ICE

Question 1

Scientific Revolution

Answer 1

I-The series of events that led to the birth of modern science.
C-The Scientific Revolution was after the Renaissance and it changed the mindset of the ideas that were correct. Before many of the ideas were based off of the ancient Greek scholars and officials from the Catholic Church and they were never doubted. However in this time era all ideas needed to be proven with evidence before it could be turned into a theory or fact.
E-The Scientific Revolution had lasting impacts in religious, political, and cultural aspects. Many of the foundations for modern science was from the scientists in this era.

Question 2

Science

Answer 2

I-A particular way of gaining knowledge about the world.
C-This concept of science was developed by many scientists that viewed the world differently after this knowledge they had proven.
E-Science also led to many observations because they needed to look at the world in depth so they could prove their theories.

Question 3

Theories

Answer 3

I-Facts that scientists use when coming up with explanations.
C-The foundations for theories were science because the ideas of science, observing and experimenting was what led to the development of theories.
E-One of the strongest foundations of knowledge from science was the development of theories which had come from facts that had been proven with experiments and observations. Many scientists learned from the world as they reproved the theories of other scientists as well as their own with evidence.

Question 4

Ptolemy

Answer 4

I-Ancient Greek astronomer and geographer, he studied the skies and made maps of the Mediterranean region.
C-Like Aristotle, Ptolemy is also considered a great Greek thinker. He was an astronomer as he made theories based off of the things he had observed when studying the sky. Maps with the greatest technology they had in his time period were made by him, for he was also a geographer.
E-Since Ptolemy was considered a great thinker and respected among other scientists and philosophers, people did not doubt his ideas and used his ideas to come up with theories of their own until the Scientific Revolution. Although their works were studied many tried to prove their theories correct again, leading to more doubt within this great thinkers.

Question 5

Rationalists

Answer 5

I-People who looked at the world in a rational, or reasonable and logical, way.
C-Aristotle and Ptolemy were considered rationalists and were greatly respected. Scientists in this time period were also rationalists for they viewed the world differently from what it has been viewed.
E-The works of the past rationalists were important so the knowledge was preserved through translations of Greek texts in different ideas. Other rationalists such as Maimonides and Thomas Aquinas tried to combine their thoughts and theories with the ancient thinkers.

Question 6

Alcehmy

Answer 6

I-A forerunner of chemistry.
C-When alchemy was combined with the study of Greek writings from the past and the continuous interest that many people had on humanism, it finally led to the Scientific Revolution.
E-Alchemy was considered one of the developments that help led to the Scientific Revolution. Along with the humanist ideas that led on to this era, alchemy was a development because the natural resources were being used and tested. The alchemists’ main goal had been to convert other metals into gold. Although it was a failure, much was learned from this experiment about the different metals and natural resources in the world.

Question 7

Nicolas Copernicus

Answer 7

I-Polish astronomer, his book On the Revolution of the Celestial Spheres helped begin the Scientific Revolution.
C-There were many experiments and observations that proved the Greek rationalists’ ways of thinking and theories incorrect. One of the scientists that was able to prove them incorrect with careful examination of the world was Nicolaus Copernicus.
E-Nicolaus Copernicus was responsible for the beginning of the Scientific Revolution because his discoveries were the “landmark” of this era. Ptolemy, a Greek thinker, had proven and written that it was the Earth that was in the center of the universe and the other planets and the sun had orbited around this planet. Not only did many people believe in this theory, but it was believed to be true for over 1000 years, however, Copernicus was able to change the scientists’ thoughts because he proved that if the planets were to orbit around the Earth the patterns and motions were too complex for what the planet’s movements were proved to be. Copernicus was afraid of persecution or death because of his ideas and he suggested a different theory, which had led people to view the world differently and believed perhaps the Greek thinkers weren’t always correct.

Question 8

Geocentric

Answer 8

I-In relation to the Earth being in the center of the universe.
C-Many people believed that the Earth was in the center of the universe, especially before when they didn’t have the advanced technology and weren’t required to prove their theories with evidence they had found from their observations and experiments.
E-The church had also agreed that the Earth was in the center and stated that in the Bible it also states this fact.

Question 9

Heliocentric

Answer 9

I-In relation to the Sun being in the center of the astronomical modern solar system.
C-First introduced by Nicolaus Copernicus, this idea was considered “dangerous” by the church officials because the people that had believed them could lose reliability from them.
E-This idea was able to be proven with evidence because the orbits of the planets had to be much more complex in order for the Earth to be in the center of the universe with the planets revolve around it. Previous discoveries such as Jupiter having moons go around them proved that it was the Sun that had planets orbit around it.

Question 10

Tycho Brahe

Answer 10

I-Danish astronomer of the Scientific Revolution, he emphasized the importance of careful observation.
C-Other scientists such as Johannes Kepler were able to learn from Brahe and the ideas and information that had been learned by him.
E-Brahe was well known for the accuracy in ho he charted the position of many stars on a chart. An important idea that was formed by this astronomer was the important need of accurate and careful observations and allowing scientists’ after them to use what they had learned from the experiment or observation conducted.

Question 11

Johannes Kepler

Answer 11

I-German astronomer, he proved that the planets orbit the sun.
C-Johannes Kepler was able to prove Copernicus incorrect when he realized that not all the orbits of planets were circular because Mars moved in a oval-shaped orbit.
E-Kepler was one of the first scientists that were able to prove Copernicus’ theory incorrect, yet supporting a part of his idea. His main goal had been to map each planet’s orbit. He studied planets and their movement even after Copernicus was proven wrong by him and he was influential to the ideas in modern science as well.

Question 12

Galileo Galilei

Answer 12

I-Italian scientist, he was the first scientist to routinely use experiments to to test theories. He was placed on trial for supporting theories that contradicted Church teachings.
C-Since he was known as the “father of experimental science” he was influential to other scientists and modern scientists to use experiments when defending one’s observations.
E-Galileo Galileo was the first scientist to be able to observe the sky with a telescope. With this new invention he was able to see that the moon’s surface was not smooth, but filled with craters and mountains. Moons orbiting Jupiter was also proved with this new invention. Mechanics, how objects fall and including the motion of objects was his biggest contribution to the scientific world. He used experiments to test and prove the things he was observing and he was the first to do this. He had many attackers and people who disagreed, but he was able to defend his observations with evidence and how investigation could encourage the truth of his observations.

Question 13

Sir Isaac Newton

Answer 13

I-English scientist, he studied and simplified the work of earlier scientists. He identified four laws that explained how the physical world works.
C-Isaac Newton’s observations written in a book known as Principia Mathematica marked the highest point or peak of the Scientific Revolution. Like many other scientists, he too studied the works of scientists before him and tried to apply them into his experiments.
E-Adding the works and discoveries of other scientists into his own research, he was able to identify and prove with reasoning the four theories of physics. Because these theories became so influential among other scientists, they became laws. The law of gravity proved that there is an existent force that attracts objects, proving how the planets and moons are able to orbit in space. His three laws of motion proved how objects moved in space. Discoveries were also made relating to the nature of light and he invented the system of calculus, which also influences the world today.

Question 14

Barometer

Answer 14

I-Scientific instrument that measures air pressure.
C-Invented by Evangelista Torricelli, the barometer like other instruments helped improve observations because they were higher in technology.
E-The barometer was able to help predict the weather and became influential because they are still used today. Scientists used this instruments with experiments and they represented the tools of the Scientific Revolution because observations were proven correct with more accurate data.

Question 15

Thermometer

Answer 15

I-An instrument that is used to measure the temperature.
E-Like the other instruments and advancements from the Scientific Revolution, many helped to make accurate and detailed observations, leading to accurate data from their experiments. These tools also lead onto today and modern science where they are continued to be used.

Question 16

Microscope

Answer 16

I-An optical instrument used for viewing small objects.
E-This advancement still goes onto today and have been improved several times over the time. This allowed and allows scientists to view and observe things that are too small to be seen by the naked human eye.

Question 17

Francis Bacon

Answer 17

I-English philosopher, he argued that science could be pursued in a systematic, logical fashion. His ideas helped develop the scientific method.
C-He read and studied the works of scientists before him and from their ideas he was also able to develop ideas of his own.
E-Francis Bacon believed that scientific research was considered very important and with science humans would advance in knowledge continually. This was written in the The Advancement of Learning and his theories and ideas led to the scientific method, the process of how to perform experiments and conduct scientific research.

Question 18

Rene Descarates

Answer 18

I-French philosopher, he believed that nothing should be accepted as true if it had not been proven. His ideas helped develop the scientific method.
E-Believing that the natural world revolved on physical laws, he believed that nothing could be accepted unless it was proven. Different from the many people who thought that knowledge began with faith, he believed it was formed from doubt because proof was needed to prove theories and have evidence to ideas.

Question 19

Scientific method

Answer 19

I-A step-by-step method for performing experiments and other scientific research.
C-Since the scientists usually spread their ideas to others, scientists often based the information they gathered before forming their hypothesis from other scientists.
E-This method combines the thought process of both Bacon and Descartes. They both required proof in order to prove something and this increased the speed of learning more about science. As observation and experimentation became the principles of modern science, there were six steps of this method. These were stating the problem, gathering background information, mainly from other scientists, hypothesis formation, testing this prediction, recording and analyzing of data and the draw of conclusions.

Question 20

Hypothesis

Answer 20

I-A solution that the scientist proposes to solve the problem.
C-the hypothesis of experiments can be correct or incorrect, but this can help scientists in the future, along with modern science because it is useful information that can influence others’ experiments and questions about science.
E-The hypothesis is one of the earliest steps of the scientific method. This is because the hypothesis is only a prediction and it can only be proven after experiments. However this is important because you need to have an assumption from the knowledge that is already given and spread, usually from past scientists who had proved their works with observations.

Question 21

Henry the Navigator

Answer 21

I-Prince of Portugal, he helped promote exploration by Portuguese sailors.
C-He was responsible for many of Portugal’s successful journeys using sea routes even though he did not sail on any of the voyages.
E-Hoping to teach sailors how to navigate the way, he built an observatory and a navigation school. He sponsored many people on their voyages, leading Spain to follow Portugal’s example. This led to explorers such as Vasco da Gama, who sailed around Africa, and the discovery of a “New World” or the Americas.

Question 22

Vasco De Gama

Answer 22

I-Portuguese sailor, he sailed around Africa to reach India.
C-Many of the explorers goals had been finding a possible trade route to Asia and increasing trade by setting up trading posts. After Dias’ crew turned back, Vasco da Gama decided to sail around Africa and to India.
E-Due to Vasco de Gama’s journey, Portugal’s society had hurt Africa and India. For the old world, spices from India were found and brought. They also became wealthier with their new control with trade.For the New World, there were new goods and this influenced many other explorers.

Question 23

Christopher Colombus

Answer 23

I-Italian sailor supported by rulers of Spain, he reached the Americas in 1492.
C-Like Columbus, Pedro Cabral had tried to reach Asia. He had tried to go around Africa, but landed in Brazil, discovering South America for the Europeans.
E-After much convincing of the Spanish monarchs, Columbus ventured on three ships, the Nina, the Pina, and the Santa Maria. Not noticing that the land they had landed on was not asia, they had arrived at Bahamas.

Question 24

Ferdinand Magellan

Answer 24

I-Portuguese explorer who sailed for Spain, his crew was the first to circumnavigate the world.
C-there were explorers before him that had explored Americas but had mistaken it for Asia. Because of these accidents the “New World” had been revealed amongst explorers so Magellan knew there was another world beyond Europe.
E-Despite the goal that he had began his journey with, finding routes to spices, he became the first explorer to circumnavigate the world. In doing so, he was able to find new land that hadn’t been discovered, and spread Christianity. another reason in why this was possible was being he continued to venture out further even with a lack of food and water.

Question 25

Circumnavigate

Answer 25

I-To go all the way around the globe.
E-There were many sailors such as Magellan, and sailors after him that were able to circumnavigate the world. This was possible with the technological improvements in many aspects such as shipbuilding, cartography, and navigation tools.

Question 26

Francis Drake

Answer 26

I-English sailor, he was sent to the Americas to steal gold and silver from Spanish ships.
C-In this time period, England and France also wanted to gain riches through Asia’s spices so they explored new lands and some explorers were John Cabot and Jacques Cartier. They went to the New World to claim land for France and England even if it wasn’t their original goal in the beginning.
E-England hopes to find riches, but notices that the gold and silver is controlled by Spain even though it was previously controlled by the Aztec and Inca. Dark became a pirate with much wealth after he steals gold from the galleons owned by Spain.

Question 27

Spanish Armada

Answer 27

I-Part of Spain’s large, experienced army.
C-After England and France wanted to gain power like Spain and Portugal, new lands were explored and land and wealth were competed for. Francis Drake was sent to steal gold and silver from the queen of England. Spain, angry with fury, sent Spanish ships for raid.
E-The Spanish Armada was defeated mainly because of England’s advanced technology, this including faster ships and better gns. The power then shifted to England and Spain no longer had control over the sea.

Question 28

Columbian Exchange

Answer 28

I-The exchange of plants, animals, and ideas between the New World (the Americas) and the Old World (Europe.)
C-After many explorations from Europe to the Americas, colonies were made, trade increased between the two worlds.
E-These exchange of ideas, and items, led to changes in culture, technology, society, and economy. Religion from Europe, such as Christianity was spread, and it converted many others to this religion including people from Asia, Africa, and the American Indians who lived in America. European languages were also taught and spread. Guns, steel, and animals that were considered transportations were brought to the Americas. The American Indians were mistreated and slavery had began due to plantation agriculture.

Question 29

Plantation

Answer 29

I-Large farms.
C-New industries were made when the European explorers came to the New World because of the introduction to many types of crops, which led to plantations.
E-Plantation agriculture provided much wealth for the colonies and played a role with economics in society, however, it also brought the idea of slavery and the mistreatment of American Indians and the enslaved Africans. Having to produce more raw materials, they needed to get the job done quicker, and since many American Indians were dying, due to the disease that had spread from Europe, Africans were brought to the Americas, continuing this process until the 1800s.

Question 30

Bartolome de las Casas

Answer 30

I-Spanish priest, he protested against the terrible treatment of American Indians. He attempted to convert the Indians to Christianity.
C-Because of protestors like las Casas, laws were made for the treatment of American Indians, however, they were not effective because many did not follow the rules of the colonists. After his efforts, there was a social structure created due to a person’s race, creating the concept of racism.
E-Despite the fact that it was the Spanish colonists caused countless deaths and forced the American Indians to work in the first place, like a few others, Bartolome de las Casas believed that showing them Christian qualities such as kindness and love would help them convert their religion.

Question 31

Mercantilism

Answer 31

I-A system in which a government controls all economic activity in a country and its colonies to make the government stronger and richer.
C-The economic system of mercantilism eventually shifts to the concept of capitalism due to the two main concepts of changes in trading and marketing patterns.
E-Mercantilism was active and a popular system in Europe in 1500 to 1800 and in this system the government had controlled almost everything, including the balance of trade. They did not grant the colonies freedom either so restricted them from trading with other countries and producing manufactured goods.

Question 32

Balance of trade

Answer 32

I-The relationship of goods imported to goods exported.
E-The colonies were able to help the balance of trade because it became the main reason of the colonies’ existence, to help the country it originated from. There were many restrictions given to the colonies such as not being allowed to trade with other countries, and only being able to produce raw materials. European countries had wanted to trade with their colonies and since they had wanted more exports than imports they were in charge of the manufactured goods that were exported to the colonies as well as other countries.

Question 33

Cottage industries

Answer 33

I-A system in which family members worked in their homes to make part of a product.
C-Since the colonies (New World) were not allowed to produce manufactured goods, manufacturing had increased greatly in Europe leading to the cottage industry.
E-A cottage industry connects with the businessperson greatly because the businessperson had to be available and provide the family with the materials that were required for the part of product they needed to make. The businessperson would later sell the product when the parts were attached and prepared to be used.

Question 34

Atlas

Answer 34

I-Collection of maps.
C-The publishment of the atlas had led to the shift of of power from western Europe to Northern Europe.
E-Because the publishment of the atlas, many people tried to find new sources of wealth because the improved accuracy of maps thad allowed explorers more possible to make discoveries.

Question 35

Capitalism

Answer 35

I-An economic system in which individuals and private businesses run most industries.
C-This was an economic system that had developed after mercantilism and new patterns of trade and banking was created and spread.
E-After the development of many new trading patterns with Europe and other continents, power had shifted in Europe. Some of the new trade patterns were the trade between the New and Old World, known as the Columbian Exchange, the triangular trade and the Atlantic slave trade. The triangular trade had been between Europe, Africa, and the Americas and they traded raw materials, manufactured goods, and slavery. In the process of slavery, many Africans were killed and they were mistreated by the Europeans. When there were new trade routes in Northern Europe, which had been influenced by the atlas, trade posts increased and the countries of northern Europe had more power. Banking had also started and spread by Europeans and this helped the economic growth because they loaned money and helped start new businesses. With the process of supply and demand, mercantilism had transitioned into the era of capitalism.

Question 36

Market economy

Answer 36

I-Individuals decide what goods and services they will buy.
C-The concept of capitalism had led to a market economy because customers chose the products from the competition between private businesses.
E-The market economy had originated from the concept of supply and demand. They were also linked to each other because the greater demand there is to an item, the supply would increase with it until the supply and demand of goods are equal. This also benefits customers because they had a choice in the places they were going to purchase items.

Question 37

Inflation

Answer 37

I-General increase in prices and fall in the value of the money that is owned.

Question 38

Cartography

Answer 38

I-The science of map drawing.
C-Scared to lose their way, before the advancement of cartography, many explorers did not venture into the open sea because they could get lost and not find their way home.
E-In the beginning of the Age of Exploration, there were advances in technology that allowed many European countries venture into this era and cartography had been an important technology improvement. With more accurate maps, sailors could travel out into the sea and there was a higher percentage of safety.

Question 39

Caravel

Answer 39

I-A ship built by mainly Portugal that had many benefits to sailing.
C-This new advancement had helped introduce Portugal to their Age of Exploration and many European countries such as Spain, England, and France later catched up to this era and the purpose for this era.
E-The caravel had been one of the reasons that gave an opportunity for explorers to travel. The sails on the ship allowed it to sail quicker if it catches the wind and there was a rounded hull, that helped with steering and quicker turns.

Question 40

Colony

Answer 40

I-An area or territory that is part of another one, usually distant from the country or region it had originated from.
E-The colonies of European countries, which settled in the New World, were important because they played a huge role with the economics of Europe. Without them, trade of raw materials and manufactured goods would also not be possible and the Columbian exchange would cease to exist. The colonies also prove the flourishment of explorations during the era that allowed explorers to land in the New World.

Question 41

Epedemic

Answer 41

I-A widespread disease, usually in a community, in a certain time.
C-When European explorers had settled in the New World, the diseases that they had brought with them had effected the American Indians because their bodies weren’t immune to the particular disease yet.
E-This took countless lives of the American Indians, later leading to the necessity of slavery of Africans because they continued to need workers that would work with their plantations and help maintain their economy in the colonies and Europe.

Question 42

Northwest Passage

Answer 42

I-“The Northwest Passage is a sea route connecting the northern Atlantic and Pacific Oceans through the Arctic Ocean, along the northern coast of North America via waterways through the Canadian Arctic Archipelago.”