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pr3153 > ic1 - neuroanatomy > Flashcards

ic1 - neuroanatomy Flashcards

1
Q

compare the components that make up the CNS and PNS

A

CNS: brain and spinal cord
PNS: cranial nerves and spinal nerves

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2
Q

where is the brain located and what is it protected by and identify the parts of the brain and its components within these parts

A

brain is located in the cranial cavity

brain is protected by the skull and the meninges

brain is divided into forebrain, midbrain and hindbrain

forebrain consists of cerebrum and diencephalon (consists of thalamus and hypothalamus)

hind brain consists of medulla oblongata, pons and cerebellum

brain stem consists of midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata

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3
Q

draw anatomy of brain and spinal cord and identify the parts

A

identify cerebral hemisphere (cerebrum), midbrain, pons, thalamus, medulla oblongata, foramen magnum, cerebellum

split spinal cord into cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral and coccygeal

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4
Q

where is the spinal cord located and what is it protected by

A

spinal cord is located in the vertebral column

spinal cord is protected by meninges and surrounded by cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

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5
Q

how many pairs of cranial and spinal nerves are there

A

12 pairs of cranial nerves

31 pairs of spinal nerves

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6
Q

what does the cerebrum consist of

A

two cerebral hemispheres separated by longitudinal fissure and connected by corpus callosum

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7
Q

what is “cerebral cortex” and what is its structure (differentiate between them)

A

layer of grey matter on the surface of hemisphere

has gyri (folds) and sulci (grooves)

differentiate between central sulcus, lateral sulcus and parieto-occipital sulcus

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8
Q

identify and locate the lobes of the brain

A

frontal, parietal, temporal and occipital

[frontal] anterior to central sulcus and superior to lateral fissure

[parietal] posterior to central sulcus and superior to lateral fissure

[temporal] inferior to lateral fissure

[occipital] posterior to parietal and temporal lobes

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9
Q

what is the function of the sulci of the cerebral cortex

A

separates the brain into its frontal, parietal, temporal and occipital lobes

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10
Q

where is the hypothalamus located at

A

forms the lower part of the lateral wall and floor of third ventricle

right below the thalamus

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11
Q

what are the parts types of cells in the midbrain

A

dopamine and serotonin cells

has colliculus

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12
Q

what is the function of the colliculus and where is it located

A

it is located in the midbrain and is involved in incorporating environmental stimuli and coordinating gaze shifts involving both eye and head movements

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13
Q

what is a “cranial nerve nuclei”

A

a collection of cell bodies, distinguished to either have a motor or sensory function depending on where its axons goes to

each nuclei can only have either motor or sensory and if a cranial nerve is mixed function of both sensory and motor, that cranial nerve has two nucleis for each sensory and motor

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14
Q

categorise the cranial nerves into their respective functions

A

motor cranial nerves: III, IV, VI, XI, XII
sensory cranial nerves: II, VIII
mixed cranial nerves: V, VII, IX, X

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15
Q

what are the cranial nerves and nuclei assoc w and fiber tracts in midbrain

A

cranial nerves: III, IV
nuclei: III, IV, V, visual and auditory pathways
fiber tracts: ascending and descending fibers

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16
Q

where is the pons located

A

inferior to the midbrain, superior to the medulla oblongata

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17
Q

what are the cranial nerves and nuclei assoc w and the fiber tracts in the pons

A

cranial nerves: V, VI, VII, VIII
nuclei: V, VI, VII, VIII
fiber tracts: ascending and descending fibers

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18
Q

where is the medulla oblongata located

A

most inferior portion of the brain (stem like structure)

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19
Q

what are the cranial nerves and nuclei and fiber tracts in the medulla oblongata

A

cranial nerves: IX, X, XI, XII
nuclei: V, IX, X, XI, XII, cardiovascular and respiratory func
fiber tracts: ascending and descending fibers

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20
Q

where is the cerebellum located and explain its structure

A

located posterior to the pons and medulla oblongata

cerebellum consists of a midline portion (vermis) and two hemispheres

cerebellum connected to the brainstem

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21
Q

where is the start point and end point of the spinal cord

A

continuous with the brain at the foramen magnum of skull

tapers off into conus medullaris

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22
Q

distinguish between grey and white matter of the spinal cord

A

grey matter creates a hornlike structure throughout the inside of the spinal cord while the white matter makes up the surrounding sections of the spinal cord

grey matter consists primarily of neuronal cell bodies (neurons) while white matter made up of myelinated axons

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23
Q

what is the properties and function of the nervous tissue

A

nervous tissue is specialised to receive and generate stimuli (excitable) and transmits impulses (conductive)

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24
Q

what are the types of cells in the brain and differentiate between the types of cells

A

neurons and non neuronal cells (glial cells)

[neurons] structural and functional unit of the nervous system, generate or conduct impulses and are excitable

[glial cells] non conducting, support and protect neurons, 10x the number of neurons, big diversity in terms of shapes and sizes

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25
Q

list examples of non neuronal cells (glial cells) in the brain

A

astrocytes and oligodendrocytes

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26
Q

what is the structure of a neuron

A

cell body (consists of nucleus, ER, mitochondria, golgi)

dendrites (have dendritic branches)

axons (have axon hillock and synaptic terminals)

27
Q

differentiate the function of a dendrite and the function of axons

A

dendrites receive information and bring information or impulses towards the cell body of the neuron

axons conducts impulses to the next cell

28
Q

what is the “soma” and what does it contain

A

the cell body of a neuron

contains nucleus, various cytoplasmic organelles, cytoplasmic organelles, cytoskeletal elements (eg. actin fibers) and inclusions (aka nutrients or pigments eg. glycogen and lipids)

29
Q

what are “axons” and what is its structure (what is an “axoplasm” and what is its structure)

A

axons are nerve fibers that conduct impulses away from the cell body

most axons are long slender processes that arise from the axon hillock in the cell body and branch at the distal (terminal) end

axonal cytoplasm (axoplasm) lacks ribosomes, rough ER and golgi -> since proteins are made in ribosomes, the lack of it means that for a new proteins cannot be synthesised and old proteins cannot be degraded thus materials must be transported back and forth between cell body and terminus (new protein made in soma then cargoed all the way to axon terminal)

30
Q

what kind of transports do axons have and what materials are transported

A

anterograde and retrogade transports

anterograde is from cell body to axon terminal while retrograde is from axon terminal to cell body

axoplasm lacks ribosomes, rough ER and golgi thus cannot synthesise new proteins nor degrade old proteins thus transportation of nutrients, cytoskeletal elements and proteins etc via these routes

31
Q

what are the “fast component” and “slow component”

A

fast component (50-400mm/day) transports cytoplasmic proteins and macro molecules that are required for metabolic (eg. glycogen, glucose for production of energy by mitochondria) and synaptic activities

slow component (1-4mm/day) transports cytoskeletal components down the axon -> things that are needed for long term maintenance of the axon thus no urgency for transport and would not require as much energy

32
Q

what are “dendrites” and what is the structure of it

A

dendrites conduct impulses towards cell body

dendrites usually are relatively short and highly branched, contains all the cytoplasmic components found in the cell body except golgi (have ribosomes and ER to make own proteins thus do not need transportation)

33
Q

do dendrites require the same transportation system as axons

A

no as they have their own ribosomes and ER to synthesise own proteins

34
Q

what are “dendritic spines”

A

they stick out of dendrites (protrusions on dendritic shaft)

vast majority of excitation synapses are formed on the top of dendritic spine

35
Q

what are “synapses” and what are the types of synapses (differentiate between them)

A

chemical and electrical synapses

in a chemical synapse, impulses are transmitted chemically via neurotransmitters vs in an electrical synapse, nerve impulse transmitted electrically via channel proteins (through gap junction channels)

36
Q

from where to where are impulses transmitted

A

impulses are transmitted from one neuron (presynaptic) to another neuron (postsynaptic) or from a neuron to an effector cell (muscle) at synapses

37
Q

what are the components of a “chemical synapse” and how does it work (presynaptic membrane, voltage gated Ca2+ channels, synaptic cleft, postsynaptic membrane) and what are the different types of a synapse

A

chemical synapses have presynaptic axon terminal which is a small knoblike termination of the transmitting neuron and contains synaptic vesicles filled with a neurotransmitter

the presynaptic membrane is a thickened region in the plasmalemma of the presynaptic axon terminal and contains voltage gated Ca2+ channels

when AP reaches axon terminal, it activates the opening of Ca channels which causes influx of Ca ions into the terminal thus causing a rise in cytosolic Ca2+ level which triggers exocytosis of the neurotransmitter into the synaptic cleft

the synaptic cleft is a 20-40nm wide space separating the pre and postsynaptic membranes across which a neurotransmitter diffuses

the postsynaptic membrane is a thickened region in the plasmalemma of a receiving dendrite that contains neurotransmitter receptors

path follows to either excitatory or inhibitory synapses

38
Q

compare what happens at the excitatory synapse compared to what happens at the inhibitory synapse

A

at excitatory synapse, binding of neurotransmitter to its receptor causes opening of Na+ channels in the postsynaptic membrane which depolarises the membrane in the postsynaptic cell

at the inhibitory synapse, neurotransmitter binding leads to opening of K+ or Cl- channels in the postsynaptic membrane which leads to hyperpolarisation of the membrane and thus no action potential in the postsynaptic neuron

39
Q

what are the types of glial cells and its respective composition and function

A

astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglia

[astrocytes] 25%
(i) forms BBB
(ii) structural support, scar formation
(iii) secretion of nerve growth factors
(iv) water transport
(v) excess transport (cerebral edema -> clear extra fluid from brain and nervous tissue)
(vi) regulate composition of intercellular environment and entry of substances into it
(vii) provide structural support to neurons and specifically to synapses
(viii) metabolise neurotransmitters (regulate homeostasis of GLUTAMATE)
(ix) mediate exchange of nutrients and metabolites between blood and neurons

[oligodendrocytes] 60-80%
(i) formation of myelin sheath around axons

[microglia] 5-10%
(i) act as brain macrophages -> causes phagocytosis
(ii) secretion of proinflamm cytokines (TNF alpha and IL1beta), chemokines
(iii) Ag presentation function (MHCII Ag)
(iv) immunocompetent cells of CNS

40
Q

what is the structure of astrocytes

A

largest size of the neuroglial cells, have numerous processes with expanded end-feet (pedicles) that terminate on capillaries or on the pia mater

41
Q

what are the types of astrocytes (location, structure)

A

fibrous and protoplasmic astrocytes

[fibrous astrocyte] located primarily in white matter, long, spindly processes with few branches

[protoplasmic astrocyte] located in gray matter, thick, lightly branched processes, closely apposed to neuron cell body -> can support cell body and keep it in place

(fibrous astrocyte touches vessel to form BBB vs protoplasmic astrocyte touches neuron cell body)

42
Q

what is the “tripartite synapse”

A

consists of axon terminal, dendritic spine and astrocytic process

43
Q

where are oligodendrocytes found in

A

in both white and gray matter

in white matter, it is the most predominant type of neuroglial cell and produce the myelin sheath around myelinated fibers

in gray matter, they are closely assoc with neuron cell bodies, functioning as satellite cells -> to give structural support

44
Q

what is the r/s between shwann cells and oligodendrocytes

A

schwann cells are analogues of oligodendrocytes (for PNS)

45
Q

what special component do oligodendrocytes express that would help in injury and ischemia in CNS

A

oligodendrocytes express Nogo-A which is a myelin assoc neurite outgrowth inhibitor which plays a key role in inhibition of axonal regulation following injury and ischemia -> neutralization or blockade of Nogo-A enhances regeneration

45
Q

what is the structure of microglia

A

small phagocytic cells that enlarge and become mobile after injury to CNS

monocyte origin

46
Q

what is the PNS composed of

A

neuron processes and cell bodies located outside CNS, neuroglial cells (shwann cells and satellite cells), nerve endings

47
Q

what is the structure of a peripheral nerve

A

a peripheral nerve comprises bundles (fasicles) of nerve fibers (axons) that are surrounded by myelin sheaths or schwann cells and have three connective tissue elements (epineurium, perineurium, endoneurium)

(axons from different neurons -> form fasicle -> multiple fasicles form a peripheral nerve)

48
Q

what is the “epineurium”, “perineurium” and “endoneurium”

A

they are the three connective tissue elements part of the peripheral nerve structure

[epineurium] connective tissue surrounding entire nerve

[perineurium] layer of dense connective tissue around each fasicle of nerve fibers

[endoneurium] thin reticular layer that surrounds each individual nerve fibers and contains schwann cells

49
Q

compare the myelin sheaths in CNS and PNS

A

in PNS, myelin sheath formed by schwann cells, each individual schwann cells can only myelinate portions of a single axon

in CNS, myelin sheath formed by oligodendrocytes, each individual oligodendrocytes can myelinate portions of several axons

50
Q

what is a “ganglia” and what is the structure of a peripheral ganglion

A

ganglia are encapsulated collections of neuron cell bodies located outside of the CNS and contains satellite cells and connective tissue elements along with neurons

51
Q

what are “satellite cells”

A

satellite cells (amphicytes) form a capsule of cells around neuron cell bodies located in peripheral ganglia

act similarly to astrocytes in CNS

52
Q

what is the arterial supply to the brain

A

two pairs of arteries – left and right internal carotid arteries and left and right vertebral arteries supply blood to brain

53
Q

what is the “vertebrobasilar arterial system”

A

vertebral artery originates from subclavian artery in the neck and enters the skull through foramen magnum

vertebral artery branches to supply spinal cord, medulla oblongata and cerebellum:
(i) anterior spinal artery
(ii) posterior spinal artery
(iii) posterior inferior cerebellar artery

the two vertebral arteries joins to form a single artery – basilar artery

basilar artery branches to supply pons, cerebellum and inner ear:
(i) anterior inferior cerebellar artery
(ii) pontine branches
(iii) labyrinthine artery
(iv) superior cerebellar artery

basilar artery ends (after going to top of pons) by dividing into two posterior cerebral arteries

posterior cerebral artery supplies midbrain, medial aspect of occipital lobe and base of temporal and occipital lobes

54
Q

what is the “carotid arterial system”

A

internal carotid artery originates from common carotid artery in the neck and enter the skull through carotid canals and is situated within the cavernous sinus

internal carotid artery ends by dividing into anterior cerebral artery and middle cerebral artery

(i) anterior cerebral artery passes forward into medial longitudinal fissure and sweeps back to parieto-occipital sulcus to supply most of medial surface of hemisphere (except medial aspect of occipital lobe)

(ii) middle cerebral artery pass laterally between temporal and frontal lobes and emerges at lateral fissure and fans out to supply most of lateral surface of hemisphere (frontal, parietal, temporal and occipital)

55
Q

what is the “circle of willis” and its function

A

it is an anastomosis (connection) between left and right arteries supplying the brain

may help to supply blood to opposite side in cases of slow occlusion of an artery on one side (not effective if sudden occlusion)

(i) anterior communicating artery connects anterior cerebral arteries of both sides

(ii) posterior communicating artery connects middle cerebral artery with posterior cerebral artery

thus (i) and (ii) forms an anastomotic ring between vertebral and internal carotid arteries

arterial ring is located at base of brain

56
Q

what is “aneurysm” and what is a frequent site for it

A

aneurysms are abnormal out pocketing of the wall of a blood vessel

a frequent site for it is the circle of willis

57
Q

where does blood from the brain drain into (superior, inferior, centre of brain)

A

blood from the brain drains into venous sinuses which eventually empty into internal jugular vein

(i) blood from superficial part of the superior aspect of brain drains into superior sagittal sinus

(ii) blood from inferior part of brain drains into transverse sinus and superficial middle cerebral vein -> superficial middle cerebral vein drains into cavernous sinus which is closely related to cranial nerves III, IV, V, VI and is part of internal carotid artery

(iii) blood from centre of brain drains into deep cerebral veins -> deep cerebral veins drain into venous sinus (straight sinus)

route 1: blood from superficial and deep parts of brain drain into venous sinuses -> drain into internal jugular vein and heart

route 2: blood from superior sagittal and straight sinuses flow into transverse sinus -> sigmoid sinus -> internal jugular vein

58
Q

compare the venous pressure in the brain vs the body

A

venous pressure in the brain very much lower compared to rest of body bc venous sinuses are much bigger in the brain

59
Q

what is a “subdural hemorrhage”

A

rupture of a cerebral brain that occurs between one of the superior cerebral veins as it drains into the superior sagittal sinus

60
Q

what forms the blood brain barrier and what is the function of BBB

A

capillaries of the brain that have tight junctions between endothelial cells forms BBB that prevents random entry of water soluble substances into the brain parenchyma

BBB formed by astrocytes

61
Q

what is “cerebrospinal fluid” and its function and what is it produced by

A

CSF is a clear fluid that acts as a protective liquid cushion around the brain and spinal cord by absorbing shock waves from blows and falls

since brain has no lymphatic channels, CSF also helps remove metabolites from brain

CSF produced by a delicate lace like structure – choroid plexus in cerebral ventricles (lateral ventricle)

62
Q

what is the flow of CSF

A

flows from lateral ventricle (where it is mostly produced at) -> to third ventricle -> to forth ventricle via cerebral aqueduct -> flows out of forth ventricle to bathe whole brain and spinal cord

CSF absorbed into superior sagittal sinus by arachnoid granulations

63
Q

what are the components in the meninges of the brain

A

dura mater, arachnoid, pia matar

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