ICA 5 + 6 + 7 Flashcards
According to the figure, which of the following is true?
a. Evidence suggests that women who eat more eggs experience higher mortality each year.
b. Countries with higher percentage of energy intake from egg consumption experience higher colon cancer mortality (per 100,000 per year) among women.
c. There is a strong inverse correlation between consuming eggs and dying from colon cancer in
the population, but the correlation is not statistically significant.
d. The evidence suggest that there is a statistically inverse correlation between consuming eggs
and colon cancer mortality among men. (ICA 5 - chart)
B
ccording to the figure, which of the following statements is likely most true.
a. The researchers are studying egg consumption among selected individuals in selected countries.
b. The researchers identified a strong inverse correlation, which is statistically significant.
c. The researchers identified a statistically significant correlation between percent of energy intake (as represented by egg consumption) and colon cancer mortality among women in 34 selected countries.
d. The researchers see a direct correlation between the group data, but the results were not
statistically significant—the P-value was less than the critical value. (ICA chart 5)
C
Researchers are interested in comparing the therapeutic effects of a new diabetes drug SugarBeGone
(SBG) against the current standard treatment. They have several discussions about what features of the
study design are needed for this investigation. Ultimately, they decide that it is important to let random
assignment dictate whether participants receive the new SBG drug or the current standard treatment.
What type of study design is characterized by allowing random assignment (or chance) to dictate the
group assignment for study participants?
a. Environmental Design
b. Experimental Design
c. Ecologic Design
d. Masked Design
b
When deciding upon a particular study design, there are many aspects to consider. Based on your
reading and the asynchronous lecture, which of the following choices is not typically a consideration in
choosing a particular study design.
a. Frequency of exposure and/or disease
b. Ethical concerns
c. Existing scientific knowledge
d. Plans to publish findings
d
Which of the following statements is TRUE?
a. Researchers may include both incident and prevalent cases at baseline for both retrospective
and prospective cohort study designs, but not ambidirectional study designs.
b. The case-controls study design is good to use when diseases are rare in populations.
c. Case-control study designs often use randomization to select cases and controls.
d. Cross-sectional study designs are best used for studies with rare exposures and for comparing
cumulative incidence between index and referent groups.
b
- Which of the following is true when calculating various measures associated with the cohort study design?
A. The cumulative incidence may be calculated for each level of the independent variable (exposure, risk factor,
predictor variable, etc.) for closed study populations
B. At the beginning of the study, all study participants are disease free (prevalent cases are excluded), and the
exposure status is assessed for the study participants.
C. The relative risk may be calculated comparing the risk/rate of the index group (exposed) relative to the risk/rate
of referent group (unexposed, less exposed) depending on the data collected.
D. All of these statements are true
D
Which of the following is a disadvantage for using the general population as a comparison group when
conducting occupational cohort studies?
A. Occupational study designs may not be used when conducting an observational prospective cohort study
B. The healthy worker effect
C. It is not possible to deal with other independent variables that might be confounding the primary association
between the index group(s) and the referent group.
D. The counterfactual ideal when comparing workers and the general population
B
Cohort studies often involve the use of different populations defined by changeable characteristics or irrevocable
events as well as follow-up periods where members may come and go and losses to follow-up may or may not occur.
Which type of population is used when cumulative Incidence is the desired measure of disease frequency?
A. Open Cohort
B. Fixed Cohort
C. Closed Cohort
D. Dynamic Cohor
D
Which of the following statements is FALSE regarding cohort study designs?
A. Cohort study designs are useful when the disease or health outcome is rare.
B. Assuming robust data exists, retrospective cohort study designs allow researchers to establish associations
between independent and dependent variables that may take years to develop at a minimal cost
C. Cohort study designs are useful when the exposure is rare in the study population.
D. Researchers are able to calculate the relative risks (risk ratios or rate ratios) using cohort study designs
A
Which of the following best describes the counterfactual ideal as it relates to cohort studies?
A. The counterfactual ideal only works for retrospective cohort study designs.
B. The counterfactual ideal is hypothetical situation that describes the perfect comparison group of exposed
individuals that is theoretically comprised of the same exposed individuals had they not been exposed.
C. The counterfactual ideal does not allow the researcher to distinguish incident cases from prevalent cases in a
cohort study design.
D. The counterfactual ideal applies for dynamic study populations, but not closed study populations.
B
You have noticed that your clinic seems to be seeing an increase in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
(COPD) and you are suspicious that there may be a relationship between occupational exposure (as a welder) and
developing COPD. Given that COPD typically takes a long time to develop, you decide to conduct a case-control study.
You identify 399 COPD patients, of whom 37 report working as a welder. You identify 800 controls of whom 48 report
working as a welder
Indicate which relative measure of association is appropriate for the data above.
A. Risk ratio
B. Rate ratio
C. Exposure odds ratio
D. Prevalence ratio
C
calculate the appropriate measure of association for the data (above Table 1) from this study
You have noticed that your clinic seems to be seeing an increase in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
(COPD) and you are suspicious that there may be a relationship between occupational exposure (as a welder) and
developing COPD. Given that COPD typically takes a long time to develop, you decide to conduct a case-control study.
You identify 399 COPD patients, of whom 37 report working as a welder. You identify 800 controls of whom 48 report
working as a welder
1.6013
select the best interpretation of the measure of association you calculated for the data. Circle the letter next to
your answer choice.
A. Welders had 1.6 times the odds of COPD than non-welders
B. The risk of becoming a welder was 1.6 times higher for people who had COPD.
C. The risk developing COPD was 160% higher among welders
D. The odds of becoming a welder was 60% higher among people who developed COPD.
A
You have noticed that your clinic seems to be seeing an increase in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
(COPD) and you are suspicious that there may be a relationship between occupational exposure (as a welder) and
developing COPD. Given that COPD typically takes a long time to develop, you decide to conduct a case-control study.
You identify 399 COPD patients, of whom 37 report working as a welder. You identify 800 controls of whom 48 report
working as a welder.
Calculate the attributable risk percent (AR%) using the data from the table
37.55
Which of the following is the best interpretation assuming a causal association between the exposure and disease?
Circle the letter next to your answer choice.
A. The evidence suggests that about 38% of COPD could be attributed to working as a welder.
B. The evidence suggests that about 38% of COPD in the population could be attributed to working as a welder.
C. The evidence suggest that about 38% of COPD in the population could be eliminated if welding was
eliminated as a job in the population.
D. The evidence suggests that the odds of COPD among welders is 38% times the odds of COPD among non-
welders
A
