ic1 msk anatomy Flashcards
how many bones in a human adult
206
difference between axial and appendicular skeleton
axial: skull, vertebral, thorax
appendicular: pectoral girdle & upper limbs; pelvic girdle & lower limbs
where and what is the periosteum
fibrous outer layer
osteogenic underneath layer
NOT on articular cartilage
functions of the bones
support movement, protection, electrolyte balance, acid-base balance (calcium, phosphate), and storage of energy.
what is marrow cavity
holds yellow and red bone marrow
has endosteum lining
where and what is red marrow found
in flat and irregular bones, ends of adult femur, humerus
hematopoietic
where and what is yellow bone marrow
fat tissue
may differentiate to red marrow at stress
sections of bone structure
diaphysis (shaft)
epiphysis (end)
metaphysis and growth plate (in children)
metaphysis special properties
not found in children
types of bone tissue
spongy and compact
components of bone tissue
1) cells: osteocytes, osteoclast, osteoblast
2) mineralised matrix:
- organic: protein fibres (mostly collagen)
- inorganic: hydroxyapatite specialised crystals contain calcium carbonate, calcium hydroxyapatite (ca10(po4)6(oh)2)
compact bone where is it found
outer layer of bones
shafts of long bones
components of compact bone
made up of osteons (structural unit) consisting of:
- osteocyte, lacuane, canaliculi
- is a concentric lamella (vs circumferential and interstitial)
there is volkmann (perforating) and haversian (central) canals. = blood vessels
where is spongy/cancellous bone found
found in the interior of skull bones, vertebrae, sternum, pelvis,
ends of long bones
how does spongy bone look like
marrow cavities (contain red bone marrow)
between trabeculae beams or plates
recall the skeletal anatomy (basic)
cranium, mandible, clavicle, scapula, sternum, humerus, rib, vertebrae, ulna, radius, hip bone, femur, patella, tibia, fibula
where is the cartilage found （NOT TYPE)
articulating ends of bones,
nose, larynx, trachea,
thorax,
outer ear
composition of cartilage
made of tough cartilaginous connective tissue
covered in perichondrium
chondrocytes arise from perichondrium
no blood vessels or nerves except at the perichondrium
what do chondrocytes secrete
they are cartilage cells in the lacunae
secrete cartilage matrix
composition of cartilage matrix
collagen or elastic fibres
ground substance: H2O, GLYCOSAMINOGLYCANS (chondroitin sulfates, keratan sulfate, hyaluronic acid), and PROTEOGLYCANS
what are the types of cartilage
1) hyaline cartilage (fetus)
2) fibrocartilage
3) elastic cartilage (ear)
skeletal muscle tissue type (and comparison)
skeletal muscle tissue are striated and voluntary
vs
cardiac: striate, involuntary
smooth muscle: non-striated, involuntary.
composition of skeletal muscle tissue?
elongated cylindrical unbranced and striated muscle fibres
covered in plasma membrane = sarcolemma
in cytoplasm (sarcoplasm)
multinuclei: flattened, near the periphery beneath sarcolemma
what are the thin myofilaments made of
actin (attached to the z line)
troponin
tropomyosin (fibre?)
what are the thick myofilaments made of
myosin (attached to the M line)
what is a sarcomere and myofibril
sarcomere is a contractile unit of myofibril
myofibril is formed by a bundle of thin and thick myofilaments
role of troponin on the thin myofilaments
to regulate the interaction between thick and thin myofilaments for contraction of the muscle
what happens to the sarcomere during muscle relaxed –> contracted (contraction)
the A band remains the same length
I band decrease
H zone decrease
what is origin, insertion, and action
1) origin:
- muscle attachment that remains stationary when muscle contracts
2) insertion:
- muscle attachment that moves while the muscle contracts
3) action:
- specific movement (flexion, extension, etc) produced by muscle contraction
what is agonist, synergist, antagonist
1) agonist:
- muscle responsible for producing a particular movement
2) synergist:
- muscle assisting agonist to perform the movement
3) antagonist:
- muscle opposing action of agonist to control speed, smoothness of movement, etc.
skeletal muscle anatomy?
refer slide, note:
triceps brachii, biceps brachii, pectoralis, rectus abdominus, deltoid, gluteus, adductor, quadricep femoris, biceps femoris, tibialis anterior, gastrocnemius
functions of skeletal muscles
1) produce movement
2) maintain posture, position, stability
3) support and protect - abdominal wall (protect internal organs), pelvic diaphragm (support pelvic organs from prolapse)
4) guard entrances/exits (sphincter for swallowing, micturition, defecation, parturition)
5) maintain body temp (chemical energy –> heat during muscle contraction/shivering)
caution for IM butt injection
avoid sciatic nerve
= avoid bottom 3 quadrants of gluteal injection
types of joint
1) fibrous: suture between skull bones
2) cartilaginous: symphysis pubis
(above two have limited movement, maybe symphysis pubis during child birth)
3) synovial
synovial joint major components
joint capsule
joint cavity
synovial membrane
articular cartilage
what are the major types of synovial joints?
1) ball and socket: shoulder, hip
2) hinge: elbow, knee, finger, toes
3) pivot: radius + ulnar (radioulnar), neck
4) planar: intercarpal
gliding joint: femur + patella
movement of bones at the shoulder joint
adduction & abduction
extension & flexion
medial and lateral rotation
circumduction
what are the components of the knee joint
hinge joint: femur and tibia
gliding joint: femur and patella
major components:
- bones: femur, tibia, patella
- articular cartilage
- synovial membrane
- joint capsule and cavity
- menisci and ligaments
purpose of the menisci
increase fitting of the bone, found between the two joints
