Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

3152 Immune and Endocrine System > IC6 Anatomy and Histology > Flashcards

IC6 Anatomy and Histology Flashcards

1
Q

What are some lymph nodes all over the body?

A
  1. Tonsils,
  2. adenoid,
  3. lymph node,
  4. spleen,
  5. Peyer’s patches in small intestine
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the primary lymphoid tissues and the secondary lymphoid tissues?

A

Primary lymphoid tissues: thymus and bone marrow
Secondary Lymphoid tissues: spleen and lymph node

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

How does lymph travel in the lymphatic system? Which lymphatic vessels are the ones that connect back to the circulatory system?

A

Blood capillaries –> lymphatic capillaries –> lymph nodes –> lymphatic vessels –> blood vessels

Left and right subclavian trunk –> Thoracic duct and right lymphatic duct respectively

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Where is the thymus(1)?

A

Above heart, in between lungs
In anterior mediastinum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the gross anatomy of thymus(1)?

A

2 lobes
Each lobe has many smaller lobules
Each lobule has cortex and medulla
NO afferent lymphatic vessels
Only efferent lymphatic vessels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What cells are present in the thymus(1) cortex? What process occurs at the thymus cortex?

A

Cortex:

  1. Lymphocytes
  2. LESS Epithelial reticular cells
    a. Ensheath the capillaries

Site for T cells precursor proliferation
+ Blood thymus barrier

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What cells are present in the thymus (1) medulla?

A

Medulla:

  1. MORE epithelial reticular cells
    a. Produces thymosin and thymopoietin –> stimulate T cell differentiation and proliferation
  2. Hassall’s corpuscles (group of epithelial cells)
  3. LESS lymphocytes –> enter blood circulation in medulla OR cortico-medullary junction to populate T-dependent areas of other lymphoid organs
  4. Macrophages
  5. Endothelial cells
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the functions of thymus?

A
  1. T lymphocytes differentiation
  2. Selective removal of cells
    Positive selection –> T cells that can bind to MHC I and MHC II
    Negative Selection –> T cells that only bind to 1 and do not bind to self-antigen
  3. Secretes hormones e.g. thymosin
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the gross anatomy of the lymph node(2)?

A

Hilum
Afferent & Efferent Lymphatic vessels
Capsule & Trabecular
Cortex & Medulla
Paracortical zone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the outer layer of the lymph node(2) and what’s underneath it?

A

Capsules
Subcapsicular sinuses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What vessels are at the hilum of the lymph node(2)?

A

Artery
Veins
Efferent Lymphatic Vessel

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is in the lymph node(2) cortex? What cells are there?

A

Cortex:
Many lymphatic Nodules/follicles, contains

  • Germinal centers
  • Mainly B cells
  • Other cells: Plasma cells, macrophages, dendritic cells, reticular cells
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is in the lymph node(2) medulla? What cells are there?

A

Medulla:
Medullary cords and medullary sinuses

  • B cells (& some T cells)
  • Plasma cells
  • Reticular cells
  • Dendritic cells
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Where is the paracortical zone in the lymph node (2)? What cell is abundant there?

A

Lie between cortex (lymphatic nodules) and medulla
- Many T cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the function of the lymph node?

A
  1. Trap foreign substances by APC
  2. Optimize chance of antigen meeting lymphocyte
  3. Lymph travels through it
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

How do the lymphocytes circulate in the lymph node(2)? (Enter and leave)

A
  1. Lymphocytes enter lymph –> enter lymph node via afferent lymphatic vessels
    OR
  2. Lymphocytes enter from blood into lymph node through the walls of high endothelial venules / post capillary venules (in lymph node)

Lymphocytes leave lymph node via efferent lymphatic vessels

17
Q

What are the differences between lymph node and spleen?

A
  1. Lymphoid nodules with B cells and germinal center: YES YES
  2. Lymphoid nodules have central Arteriole: NO YES
  3. Parts:
    Cortex
    Medulla
    Paracortical zone

White Pulp
Red Pulp

18
Q

What is in the white pulp of the spleen(3)?

A

White pulp:

  1. Lymphoid nodules / follicles, contains
    - B cells
    - Germinal centers
  2. Periarterial lymphatic sheaths (PALS) surrounding central arterioles
    - PALS contain T cells
19
Q

What is in the red pulp of spleen(3)?

A

Red pulp:

  1. Splenic cords / Red pulp cords / Billroth’s cords, contains
    - Blood cells, macrophages, lymphocytes, plasma cells, reticular fibers
  2. Splenic sinusoids (venous sinus)
    - Wide irregular lumen –> drain into pulp veins –> drain into trabecular veins
    - Discontinuous lining of endothelial cells (stave cells)
20
Q

What is the function of the spleen(3)?

A
  1. Immunological filter of blood
  2. Destroy old RBCs
21
Q

How do the lymphocytes circulate in the spleen(3)? (Enter and leave)

A

Lymphocytes enter spleen
–> enter at the trabecular artery
–> central arteriole
–> splenic sinusoids
–> trabecular vein

22
Q

What are the parts of the adenohypophysis/anterior pituitary(4)?

A

Pars Distalis
Pars Intermedia
Pars Tuberalis

23
Q

What cells are present in the anterior pituitary(4)? What are the hormones produced in there?

A
  1. Pars Distalis:

Chromphils
- Acidophils (light stained)
o Somatotrophs (Growth hormones)
o Mammotrophs (Prolactin)
- Basophils (dark stained)
o Gonadotrophs (FSH, LH)
o Corticotrophs (ACTH )
o Thyrotrophs (TSH)

Chromophobes (translucent cells)
- Degranulated chromophils

  1. Pars intermedia:
    - Melanotrophs (meloncyte stimulating hormone)
  2. Pars tuberalis:
    - Undifferentiated cells (gondatrophs)
    - Mostly chromophobes
    - Some acidophils and basophils
24
Q

What are the parts of neurohypophysis/ posterior pituitary? What are the hormones stored in there?

A

Pars Nervosa:

  • Axons of hypothalamus
  • Pituicytes (support storage and release of hormones)
  • Herring bodies (store hormones, extension of axons)
  • Large number of capillaries

Hormones:

  • Antidiuretic hormones (ADH)
  • Oxytocin (love hormone)
    Stored in neurohypophysis as granules (herring bodies) in axons
25
Q

What are the 2 ways to control the anterior pituitary function?

A

Anterior pituitary controlled by

  1. hypothalamic hypophyseal portal system
    - Primary capillary plexus
    - Secondary capillary plexus
  2. Negative feeback
    - Plasma levels of hormones secreted by anterior pituitary glands
26
Q

How do hormones travel from the hypothalamus to the neurohypophysis?

A

Hypothalamic hypophyseal tract (axon)

  • hypothalamohypophyseal tract is a bundle of axons that connects the hypothalamic nuclei with the neurohypophysis. Its function is to carry the two hypothalamic neurohormones oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone to the neurohypophysis, where they are stored and released upon the body’s needs.
27
Q

What are the 2 functional groups of hormones produced by the pituitary glands?

A

2 functional groups of hormones

  1. Act on non-endocrine gland
    a. Growth hormones
    b. Prolactin
    c. ADH
  2. Act on endocrine glands
    a. FSH, LH
    b. ACTH (Adrenocorticotropic hormones)
    c. TSH
28
Q

Which endocrine glands are not under the pituitary control?

A

Pancreas, adrenal medulla and parathyroid glands are not under pituitary control

29
Q

What is the gross anatomy of the thyroid gland(5)? What blood vessels innervates it? Where is its location?

A

Anterior and inferior of larynx
2 lobes attached via isthmus
Has a capsule
Supplied by superior and inferior thyroid arteries
Follicles

  • follicular cells
  • colloid

Parafollicular cells

30
Q

What constitutes the follicles in the thyroid(5)?

A

Follicles

  • follicular cells (produce T3 and T4)
    o cuboidal to tall columnar
  • colloid (contains thyroglobulin)
    o under TSH control
31
Q

How does the parafollicular cells look like? What hormones is produced by the parafollicular cells in the thyroid(5)?

A

Parafollicular cells

  • larger than follicular cells
  • stain less intensely
  • secrete calcitonin (lowers blood calcium levels)
32
Q

What is the gross anatomy of the parathyroid glands(6)?

A

4 ovoid masses
Posterior to thyroid gland
Within the same capsule

33
Q

What are the cells present in the parathyroid cells(6)? What hormones are produced by the parathyroid cells?

A
  1. Chief cells (transparent cytoplasm)
    - Secretes parathyroid hormones (increase blood calcium levels)
  2. Oxyphil cells (pink stained cytoplasm)
    - Degenerated chief cells
    - Seen more in older people
34
Q

What is the gross anatomy of the adrenal gland(7)?

A

Adrenal cortex and the medulla

35
Q

What makes up the adrenal cortex(7)? What are the hormones produced by it?

A

Contains steroid secreting cells
Steroids are not stored in granules, they diffuse through the plasma membrane

  1. Zona Glomerulosa (pyrimidal)
    - Mineralocorticoids (aldosterone)
    - Controlled by renin angiotensin
  2. Zona Fasciculata (large)
    - Glucocorticosteroids (cortisol)
    - Androgens (small amounts)
    - Controlled by ACTH
  3. Zona Reticularis (small)
    - Dehydroepiandrosterone (Androgens)
    - Cortisol (small amounts)
36
Q

What cells are present in the adrenal medulla(7)? What hormones are produced by it?

A
  1. Chromaffin cells (large and pale stained)
  • Have Granules containing catecholamines (epinephrine and norepinephrine)
  • Innervated by pre-ganglionic sympathetic neurons to release epinephrine and norepinephrine
  • Considered as modified postsynaptic sympathetic neurons
  1. Ganglion cells
37
Q

What 2 major types of cells present in the pancreas(8)? How are they arranged?

A

Endocrine cells embedded within the acinar cells (thin reticular capsules around each islets)

Acidophilic or basophilic islets

Arranged in cords and seperated by fenestrated capillaries

38
Q

What are the cells and hormones present in the islets of Langerhans(8)?

A
  1. Alpha cells
  • Glucagon
  1. Beta cells
  • Insulin
  • Beta cell malfunction causes diabetes
  1. Delta cells
  • Somatostatin
  1. PP cell/F cells
  • Pancreatic polypeptide

3152 Immune and Endocrine System (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions