ICD and non-substance addictive disorder Flashcards

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1
Q

According to Griffiths, what is the definition of addiction?

A

A person should the following signs: salience, mood modification tolerance, wihdrawal, conflict and relapse. .

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2
Q

What is salience?

A

It is when a particular activity takes over as the most important activity in a person’s life, which may dominate their thinking, feeling and behaviour.

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3
Q

What is mood modification?

A

It is when the person experiences a ‘high’ or even feelings of peace and escape.

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4
Q

Define gambling disorder. What are the signs of the disorder?

A

It is a non-substance addictive disorder. Persistent and recurrent problematic gambling behavior leading to clinically significant impairment or distress.
4 of the following - 12 month :
-Needs to gamble with increasing amounts of money in order to achieve the desired excitement.
- irritable when attempting to cut down
-Has made repeated unsuccessful efforts to control
-Is often preoccupied with gambling
-Often gambles when feeling distressed
- often returns another day to get even
-Has jeopardized or lost a significant relationship, job
-Relies on others to provide money

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5
Q

Define pyromania. What are the signs of this disorder?

A

It is when the person intentionally set fire to something but not always a crime.

  • more than one occasion.
  • affective arousal before the act.
  • Fascination with fire
  • Pleasure when witnessing or participating in aftermath
  • Not done for monetary gain.
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6
Q

According to Burton et al, there are three groups: fire setting, arson, and pyromania. What are the differences between the three?

A

Firesetting could be an intentional or non-intentional disorder. Arson is an intentional firesetting done against the law and is often malicious and occurs at night. It is often related to mental illnesses. Pyromania is intentional, but not done as a crime. It is an ICD, often begins during early adulthood and frequency increases.

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7
Q

Define kleptomania. What are the signs of this disorder?

A

It is an ICD. It is the act of on-going inability to resist stealing objects not needed for personal use or because of its monetary value.

  • Feels tension before act
  • Pleasure afterwards
  • Often diagnosed with anxiety or substance use.
  • Characterised by intrusive thoughts and urges to steal.
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8
Q

Define non-substance addictive disorder

A

Non-substance addictive disorder is a behavioural addiction, such as gambling, where the patient experiences persistent and recurrent gambling behaviour that leads to clinically significant impairment or distress.

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9
Q

What is Kleptomania Symptom Assessment Scale?

A

It is a self-report measure used to diagnose kleptomania. It is an 11-item scale which measures impulses, thoughts, feelings and behaviours related to stealing. Person considers this in relation to the past seven days. Each item rated from 0-4 or 0-5, 0 (no), 5(severe). Symptoms with highest scores reflect greater severity.

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10
Q

Strengths of K-SAS

A
  • Scored well for test retest reliability
  • Good concurrent validity with CGI
  • Useful, applicable (gain insights)
  • Quantitative data, easy to compare
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11
Q

Weaknesses of K-SAS

A
  • Response bias, subjective, under-report

- No qualitative

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12
Q

Explain the biochemical cause of ICDs (Comings and Blum)

A

Reward deficiency syndrome: Normally, the striatum is when we do something pleasurable. However, Da levels become reduced when behaviours are compulsive. This part of the brain is responsible for reward and behavioural control. Therefore, a deficiency in dopamine could lead to a cycle of addiction. The striatum with other areas is known as the dopamine reward pathway.

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13
Q

Explain how the dopamine reward pathway works in regard to ICDs.

A

This is because dopamine is a happy chemical and is triggered by a rewarding stimuli such as engaging in enjoyable behaviours. For example, when a person with kleptomania steals something, their reward centres are stimulated and dopamine is released. However, when these behaviours are compulsive, the levels of dopamine in the striatum is reduced which then causes the person to increasingly engage in stealing behaviours to release the same level of dopamine.

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14
Q

Explain the behavioural cause relating is to positive reinforcement of ICDs

A

Positive reinforcement is an aspect of operant conditioning. It is when the reward that the person gets is positive reinforcement, making the behaviour more likely to be repeated. The reward can either be external or internal.

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15
Q

What is schedules of reinforcement?

A

It is how often you get a reward. For example, a gambler will lose more than they win and they will keep playing to recoup losses. The partial reinforcement causes very addictive behaviour.

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16
Q

What is variable ratio schedule?

A

When a reward is delivered after an unpredictable number of responses. Eg. Fruit machine. This is partial positive reinforcement.

17
Q

What would be the internal and external reinforcement of stealing?

A

Internal: Dopamine reward pathway and arousal
External: Stealing the actual item

18
Q

Define feeling-state

A

It is all the the sensations, emotions, and thoughts a person experiences in relation to a particular event. It can also be called the state-dependent memory.

19
Q

Explain the cognitive cause in relation to feeling state theory (Miller) causes ICDs

A

The feeling state is composed of positive emotions and memory of the behaviour which leads to impulse-control problems. Normal behaviour can become compulsive when there is fixated intense feeling-states. An underlying negative thought is most likely to create feeling-state related to ICDs such as that they are weak. This makes the feeling state during the particular behviour more desirable.

20
Q

The feeling-state theory suggests that there are 3 sets of beliefs which are…

A
  • Negative beliefs about oneself on the world
  • Positive belief created during an event
  • Negative belief created from out-of-control behaviour.
21
Q

Strengths of feeling-state theory

A

-Application

-

22
Q

Describe the theory behind covert sensitization

A
  • Behaviour modification therapy, all is learned, it can be unlearned.
  • Classical conditioning
23
Q

Describe the treatment of covert sensitisation

A

It is a technique of classical conditioning where an Unpleasant stimuli (such as nausea) is paired with an undesirable behaviour in order to change that behaviour. It is less concerned about the origin of the behaviour

24
Q

Describe the case study by Glover for covert sensitisation

A
  • 56 year old with a 14 year history of kleptomania.
  • Associated stealing with vomiting and nausea
  • The closer to the product, the more nausea.
  • Nausea stopped when she put product back on shelf.
  • muscle relaxation for the first two sessions enhance ability to immerse herself in the visualization.
  • Practised as homework as self-administering
  • 8weeks 4 sessions
  • 19 month follow up - more confident and relapsed once.
25
Q

What is a limitation in terms of case study method in relation to Glover and Miller?

A
  • Might not work with addiction to chemical substances because it does not address biological side
  • Reductionist
  • Free will because she is the one visualizing.
26
Q

What does the impulse control therapy target?

A
  1. Cognitive change - targeting rationalizations and distorted thinking patterns
  2. Behavioural change - once feeling state is re-processed, patients find more appropriate behaviours to obtain desired feeling.
27
Q

What is EMDR and what is the purpose of this therapy?

A

It is interactive psychotherapy technique.
Individual recalls problematic behaviour while therapist directs eye movement in one of several patterns using their hands or other stimuli.
It releases emotional experiences that are trapped in nervous system by reprocessing information.