal with more later. Dominic was the founder of the Dominican Order of friars and she gave this rosary to him and he then began making more and more of the rosaries spreading them around and it became a very popular practice to pray in that way and some people still do it and it involves a string of 50 beads with a crucifix on one end and then 50 beads and all linked together on each bead person is to recite this prayer hail Mary full of grace the Lord is with thee blessed art thou among women and blessed is the fruit of thy womb jesus holy mary mother of god pray for us sinners now and at the hour of our death amen wow that's Maryology or Maryanity-- it's not Christianity as you can see

Question 100

in the Eastern Church, theologians were the first ones there to Hail Mary as the mediatrix of ____ and ______. By the ______ century this appeared in the Latin Church and gained great popularity in the ____ and ______ centuries.

Answer 100

in the Eastern Church theologians were the first ones there to Hail Mary as the mediatrix of law and grace the mediatrix of law and grace by the eighth century in mr. has appeared in the Latin Church as well in the eleventh and twelfth centuries it gained great popularity

Question 101

Why is Mary's womb hailed as the gate of paradise?

Answer 101

now since Christ came to men through Mary they should go to him through her because Jesus had become the savior by means of the Incarnation Mary's womb was now hailed as the gate of paradise it was her assent to the word and will of God that made the Incarnation and therefore redemption possible

Question 102

How do strict Romans attempt to defend these lavish claims for the virgin Mary?

Answer 102

now then these lavish claims for the Virgin Mary do not have biblical support however strict Roman believers will sometimes refer to genesis 3:15 in genesis 3:15 what's it say there who is a lot of read it for us genesis 3:15 there will be enmity between you and the woman between your seed and the seed of the woman yes yes and this you may have seen the statue of the Virgin Mary and as her feet is a serpent and she has one of her feet on top of the Serpent's head and this is the the teaching is that Mary was they means that God ordained to crush the Serpent's head the serpent standing preceding however that and that was they based upon the Latin text of the Bible not the Hebrew text but the Latin text and they see the Greek coat - the Latin term is hip saw ipsa shall crush my head it says in the do a Bible the Catholic Bible and a note there says it is by her see Jesus Christ that the woman crushes the Serpent's head

Question 103

In the 12th century, when theologians were getting control in schools that were becoming universities, among them a man who gained such authority was Anselm of Canterbury. How did he view Mary?

Answer 103

Anselm of Canterbury he was Archbishop of Canterbury he was especially lavish in praising Mary he said she is the sanctuary of the universal propitiation the cause of the general reconciliation the vessel and temple of life and the salvation of all men I mean that is perilously close to promoting Mary as our Savior from sin

Question 104

How do Romans view Mary as the second Eve?

Answer 104

As Christ was the second Adam so the argument is Mary was the second Eve as a woman brought forth the curse of sin so a woman brought in life and forgiveness by bearing her son so that as mediatrix of salvation she is now God's chosen instrument to intercede for sinners

Question 105

By the 12th century, what became a common art object symbolizing the mediatrix?

Answer 105

an 11th century church leader Peter Damian wrote this by pious prayer make thy son propitious to us our Lady Mediatrix our advocate reconcile us to thy son commend us to thy son through the prerogative of the operative through the mercy which thou has given birth to which that was given her so you see how these writers were heaping praise have to praise title after title upon the Virgin Mary the coronation of the virgin mary seated at Christ's right hand became a common art object by the 12th century here's Peter Damian again the blessed chorus of angels the order of prophets and apostles affirmed thee to be exalted over them and second only to the deity

Question 106

What precious relic is at Chartreuse?

Answer 106

in France there's a magnificent medieval cathedral at chartreuse no just short it's French see the fresh light to quit in the middle of the word lazy people bordeaux what happens is the aux why not go or do as they say it's a shadow well that was your particulars but it's a shame the cathedral in short is dedicated to the Virgin Mary and according to the claim of the clergy who maintained it that church has the veil that she wore had to talk of her Annunciation when she visited her cousin Elizabeth remember and that veil is now considered a precious relic it's encased in gold with jewelry of our precious jewels in a circle around it in addition to sharp noise think of having that the same Cathedral claims and to have the head the actual ahead of and the mother of married Saintes the mother of the version and according to the explanation this egg was discovered by crusading armies who marched to the east in the early 13th century and they found it and brought it back and for the Indy Cathedral so the Virgin is the really the central figure yet chart and not to cross Christ but married

Question 107

What did Pious XI declare in 1854?

Answer 107

and then eventually in modern times the papacy elevated Mary to even higher eminence in the year 1854 pius xi was the Pope at the time and he declared it to be now a dogma that Mary was immaculately conceived so that she had no original sin this could be came out as a doctrine of Immaculate Conception Mary was completely free from sin even the sin of Adam which did not affect her has 1854

Question 108

What did Pope Pious XII declare in 1950?

Answer 108

in 1950 Pope Pius 12th declared that the Assumption of Mary into heaven it was now a dogma too must be believed by all Roman Catholics so that Mary's body is no longer on earth anywhere but angels came down and assumed her into heaven and there she is today interceding for God's people at the throne of Christ 1950 yeah when Pious XII was the pope so that's the difference between dogma and doctrine see both of those items were doctrine before they became dogma when the Pope announced the dogma

Question 109

What did they claim about Mary at Vatican Council 2?

Answer 109

now among moderate Roman Catholics particularly the laity the devotion to Mary has somewhat declined but of course religious devotion in general has somewhat declined not just Catholic easier the hierarchy continues to promote the virtues of Mary and from time to time reports of surfaced that Mary has come down temporarily to earth and visited various people for certain reasons for example at Vatican Council - which is not long ago 1962 - 65 as Vatican Council number two some people there complain about the diminishing attention to Mary and her role in Redemption most applications of papal infallibility in modern times have been associates about Mary Immaculate Conception 1854 the Assumption 1950

Question 110

To what did John Paul II attribute his recovery from a gunshot wound?

Answer 110

and then when john paul ii was pope he was the victim of an attempted assassination he suffered a serious gunshot wound but he did recover and he attributed his recovery to the miraculous intervention of the Virgin Mary

Question 111

Often people will recite the virtues of Mary. What do they call her?

Answer 111

some Roman Catholic scholars though have been openly critical about giving Mary too much prominence and Mary rather than Christ or the Holy Spirit and Mary seemed to be usurping the role of God himself there is one name Eves Congar. he lived til 1995 he was a French Dominican theologian and he cited the papal and encyclical from 1894 and that encyclical asserts that the conveyance of grace goes from the father to the son to Mary and then to Catholic humans all right and so now it's often people will recite the virtues of Mary, they call her redemptoris mater mother redeemer a mother of redemption

Question 112

When was Vatican Council Number 1 and why was it particularly important?

Answer 112

1870 Vatican Council number one was particularly important because it was the council that raised to the level of dogma belief in the infallibility of the Pope

Question 113

What does the infallibility of the pope mean?

Answer 113

what does that mean infallibility of the Pope? Does he know everything there is to be known? In what sense is he deemed to be infallible? Whatever he says is infallible. Well, if he gets out of the bed in the morning and says it's gonna rain today does it necessarily have to rain? though he has to be sitting or this throne ex cathedra from the throne yeah and it must be a official proclamation announced in advance that it will be a Dogma well in 1870 Vatican Council number one convened at the Vatican and the main issue there was to declare the pope infallible when he teaches as the pastor of all Christians and he teaches on the subject of faith and morality faith and morality so those items of course cover a vast range of beliefs and practices but if the Pope declares it dogma then it is infallible not ever subject to change it's a standing problem for liberal Catholics today many liberal Catholics today have lost confidence in the papacy especially in the last twenty years or so with scandal after scandal a priest involved in sexual abuse of children and adults as well and that is cost the church heavily and therefore have been a lot of declining confidence in the church at large and as a papacy these specifics

Question 114

Try to think as if you're a clergymen in the Roman Catholic Church of the Middle Ages. How would you understand the term heresy?

Answer 114

it means the denial of one or more cardinal doctrines of the faith one or more cardinal doctrines of the faith that's a helpful definition but it's not if I may use a pun of words, it’s not infallible no it's not infallible because it still leaves another question unanswered. Which doctrines are the cardinal ones? well the cardinal ones would certainly include all dogmas all dogmas yes because dogma is now as we might say written in stone never subject to change and denial of any one of those dogmas would put that person in the category of a heretic

Question 115

What is the root of the word "heresy?"

Answer 115

This comes from a Greek word “heresis” which you could you use in common speech could be used for expression of an opinion a choice of expression of an opinion but in a more narrow application when applied to biblical or is it Catholic doctrine then it is it is a denial of one or more cardinal doctrines of the faith

Question 116

Name two examples of heresies in the New Testament.

Answer 116

well this was not new you go back in your New Testament you find many many references to heresies some whole books of the New Testament were written to rebut and correct heresies which had become life even in the Apostolic age look for example in Galatians Paul really went right after the Judaizers didn't he he believed that everything was at stake here in this controversy that by attempting to make people submit to the ceremonial laws of Judaism the Judaizers were preaching another gospel not the gospel of Christ but that foreign gospel and so those people then would be branded as heretics and the First Epistle of John there's a great emphasis there against people we would today call Gnostics or proto-gnosticcs maybe to be more exact but they denied the full and entire dual natures of Christ Christ is not fully God and fully man some of them went to the extreme of saying that Christ had no material body he had only the appearance of a material body

Question 117

For what can we commend monks? What was deficient?

Answer 117

okay we've seen the monks which portrayed men as at first anyhow very gentle people very pious people very faithful to the church eager to do works of charity eager to do works of scholarship and so a lot to commend them for good things that they did even though their theology was seriously deficient

Question 118

What do the crusades launched by Pope Urban II in 1095 reveal about the church and secular rulers? What about the papacy? What were the crusades intended for?

Answer 118

well the gentle figure of a devoted monk must not be permitted to obscure a highly militant side of the Catholic Church and it's character in the Middle Ages the Crusades launched by pope urban ii in 1095 revealed forcefully that the church sometimes had a powerful influence with secular rulers and the papacy could justify its employment of military force because Christendom seemed to be threatened now today if anybody says anything positive about the Crusades he's going to be lambasted from one direction or another at least but keep in mind that the Crusades were intended as military engagements for self-defense the Muslims of the East had already attacked in Eastern Europe and southern Italy and so it was necessary to organize defenses and so in some way the Crusades could be portrayed and have been portrayed as wars of self-defense to protect Christendom against the Muslim onslaught

Question 119

Were the crusades little feudal wars?

Answer 119

the Crusades did become very bloody these were not just little feudal worse now these were massive Wars very large armies recruited in the West marching to the east and going into battle time and time again

Question 120

How many crusades were there?

Answer 120

there are about eight of these endeavors all told and we’ll get to look at them in more detail

Question 121

the same reasoning could be applied with a church had to deal with individuals who threatened Catholic _________ or ________ and that was not unusual either just as in biblical days the Apostles had to deal with _____________________ so that was a case in the middle Middle Ages as well

Answer 121

doctrine morality deviant religious teaching

Question 122

How did many church leaders look upon heretics? Why?

Answer 122

but many church leaders looked upon heretics as the most pernicious and dangerous people on earth and they were teaching falsehood and if people believed the falsehood they would be damned to hell and so it was a act then of Christian charity to defeat the false teachers and to defeat them with a force if necessary and particularly that the case after the false teachers came in the form of Islam which was very militant it's own character and threatened to engulf vast parts of Christendom as far as dealing with heretics is concerned there seemed to be an almost general concurrence with the idea that heretics were so vicious that they were deserving of known humane consideration period and any device that could be used against them could be justified and sometimes that was the case

Question 123

In 1233 __________ was on the papal throne and he decided that the situation of heresy in Western Europe even before the crusades was so serious that the church had to lead the way in dealing with it in maximum force. Up until that time...

Answer 123

Pope Gregory IX ...every bishop had responsibility and to deal with heresy in his own diocese some of them dealt with it effectively others did not there are enough who did not to alarm to pope and so he decided there must be a more extensive and more efficient organization for dealing with heresy and that brought into the infamous Inquisition

Question 124

What was the inquisition? How long did it last? Which two groups prompted its formation? What had St. Augustine taught about the use of force against heresy?

Answer 124

The Inquisition was going to be organized in the 13th century and it would remain a formal organization until the 19th century although by that time was no longer functioning the Pope Gregory IX replaced the bishops with papal inquisitors to deal with heresy this decision was prompted in large part by the activities of two alarmingly large heretical groups the Albigensians and the Waldenses Now, you need to keep in mind these movements were not identical by any means their respective heresies were not identical and they were not collaborators at all they were competitors but anyhow the Albigensies and Waldenses were public enemies number one and number two as far as the papacy was concerned and the Pope was not reluctant to use force against heresy and earlier in history some of the church fathers even the famous st. Augustine had taught that force could be used against heresy and be morally acceptable he however never called for execution of heretics but he did authorize use of fines and imprisonment but not torture and not death

Question 125

however ahead inquisition began it was organized in such a way that there was no prohibition against ___________ and usually the method of execution was ________________ very very painful form death to be sure I'm gonna read to you the item from a medieval church scholar “to burn the heretic was an act of...

Answer 125

the death penalty death by burning ...love toward the community by fear deterring others inclined to the same sin and an act of love or the heretic who might be recalled by terror of the fire and save his own soul”

Question 126

Dominic was very intent upon preparing advanced capable teachers who would... and...

Answer 126

so the task of prosecuting heretics was advertised first and trusted which is a newly created order of Friars of followers of Dominic See Dominic was very intent upon preparing learned advanced capable teachers who would help to overcome the ignorance of the secular clergy and stimulate the revival of true learning among catholics of the day so they're still in existence today and so after the signature there would come a comma and then order of preachers

Question 127

What were the official names for the Dominicans and Fraciscans?

Answer 127

Dominican well that's not their official name- they put O.P. after their name for Order of Preachers the other ones that came later and joined the Inquisition uses these letters OFM order of Friars Minor or maybe more freely translated order of lesser brothers these are the ones made known as the Franciscans yes dominic and Francis were contemporaries in fact they were friends and from time to time they collaborated and what they were doing but Dominic himself never got involved in the Inquisition nor did Francis but their followers later did get very much involved in Inquisition

Question 128

the papacy put its muscle behind the Dominican and Franciscan inquisitors by... What did the inquisitors do first?

Answer 128

and the papacy put its muscle behind these people by ordering everyone in Catholic countries to cooperate with the inquisitors and give them full support if and when they needed it the objective of the inquisitors was first evolved to discover heresy - to go where the accusations were abundant examine the situation see if in fact an appreciable heretical movement had taken root and if it did then move to eliminate it by obtaining a recantation from the heretics

Question 129

most of our our knowledge of the Inquisition would have us to believe that the inquisitors were all bloodthirsty tyrants fiends who took delight in torturing and killing other human beings and so we might say the history is Inquisition was written in the blood of its victims well that’s not all together correct there There’s some exaggeration there because after all the inquisitors job was to...

Answer 129

...correct the heretics and bring them back to the fold of the true church get them to abandon to renounce their heresy and return to the jurisdiction of the true church well that was easier said than done many people who were arrested by the Inquisition did in fact go back to the true church because they deemed it important to save their lives or to spare themselves from torture which could be used to extract confessions

Question 130

Why would the inquisitors almost always get their way?

Answer 130

the accusation of heresy was considered as a presumption of guilt but we in our company are fond of saying an accused person is innocent until proven guilty but in the days of the Inquisition it was exactly the opposite the accused person was presumed guilty until proven innocent so the accused person had the burden of guilt upon him he had to prove his innocence or else he would suffer the consequences and in modern jurisprudence we in America for example are very insistent that not only is there a presumption of innocence and a court trial but beyond that every person so accused is entitled to face his accusers in court and entitled to the services of a lawyer to argue his case none of that had any relevance to the Inquisition there are no lawyers there is no effort to… well, put this way if the inquisitors were determined to secure the guilt and punishment of a particular person in almost every case they would get their way

Question 131

sometimes the inquisitors would impose...

Answer 131

sometimes the inquisitors would impose much lighter penalties than the death penalty sometimes fines or imprisonment and particularly if a victim decided to recant if he would do that he often would be allowed to regain his freedom and would be able to do so even though he had been accused

Question 132

What was the ordinary practice of the inquisitors? Who performed the actual punishment?

Answer 132

the actual punishment of the heretics though was not done by the friars themselves it was done by secular authorities serving the interests of the church the ordinary practice was for a Inquisitor or a team of inquisitors to visited towns suspected of being a hotbed of heresy and when they got there they would announce right away that all the people in the town had an obligation to expose the heretics in their midst and sometimes the inquisitors even before they arrived in town would sent an advance notice of their coming saying in 60 days we will be there and we expect you to have already arrested all the heretics and put them in confinement and so we can examine them at them and decide their fate the actual punishment then was in the hands of secular authorities and they could be compelled to cooperate with the church even if they disagreed with a policy they could be compelled by the threat of excommunication

Question 133

Why was the threat of excommunication so scary?

Answer 133

what's that? yes ousted from the visible Church that's right that was a terrifying prospect because in that era almost everybody had an institutional view of salvation when they talked about the church they meant the visible organization over which the Pope is supreme and the bishops are the local authorities that is a one true church there was no concept of an invisible church there no real understanding of a doctrine of regeneration or effectual calling nothing at all like that and so the church could and did sometimes threaten civil authorities if they would not collaborate with the inquisitors those authorities would suffer excommunication and that meant they'd be cut off from the church which is the only means of saving grace God has given his grace to the church. It is up to the church to dispense that grace to needy sinners and if refusal to obey the church request that person the grace of salvation

Question 134

Who was the first emperor to impose the inquisition? Why did he do so?

Answer 134

the first emperor to impose the Inquisition was frederick ii now frederick ii was a german but he ruled a lot of territory in northern italy the holy roman empire at that was not always the same contour or the matter areas came and went and according to the misfortunes or misfortunes of the time and Frederick had a great deal of difficulty controlling his properties in northern Italy and at the time when the papacy had informed him the inquisitors were coming he was happy to see them because he could use them politically speaking against his opponents in northern Italy

Question 135

Why was Frederick II an amazing man?

Answer 135

frederick ii is an amazing man in some ways for one thing he was a holy roman emperor from twelve twelve to twelve fifty a very very long time beyond that he's an interesting character because there has always been and with some degree of possibility it has been maintained that frederick ii wrote a book in which he referred to Moses Jesus and Mohammed as the three greatest Impostors of all time well if that is correct and Frederick is the author of that book then Frederick of course himself was an arch heretic the worst heretic of all maybe but the church needed him and he needed the Inquisition and so they conveniently ignored the charge about his book and they went ahead and they worked together to install the Inquisition in the north of Italy

Question 136

Why was unjust accusation such a problem during the inquisition?

Answer 136

it seems quite clear that Frederick supported the Inquisition for political reasons since most of his activity was there in that part of Italy where his control was not secure other rulers cooperated for material advantages then there's that problem of unjust accusation more often than you might expect some people use the Inquisition or the threat of Inquisition to settle old grudges if two neighbors for example running battle over the boundary line between them one in his anger might accuse the neighbor of heresy that would put their neighbor in a miserable condition really would and he may have had committed no heresy whatever and nevertheless it was up to him to clear his own name and sometimes he couldn't do it

Question 137

Who were the Waldenses and the Albigenses?

Answer 137

the Inquisition took particular note of the Albigenses and Waldenses whom I mentioned in passing already concerning the Albigensies these were by far much more radical than the Waldenses in fact the Waldenses can I think convincingly be portrayed as proto Protestants yeah and in the days of the Reformation the Waldenses these some of them in Switzerland joined the Reformed Church yeah they did John Calvin's good friend what was his name who Ferrell Ferrell yeah yes ferell travel into the area where the Waldenses had their struggle and he recognized immediately that most of their beliefs were compatible with those of the reformed and he invited them to become members of the Reformed Church which a lot of them did, The Albigenses were different the Albigenses were like the Bogomils in fact there's some reason to believe that there's a link with some missing chains yeah a chain with some missing links but it would go probably the Bogomils to the polishes and then across several other groups and finally get into France and to the Cathars and France so that's it there's a high degree of probability for that transmission

Question 138

Well, in the late 12th and 13th centuries _________ was on the throne of Peter and he was particularly concerned to put an end to the Albigenses. What did he do and what happened?

Answer 138

he sent St. Dominic there to preach to them Dominic and some of his friars traveled into the South of France and there they preached to the Albigenses but they were not very successful for the most part they failed dismally and the Pope decided the time had come then for military action and he called for a special crusade not one that would go to the east and fight the Turks of the Muslims no but one that would go to France and fight the Albigenses who were there and that's what happened an Albigensian crusade proceeded and it was a terrible bloodbath a terrible bloodbath [Music] the cruelty and barbarity of the inquisitors methods supported by the armies of French noblemen wreaked havoc and destroyed the Albigensians almost completely

Question 139

Why did it look like the inquisition in Europe had succeeded by the 14th century?

Answer 139

the Albigensians were gone the Waldenses were greatly weakened and would move into Protestantism at an early date

Question 140

the idea of crushing heresy is very very old, back in the...

Answer 140

sixth century when Justinian was the Christian Roman Emperor he decreed the execution of heretics by fire and book burnings of anything they had written so public book burnings were quite common at a very early time in history

Question 141

in the 9th century, when Nicholas I was pope, he actually...

Answer 141

denounced the use of torture he said he said it was not appropriate for Christians to engage in torture and if they did apply torture and get a confession the confession was very unlikely to be sincere and so he was very much opposed to it but after he passed from the scene then other later folks authorized the use of compulsion and

Question 142

gradually the church enlarged the definition of heresy. What had it been and what did it become?

Answer 142

heresy was the denial of one or more cardinal doctrines of the faith but the church gradually added other things sacrilege blasphemy sodomy refusal to pay tithes participating in some type of sorcery all of those things were now I included in the definition of heresy and as defendants had no right to question their accusers they might never even know who the accusers were

Question 143

The Inquisition flourished most in those countries where there was...

Answer 143

a theocratic principle at the base of government that is the belief that the civil government must be Christian and the civil government is ordained by God and therefore the civil government is to be obeyed and in those countries where the theocratic theory was most strongly advanced this was where most of the Inquisition's activities occurred particularly France and Germany both of them were feudal kingdoms at the time they had nominal kings but in reality the the countries were very fragmented politically speaking

Question 144

Why did the inquisition never operate on English soil?

Answer 144

in England the idea of a theocratic monarchy did not take root so deeply there in fact Englishmen in general were opposed to it the theocratic idea was never really well established in England and the kings of England would never promise to work against heresy the kings of France for example when they were crowned they took a solemn oath to support the Inquisition but that was not the case in England in fact to the credit of England the inquisition never operated on English soil there were persecutions of heretics at times but never on the massive scale that the Inquisition in

Question 145

although the prosecution of heretics was practiced by Episcopal courts long before the Inquisition the rules of procedure were altered after the Inquisition...

Answer 145

we need to be example this formerly and the earlier years before the Inquisition came into being people accused of heresy did have the right to confront their accusers and they could and they had the right to appeal if a court decided against them but then those rights vanished very quickly once the Inquisition was operating authorities into church sometimes complained that the bishops of the church have been exercising far too much authority and so the bishop said it was not that difficult for the Pope to supersede the bishops and put the authority in the hands of inquisitors

Question 146

when the papacy sought personnel to man these inquisition operations, who got the job? Why were they successful?

Answer 146

I told you the Friars were the ones who got the job with the dominicans coming first and the Franciscans just a bit later Gregory IX commissioned these inquisitors and they were known to be very very energetic very reliable absolutely loyal to the pope because these were new monastic movements full of youthful enthusiasm they prepare zealous dedication

Question 147

in many cases inquisitorial courts met in Who was required to submit?

Answer 147

dominican convents all levels of society were required to submit to the authority of the inquisitors here's a statement from a recent historian “the Inquisitor wants to be obeyed as the Pope himself and this supremacy included the bishop so everybody from the bishop on down are responsible to obey the inquisitors as though they were obeying the Pope in person” the pope sometimes used pressure from the inquisitors to keep troublesome bishops in line

Question 148

I mentioned to you that sometimes the inquisitors when they were going to visit a community would send advance notice of that intention and big packets of...

Answer 148

information would be presented to them with the names of accused heretics and the particular offenses they had committed

Question 149

Proceedings of the Inquisition were always kept...

Answer 149

secret but they were kept if you want to do advanced research on the inquisition you'll have no trouble finding volumes after the volumes of primary material much of it even translated into English although the proceedings then were copied in latin The inquisitors were not the least bit ashamed of what they doing on the contrary they regard it as a necessary expression of Christian service

Question 150

if the accused person did not appear in court... if an accused heretic died before his trial...

Answer 150

If the accused person did not appear in court when he was summoned to do so that meant absolute proof of his guilt if an accused heretic died before his trial.. in the process of Inquisition every doubtful point went in favor of the court

Question 151

the secret trials prevented... What was the only hope for the accused?

Answer 151

and secret trials prevented any public reaction which might have aided the accused, because he was guilty or assumed guilty the only hope for an accused person to escape frightful penalties was to confess admit his offense and plead for the mercy of the court which often would be granted but not always but it's clear that the inquisitors thought they were doing God's work and this justified torture and the use of torture expanded very quickly across Europe

Question 152

How did torture help? What was the regulation on torture?

Answer 152

the torture saves trouble and the expense of a prolonged imprisonment detaining somebody in pirson for a long time can be expensive sometimes - oh yes in the proceedings for the inquisition there was a regulation set that torture may be applied only once if a person decides to make a confession after being tortured extensively, the torture cannot be repeated however here's what happened the inquisitors were quite clever they might torture a person to the point where he has collapsed into unconsciousness so there's no point torturing him when he's unconscious so they would say this [Music] this torture has not ended, it has been suspended they could be resumed at a later time that's how they got around the prohibition against second applications of the torture

Question 153

the inquisitorial process was very sure of its victim and no one whom a judge wished to contemn would be able to escape sometimes the process became completely a farce example in 1254 in France...

Answer 153

Arnold Baud, he came from Montreal - not Canada - and he was declared a suspect of heresy because his mother had accused of heresy and she was in prison awaiting trial and he went to visit her to give her encouragement and support the fact that he did that was enough to accuse him of heresy and he was imprisoned along with his mother

Question 154

What were the laws about children under aged 20 in Italy?

Answer 154

in Italy the criminal law there specified that no evidence could be accepted from a witness under 20 years of age that didn't stop the inquisitors they were not under criminal law but under ecclesiastical law and they often accused younger people of heresy sometimes children as young as ten years old or accused of heresy or they were required to bear witness against an adult who had been accused

Question 155

What were the inquisitorial laws about family and servants of family members?

Answer 155

family and servants family members and servants of a defendant could not testify on his behalf but they could testify against him – talk about kangaroo court - and anybody who lied to the Inquisition and the lie was proven beyond reasonable doubt that person would be in prison for life

Question 156

What was the only certain way to evade the Inquisition?

Answer 156

the only certain way to evade the Inquisition was to appeal to the Pope the Pope alone had the authority to countermand a decision of the Inquisition the papal Curia the papal court was always in need of funds by this time in history 13th century something of a commercial revival the way money was once again coming into circulation and becoming an important medium of exchange so the papal Curia was often in need of funds and therefore people of wealth could often go to the Curia and purchase an exemption from the Inquisition and that happened more than once in 1245 the bishops of Languedoc in France contained the complaint to innocent IV about a large number of people gaining papal exceptions sometimes the papacy ordered the release of people arrested other times they granted immunities to people who were afraid they might be accused and so as an insurance policy they would pay for an exemption even though it they might not need one it's like a fire extinguisher better to have it and not need it then to need it and not have it in fact in a way this could have been a real fire as they wish think about that

Question 157

not all the penalties imposed by the inquisition were brutal, lesser offenses were dealt with through __________________. More serious offenses almost always involved at least some form of __________ which included...

Answer 157

not all the penalties imposed by the Inquisition were brutal lesser offenses dealt with or dealt with through prescribed prayers vigils fasting pilgrimages and fines more serious offenses you often almost always involved at least some form of public humiliation and the public humiliation was usually done in this way the accused heretic was required to wear a large cloth gold colored yellow colored cross on his garment so that everywhere he went people would see him and know he was under accusation he might not be in danger of death but he was in danger of some form of punishment and he was awaiting his trial had his offense been conclusively demonstrated he would not have been free to travel or he might run away

Question 158

_____________ was the most severe penalty the inquisitors themselves could impose. _____________ were done by secular powers. On occasion, the Inquisition compelled_________.

Answer 158

the imprisonment was the most severe penalty the inquisitors themselves could impose torture and death were done by secular powers on occasion the Inquisition compelled heirs heirs to make satisfaction for a person who died before completing the sentence imposed

Question 159

the confiscation of property was part of the punishment for _____ As soon as a property owner was arrested....

Answer 159

heresy the authorities seized his property and they would not return it unless he were exonerated the confiscation could include real estate property and all personal property an accused persons family could be evicted from a home in those circumstances and forced to look for charity but those are gave charity to a family where there's an accusation of heresy put themselves at risk of arrest

Question 160

How were the expenses of the Inquisition affrayed?

Answer 160

the papacy for some strange reason took no share of the proceeds it did take the share of the money that pays for exceptions but not in this case in this case the the papacy did not take any of the confiscated property for itself secular rulers took most of the proceeds and in turn they afrayed the expenses of the Inquisition

Question 161

For how long did the Inquisition continue?

Answer 161

now what happened to the Inquisition it's gone now isn't it yes thank God it's gone now been gone for a long time but not as long as you might guess it was well into the 19th century before the abolition of the office of Inquisition was abolished 19th century some inquisitorial activities such as bans on teaching or publishing objectionable ideas continued really and well into the 20th century in 1965 Vatican Council number two officially put an end to censorship in the Catholic Church

Question 162

What do nihil obstat and impramatur mean?

Answer 162

now look on this your list of terms you have it there and you see two latin terms: nihil obstat and what's the other one yeah imprimatur yeah nihil obstat means “nothing objectionable” imprimatur means “let it be published” so if you have a Catholic book and I have one with me today I'm going to talk to you a bit about before we leave but this is a catechism of the Catholic Church and let's see if it has these terms in its [Music] I don't see it isn't that interesting now this catechism was published in 1994 well after Vatican Council to that ended 1965 and in those intervening years the Catholics pretty well ignored nihil obstat and imprimatur and here they have the official catechism of the church there still is some censorship in some Catholic circles but not made mandatory by papal policy Pope Paul VI in 1965 ordered the office of the Holy Inquisition to become a Congregation for the teaching of Catholic doctrine so officially speaking the Inquisition is gone gone forever

Question 163

When we talk about education in the Middle Ages we often think of the Middle Ages as a time of woeful ignorance. Well...

Answer 163

there was plenty of ignorance said but there's plenty of ignorance now - and there's never been a shortage of it in fact and it's not always the fault of the people who are ignorant sometimes they have no opportunity to learn others do have the opportunity and they don't take it

Question 164

Anyhow during the Middle Ages the church played a preponderantly important role in education that influence was overwhelming because the schools that did endure through the Middle Ages were either ____ or ____. Talk about each.

Answer 164

Cathedral schools or monastic schools Cathedral students schools were usually in towns and cities where the Cathedral Church was located and the Cathedral Church was the residence of the bishop and so with the bishops endorsement and leadership the school did provide education not on a broad scale however as a rule people who attended these schools were committed to spending their lives in the clergy usually as secular priests parish priests in other words but in the other schools the monastary schools they were usually in rural areas because the monasteries were situated in such places and the education available and monastery schools was for the most part designed to prepare people who are committing themselves to careers in monastic life

Question 165

By the _______ century, quite a number of these two types of schools were flourishing in various parts of Europe. Eventually some very distinguished scholars educated in these schools went on to become brilliant professors in universities because the universities grew out of the ________ with _____ leading the way. _______ and ________ became celebrated centers for the study of theology. ______________ for the study of law - both church law and civil law and then ________ became celebrated for its School of Medicine - preparing doctors to meet the need of health care.

Answer 165

``` 12th century Paris Paris and Oxford Bologna in Italy Salerno in Italy (Southern Italy) ```

Question 166

underlying all of these special education endeavors was a undergraduate program leading to a _______________ degree that was a very broad education something comparable to what we today called liberal arts education liberal arts and the liberal arts included ______________ these were the so-called liberal arts history which we would expect to be among the liberal arts was looked upon as a subdivision of_______ which would include excellences speech and writing and history would then be a subdivision

Answer 166

Bachelor of Arts grammar dialectics rhetoric arithmetic geometry astronomy and music rhetoric

Question 167

Is it fair to refer to this part of the Middle Ages as the Dark Ages?

Answer 167

the advent of these schools provided an opportunity to overcome the ignorance of the era and keep in mind it's really not fair to refer to this part of the Middle Ages as the Dark Ages that term originated in the Italian Renaissance it was based upon a prejudice against medieval study the one that humanist scholars in the Italian Renaissance referred to the Middle Ages as a thousand years without a bath thousand years without a bath a thousand grimy dirty useless years and why bother studying it so they said we can conveniently ignore the Middle Ages and go back to the ancient period when it was a golden age of literature in Greece and Rome and all was good and all was fine no it wasn't there was plenty of ignorance back then too but the concept of a Dark Age is really the result of a heavily biased attitude that was unjustified we've seen already that there was more progress in the Middle Ages than most people seem to think

Question 168

the traditional monks did not at first turn readily to the study of higher learning in fact they preferred to do their study in their own monastery schools and not to go into town and study in universities even when that became available to them they used the Bible they copied the Bible methodically but when they understood what they tried to understand the Bible they defeated their own purpose because they approached the Bible ________instead of being content with__________________________ they indulged in ____________ I give you an example...

Answer 168

allegorically the obvious literal meaning of the biblical text allegorical interpretations this you know and we in the gospel record the incident concerning a man named Lazarus poor Lazarus he was bored more ways than one he seemed to have some sort of a skin disease and dogs would sometimes to come and lick his sores and that Jesus took pity upon the man to heal them well what does all of that mean well according to the allegorical method of interpretation the sores on the body of Lazarus were symbols for sin and the dogs who licked the sores were preachers who are bringing healing power to the sores to the sin oh that's an interesting idea but it's completely far-fetched as you can see and allegorical interpretations in general are likely to be very misleading anyhow

Question 169

the monastery schools then taught the ______________ while the Cathedral schools taught the ____________ because the liberal the curriculum in the cathedral schools was the so called ____________ and a ___________ person was believed to be a well-educated person now that had been true in ancient Rome as well and so now as the Middle Ages were moving toward the climax that concept came back into thinking of educators that a _________ however the medieval teachers relied so heavily upon _________________ that they may have prevented themselves from _____________________

Answer 169

monastic clergy secular clergy liberal arts liberated truly free person is a person who has been well educated the so called authorities from antiquity acquiring a lot of new and useful information which could have been learned

Question 170

What did Pope Sylvester II do for the Cathedral School at Rheims?

Answer 170

when pope sylvester ii that was his name French was Gerbert of Aurillac but he went on to become pope sylvester II prior to that he was master of the Cathedral School Rheims (I tell you about French nobody speaks French he was a French so to speak French nobody could I sounds like a car at a cold day the motor won't start rhe IMSI Lieber NASA tribes or Reims but the French don't know that it's all this) while he was master of the Cathedral School at Rheims learned a lot from his travels in Spain Spain by this time was largely under the control of Muslims they crossed over from North Africa early in the eighth century and overrun most of that Iberian Peninsula - while he was there in Spain he realized that the Muslims were though the Moors were really several steps ahead of the Christians in Europe when they came to exploring the language and the literature of the ancient world and the school at Rheims then took advantage of the Masters learning he introduced the students to Arabic numerals for example and Arabic ideas in medicine astronomy mathematics and philosophy and Gerbert was very bold in denying that the so called authorities antiquity were infallible and not subject to re investigation not so he said and so he called for fresh investigations

Question 171

How did Muslims make an unwittingly helpful contribution to the improvement of learning in Christian Europe?

Answer 171

and then came the Crusades before this education development got away for Crusades going to the east and that put the Western Europeans in contact with more Muslim influence part of it had come from Spain now coming from the East where Muslims were very very numerous indeed so unwittingly then the Muslims were making a helpful contribution to the improvement of learning in Christian Europe

Question 172

the development of universities that took over as these monastery and Cathedral schools began to flourish and the idea was to agree upon a curriculum put it in place and maintain faithful adherence to it and those who became involved in creating university institutions were generally people who were interested in...

Answer 172

obtaining or offering and obtaining an education preparing students for a professional career professional career in theology law or medicine theology law or medicine

Question 173

Talk about the formation of the University of Paris and how it influenced other universities in Europe.

Answer 173

but before one could enter the study of theology law or medicine he first had to complete the undergraduate requirements the so called liberal arts the University of Paris became the premier university in Europe and the organization that the Parisians adopted was widely imitated across Europe as other universities began to develop the earliest rules for the university of paris date from about 1208 and in 1211 Pope Innocent III gave that university official papal recognition the university was formed when several Cathedral schools came together merged their resources and their faculties and then began offering education in the city of Paris the University of Paris had the basic undergraduate curriculum and then a Master of Arts program beyond that and students who wanted to study in the professional schools of theology law and medicine would have to complete the Bachelor of Arts and Bachelor of Arts degrees first the Bachelor of Arts degree was not as rigorously organized and stipulated as it is today but nobody went to university and said I'm going to complete a hundred and twenty semester credits and get my degree no there's no such thing as as semester credits and no such thing as course examinations almost all the teaching was done by lecture because there are so few books available and libraries if a library had 100 or 200 books that was a large collection at the time because they all had to be copied by hand and that was a very laborious thing to do and rather expensive indeed so upon completion of the curriculum there would be one examination for undergraduate students only one it could be massive in scope every professor in the institution had the right to ask any question he desired and the students had better be able to answer or they wouldn't get their degree so having course examinations is a snap it's easy compared to that it was a comprehensive exam take it and pass it or not that's it

Question 174

Talk about Martin Luther's education.

Answer 174

then some people completed those requirements in a relatively short time example Martin Luther when Martin Luther was a student at the University of Erfurt in Germany he completed the BA requirements in about 18 months that's unusual but it did happen how do others did too and then it took him about two more years to complete the Master of Arts program Master of Arts program was an oriented very heavily toward Greek philosophy especially Aristotle somewhat in the other philosophers too but Aristotle was the premier philosopher as far as the university professors were concerned the teaching was all done in Latin which is a great idea because that meant that students from a wide variety of nationalities could all meet together in the same school without a language barrier because nobody could gain admission to a university who was not already fluent in Latin and that being well established Greeks and Italians and Germans and Englishmen it didn't matter could all meet together in one University and converse in Latin and take courses in Latin in fact it wasn't many years ago that Latin was assumed to be a requirement right here in our own country particularly for the study of theology if you go back to old Princeton for example in the early nineteenth century and through most of that century all these students there knew latin there's no question about it but that all fell by the wayside as English superseded it but is there it's regrettable in a way Latin was very useful it had the status of international language which English is acquiring that's true and it was the popularity of English is spreading worldwide it's if they're all this is a foremost well developed country on earth and English is our language and so people all over want to learn English today but previous to that it was Latin and I remember when doctors of Medicine wrote prescriptions in Latin I can remember that when I was a kid yeah that wasn't so long ago a hundred years or more

Question 175

now many of the students who attended these universities were very poor financially so they could not afford the fees but this is where...

Answer 175

benefactors entered the picture and began creating what we now call scholarships and one of them who did so left his name on a deeply imprinted in one of the schools of Paris his name is Robert de Sorbonne and if you go to Paris today there is still a college of Sorbonne which is a subdivision of the University of Paris it was originally a theological school but then broadened out to take in other disciplines as well Robert de Sorbonne himself was a theologian and he was a chaplain to the French King Louis IX this is st. Louis and in Roman Catholic history this is the only king of the Franks ever to acquire sainthood st. Louis ix his theological College was open not just to people going into the clergy but to lay students as well

Question 176

and the emergence of the universities occurred about the same time that learning began to trickle into Europe from the...

Answer 176

Arab East and from Greek philosophy and brought to Europe by Moors in Spain and Muslims from the East the Moors in Spain had colleges of their own even before the Christians in Italy and elsewhere did the same thing

Question 177

Talk about the University of Salerno and its background.

Answer 177

in the south of Italy there is a University of Salerno Salerno which became duly famous for its School of Medicine the ancient Greek texts on medicine and more recent Arab ones provided the reading material for people enrolled in the study of Medicine and seeking the medical degree there was a man who was a converted jew named Constantius africanus he had moved to Salerno in the 11th century and while he was there he translated some medical texts the ancient Greeks had produced you may have heard of the Hippocratic oath you heard about that once in a while I still see it hanging in a doctor's office I don't know whether the practice is still in vogue or not but it used to be when people graduated from medical school part of the exercise for commencement was for all the new doctors to take an oath it's called the Hippocratic oath because it was named for Hippocrates he's an ancient Greek physician who had written on medical subjects and health care in pre-christian times well in addition to translating the Greek sources on medicine there were Arabic treatises much more recent in development like far advanced beyond Hippocrates and the ancient doctors the holy roman emperor frederick ii incorporated salerno's medical school into what developed into the University of Naples so that's at the far south of Italy the University of Naples

Question 178

Talk about the university development in Northern Italy.

Answer 178

in northern Italy law became the preeminent subject and there in the north of Italy particularly in the region we called Lombardy is where the the study of law became quite popular and quite influential the there was a organization of cities in Lombardy called the Lombard League and members of the Lombard league contributed to the establishment of the University of Bologna Bologna first and Padua later Bologna or Bologna and as we'd say is English but Bologna and Italian and Padua as well and so they became chartered universities chartered not by the church but by the Holy Roman Emperor himself there in the north of Italy the University Law School concentrated on two programs one led to the degree Doctor of Laws and the other led to the degree Doctor of Canon laws canon law is referred to the laws of the church laws enacted by the papacy or by councils general councils of the church and so the most prestigious law schools they were in Italy and the graduates of those schools then filter out across Europe

Question 179

Talk about the important Lombard scholar.

Answer 179

came time to the study of theology and all students studies some theology even those who are majoring in other disciplines but in the Universities one Lombard scholar became the theologian as far as the church was concerned his name was Peter Peter the Lombard or Peter just Lombard to be correct Peter the Lombard and he was a systematic theologian and a very early pioneer in that development of compiling and publishing a systematic theology it proved to be a very durable work in terms of its ongoing influence the use of that book continued well past the Protestant Reformation so we originated in the twelfth century but it continued to be in use right through the Protestant Reformation was used in Catholic institutions eventually the works of Thomas Aquinas would supersede those of Peter the Lombard but Peter himself enjoyed a very long run as far as teaching theology goes

Question 180

Theology in the Ancient Church gave a lot of emphasis to.... but did not give an equal amount of attention to...

Answer 180

and in theology to the ancient church had concentrated on formulating and defending its doctrine of Christ remember the creeds we have the Apostles Creed and the Nicene Creed in particular and in those creeds there's a heavy emphasis upon the person of Christ who is Jesus Christ because these church leaders recognized the immense important of that issue especially when various heretics began denying the deity and or the humanity of Jesus Christ and so the creeds that were intended to declare crisply and forcefully the church's commitment to Jesus Christ son of God and son of man son of God and Son of Mary fully God and fully man and these theologians gave a lot of attention to this but they didn't the ancient theologians did not give an equal amount of attention to the work of Christ now the Creeds all said we believe in Jesus Christ the only Son of God and the born of the Virgin Mary suffered under Pontius Pilate was crucified dead and buried so forth it stated the facts that pertain to redemption without explaining their significance so you look at the ecumenical Creeds there's nothing there about justification through faith alone there's nothing there about human depravity and the urgency of regeneration no it's not there these creeds then are deficient because are good as far as they go but they don't go nearly far enough that's the problem

Question 181

and in the days of Saint Augustine 5th century he and other theologians began giving more attention now to...

Answer 181

the work of Christ and Augustine would eventually acquire the title doctor of grace now remember doctor in those days meant teacher doctrina doctrine is teachings and so with doctrine of the church is the teaching of the church and a person who does the teaching is a doctor all right Agustin has acquired the nickname as a doctor of grace because he saw the human condition and he saw the spreading heresies that that damaged the church but the old priests really did not adequately address the issues that the new heretics were proposing this is the era when the Pelagian heresy made its debut and Augustine and Pelagius became very very testy opponents of each other as Palagius denied human depravity and therefore insisted that human beings have the ability to make meritorious contributions toward their own salvation

Question 182

When was the concept of infused grace introduced?

Answer 182

a precedent for this emerged in North Africa way back in ad 200 about that Tertullian a very distinguished church father and legal authority and great linguists in North Africa and Tertullian introduced the concept of infused grace it's not difficult to illustrate everybody has sinned there's no argument about that everybody in the church should read on that we are all sinners number two we cannot save ourselves everybody to read on that too so we're all sinners nobody can save himself that's it

Question 183

Explan the concept of infused grace.

Answer 183

well if salvation is going to occur then how can it occur how can it be well God will save us will he really? yes maybe he might save us after all we refer to Jesus by the title our Savior don't we but the irony of it is in popular thinking within the Catholic Church there was a strange view that said Jesus is our Savior but he doesn't actually save us and nobody put it boldly in that clear language but that's exactly where the teaching was leading concept of infused grace grace for salvation is necessary we can't save ourselves but how can we obtain this grace well God in his kindness has given custody of His grace to the church the church is the reservoir of grace and therefore we go to the church in order to be saved and the surgical dispensed the grace of God to needy sinners for the most part this meant through the sacraments and the sacramental system was growing over the years more and more sacraments are being added and the sacraments were regarded as the means of saving grace the channels of saving grace so a person who receives the sacraments would there with that receive an infusion of grace and when that infusion of grace occurred the recipient would then be empowered to perform works of righteousness which would merit eternal life so it was not salvation by works but salvation by grace plus works salvation by works made possible by preceding grace infused through the sacraments that cleared for everybody okay and

Question 184

How did Augustine earn the title "doctor of grace?"

Answer 184

Augustine struggled against that and earned that the recognition as the doctor of grace for his efforts many people in those days of theological controversy presented the gospel as what they called a new law the gospel is a new law the old testament is the old law now we have the new law but they were confused about the relationship of law and grace and so therefore they presumed that people had the ability to respond positively or negatively to the offer of grace but that's not so and we know it's not so and Augustine knew it was not so and says the doctor of grace had worked against that teaching

Question 185

When did semi-pelagianism emerge and what is it?

Answer 185

as time passed of course Augustine passed from the scene and that long after he was gone a type of semi-pelagianism made its debut and that type of pelagianism is still very very popular now semi-pelagianism that we can't save ourselves Christ is the only Savior yes and we must be saved by grace alone but the decision to accept or reject grace is entirely our own it's up to us if we make the right decision we'll be saved the wrong decision we’ll be lost it's as simple as that

Question 186

What did the Venerabe Bede think about semi-pelagianism?

Answer 186

well that idea aroused some opposition too because Augustine still had his followers one of them was Bede remember the venerable bede who wrote the ecclesiastical history of the English people well he resisted semi-Pelagian denial of human depravity and he asserted salvation Sola gratia salvation by grace alone Sola gratia but he too referred to Grace as an enabler of meritorious works but then he said in a strange way but these are not works for salvation they're works for reward in eternity but they’re not for salvation salvation is sola gratia it is entirely a great the gift of God's grace

Question 187

How did Julian of Toledo contribute to the semi-pelagian debate?

Answer 187

then there was a writer in the 7th century eighth century too - Julian of Toledo and he extended Sola gratia to sola fide de that means what by faith alone justification sola fide through faith alone here's what Julian wrote “the righteousness of faith by which we are justified is that we believe in him whom we do not see and that being cleansed by faith we shall eventually see him in whom we now believe”

Question 188

What is the formal or material principle of the Protestant Reformation?

Answer 188

all right so here we have an exponent of what we call the formal principle or the material principle of the Protestant Reformation salvation Sola gratia Sola fide Solus Christus the righteousness of faith by which we are justified is that we believe in him that we do not see and that being cleansed by faith we shall eventually see him in whom we now believe

Question 189

How was soteriology inside the catholic church by the time of the Protestant Reformation?

Answer 189

well the scholars then there were scholars and in that era who kept alive a biblical understanding of sin and salvation they were not numerous and as time passed their influence diminished so that by the Protestant Reformation there is very little evidence of wholesome soteriology inside the Catholic Church very little there was some not very much

Question 190

What was the role of theology and philosophy in catholic universities?

Answer 190

I should say something about theology as queen of the sciences happened now we use the term sciences in a rather restrictive sense don't we we talk about the experimental sciences the exact sciences chemistry physics and so forth astronomy those are all hard sciences as we call them and we today wouldn’t refer to English literature as a science but maybe not even theology as a science but in those days the word science in any academic pursuit don't as a science and so theology took precedence over everything else in the Catholic universities and so every university was Catholic in character and presiding over the whole university was the discipline of theology theology was queen of the sciences and philosophy was known as the handmaiden of theology so philosophy and theology were not antagonistic one toward another on the contrary they were in harmony with each other and philosophy was expected then to defend the claims of theology and to explain them in ways that people could understand them so theology queen of the sciences and philosophy a hand made of theology