ICD and non-substance addictive disorder Flashcards
According to Griffiths, what is the definition of addiction?
A person should the following signs: salience, mood modification tolerance, wihdrawal, conflict and relapse. .
What is salience?
It is when a particular activity takes over as the most important activity in a person’s life, which may dominate their thinking, feeling and behaviour.
What is mood modification?
It is when the person experiences a ‘high’ or even feelings of peace and escape.
Define gambling disorder. What are the signs of the disorder?
It is a non-substance addictive disorder. Persistent and recurrent problematic gambling behavior leading to clinically significant impairment or distress.
4 of the following - 12 month :
-Needs to gamble with increasing amounts of money in order to achieve the desired excitement.
- irritable when attempting to cut down
-Has made repeated unsuccessful efforts to control
-Is often preoccupied with gambling
-Often gambles when feeling distressed
- often returns another day to get even
-Has jeopardized or lost a significant relationship, job
-Relies on others to provide money
Define pyromania. What are the signs of this disorder?
It is when the person intentionally set fire to something but not always a crime.
- more than one occasion.
- affective arousal before the act.
- Fascination with fire
- Pleasure when witnessing or participating in aftermath
- Not done for monetary gain.
According to Burton et al, there are three groups: fire setting, arson, and pyromania. What are the differences between the three?
Firesetting could be an intentional or non-intentional disorder. Arson is an intentional firesetting done against the law and is often malicious and occurs at night. It is often related to mental illnesses. Pyromania is intentional, but not done as a crime. It is an ICD, often begins during early adulthood and frequency increases.
Define kleptomania. What are the signs of this disorder?
It is an ICD. It is the act of on-going inability to resist stealing objects not needed for personal use or because of its monetary value.
- Feels tension before act
- Pleasure afterwards
- Often diagnosed with anxiety or substance use.
- Characterised by intrusive thoughts and urges to steal.
Define non-substance addictive disorder
Non-substance addictive disorder is a behavioural addiction, such as gambling, where the patient experiences persistent and recurrent gambling behaviour that leads to clinically significant impairment or distress.
What is Kleptomania Symptom Assessment Scale?
It is a self-report measure used to diagnose kleptomania. It is an 11-item scale which measures impulses, thoughts, feelings and behaviours related to stealing. Person considers this in relation to the past seven days. Each item rated from 0-4 or 0-5, 0 (no), 5(severe). Symptoms with highest scores reflect greater severity.
Strengths of K-SAS
- Scored well for test retest reliability
- Good concurrent validity with CGI
- Useful, applicable (gain insights)
- Quantitative data, easy to compare
Weaknesses of K-SAS
- Response bias, subjective, under-report
- No qualitative
Explain the biochemical cause of ICDs (Comings and Blum)
Reward deficiency syndrome: Normally, the striatum is when we do something pleasurable. However, Da levels become reduced when behaviours are compulsive. This part of the brain is responsible for reward and behavioural control. Therefore, a deficiency in dopamine could lead to a cycle of addiction. The striatum with other areas is known as the dopamine reward pathway.
Explain how the dopamine reward pathway works in regard to ICDs.
This is because dopamine is a happy chemical and is triggered by a rewarding stimuli such as engaging in enjoyable behaviours. For example, when a person with kleptomania steals something, their reward centres are stimulated and dopamine is released. However, when these behaviours are compulsive, the levels of dopamine in the striatum is reduced which then causes the person to increasingly engage in stealing behaviours to release the same level of dopamine.
Explain the behavioural cause relating is to positive reinforcement of ICDs
Positive reinforcement is an aspect of operant conditioning. It is when the reward that the person gets is positive reinforcement, making the behaviour more likely to be repeated. The reward can either be external or internal.
What is schedules of reinforcement?
It is how often you get a reward. For example, a gambler will lose more than they win and they will keep playing to recoup losses. The partial reinforcement causes very addictive behaviour.