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IC1- CNS Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 parts the brain is divided into?

A

Forebrain, Midbrain and Hindbrain

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2
Q

The forebrain includes? (2)

A
  • Cerebrum
  • Diencephalon
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3
Q

The hindbrain includes? (3)

A
  • Medulla oblongata
  • Pons
  • Cerebellum
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4
Q

The brainstem includes? (3)

A
  • Midbrain
  • Pons
  • Medulla oblongata
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5
Q

How many pairs of cranial nerves and spinal nerves are there?

A
  • Cranial nerves: 12 pairs
  • Spinal nerves: 31 pairs
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6
Q

The cerebrum consists of 2 cerebral hemispheres. What are they separated by?

A

Longitudinal fissure

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7
Q

What are the 4 lobes of the brain?

A
  1. Frontal
  2. Parietal
  3. Temporal
  4. Occipital
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8
Q

The midbrain contains what cranial nerves (2)?

A

III and IV

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9
Q

What cranial nerves are the nuclei associated within the midbrain? (3)

What else are the nuclei associated with within the midbrain?

A

III, IV, V

Also associated with visual and auditory pathways

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10
Q

What are the cranial nerves of the hindbrain? (4)

A

V, VI, VII, VIII

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11
Q

The hindbrain contains which cranial nerves? (4)

A

V, VI, VII and VIII

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12
Q

What cranial nerves are the nuclei associated within the hindbrain? (4)

A

V, VI, VII and VIII

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13
Q

What are the 2 types of cells in the brain? Elaborate.

A

Neurons and non-neuronal cells (glial cells)

Neurons:
- Structural and functional
- Generate/ conduct impulses, are excitable

Non-neuronal cells:
- Non-conducting
- Support and protect neurons
- 10x no. of neurons

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14
Q

Does the cell body of neurons contain a nucleus, golgi complex and mitochondria?

A

Yes

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15
Q

Does the axonal cytoplasm contain ribosomes, RER and Golgi apparatus?

A

No

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16
Q

Describe the function of the fast component (50 - 400mm/day) and slow (1 - 4mm/day) component of the axon

A

Fast component (50 - 400mm/day):
- Transports cytoplasmic proteins and macromolecules required for metabolic and synaptic activity

Slow component (1 - 4mm/day):
- Transports cytoskeleton components down axon

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17
Q

What is the difference between anterograde and retrograde transport?

A

Anterograde transport:
- From cell body to axon

Retrograde transport:
- Waste materials from axon to cell body for removal

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18
Q

Dendrites conduct impulses ___ (toward/away) the cell body?

A

Toward

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19
Q

Compare dendrites to axons in terms of physical features and cellular components

A

Dendrites are relatively short and highly branched. Majority of cytoplasmic components present in dendrites except for Golgi apparatus.

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20
Q

What is the role of dendritic spines?

A

To increase surface area -> increase ability of dendrites to receive more information

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21
Q

The presynaptic membrane contains voltage-gated Ca2+ channels. Describe how an action potential triggers exocytosis of neurotransmitter into synaptic cleft

A
  • Arrival of an action potential at an axon terminal ->
    opening of Ca2+ channels -> influx of Ca2+ ions ->
    rise in the cytosolic Ca2+ level
  • Triggers exocytosis of the neurotransmitter into
    the synaptic cleft
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22
Q

Explain what happens upon binding of neurotransmitter to receptors on excitatory synapse

A

Binding of neurotransmitter
to its receptors -> opening of Na+ channels in the postsynaptic membrane -> depolarization* of the membrane -> action potential in the postsynaptic cell

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23
Q

Explain what happens upon binding of neurotransmitter to receptors on inhibitory synapse

A

Neurotransmitter binding ->
opening of K+ or Cl- channels in the postsynaptic membrane -> hyperpolarization* of the membrane ->
no action potential in the postsynaptic neuron

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24
Q

What receptors are typically found on inhibitory synapses?

A

GABA receptors

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25
What are the 3 types of glial cells in the CNS?
1. Astrocytes (25%) 2. Oligodendrocytes (60-80%) 3. Microglia (5-10%)
26
Function of oligodendrocytes? (1)
Myelin sheath formation
27
Function of astrocytes? (8)
- Blood-brain barrier (regulate composition of intercellular envt and entry of substances into it) - Structural support to neurons and ESPECIALLY synapses - Scar formation - Secretion of nerve growth factors - Metabolize neurotransmitters (eg glutamate glutamine shuttle) - Tripartite synapse - Water transport - Excess transport (cerebral edema)
28
What are the 2 types of astrocytes?
Fibrous astrocytes and protoplasmic astrocytes
29
Difference between fibrous astrocytes and protoplasmic astrocytes?
Fibrous astrocytes: - Primarily in white matter - Long - Spindly processes with few branches Protoplasmic astrocytes: - Gray matter - Thick - Lightly branched processes - Close to neuron cell bodies
30
What are the difference in functions of oligodendrocytes in white matter vs gray matter?
White matter: - They are the predominant neuroglial cell - Product myelin sheath around myelinated fibers in white matter Gray matter: - Closely associated with neuron cell bodies, function as satellite cells
31
What is a cell marker of oligodendrocytes?
CNPase
32
What is the difference between oligodendrocytes in CNS and in PNS?
In the CNS, individual oligodendrocytes myelinate portions of several axons In the PNS, oligodendrocytes are known as Schwann cells. Individual Schwann cells myelinate portions of only a single axon
33
What is Nogo-A produced by oligodendrocytes and its function?
Nogo-A is a myelin associated neurite-outgrowth inhibitor. It inhibits axonal regeneration following injury and ischemia in the CNS.
34
Describe microglia
Small phagocytic cells that enlarge and become mobile after injury to the CNS
35
What are the functions of microglia? (5)
- Brain macrophages - Immunocompetent - Phagocytosis - Involved in neuroinflammation: secretes proinflammatory mediators TNF-α, IL-1β - Antigen-presentation (MHCII antigen)
36
In what diseases are microglia implicated in?
Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson disease, cerebral ischemia (stroke)
37
What is the marker for microglia?
Lectin, OX42 (complement type 3 receptor)
38
What are the 3 connective tissue elements in the peripheral nerve structure?
1. Epineurium 2. Perineurium 3. Endoneurium
39
Describe the epineurium
Connective tissue surrounding the entire nerve
40
Describe the perineurium
A layer of dense connective tissue around each fascicle of nerve fibres
41
Describe the endoneurium
A thin, reticular layer that surrounds each individual nerve fibre and contains Schwann cells
42
What do ganglia (located outside CNS) contain?
They contain satellite cells and connective tissue elements along with neurons
43
What are satellite cells (amphicytes)?
Satellite cells (amphicytes) form a capsule of cells around neuron cell bodies located in peripheral ganglia
44
What are the 2 pairs of arteries that supply blood to the brain?
- Left and right internal carotid arteries - Left and right vertebral arteries
45
Where does the vertebral artery originate? How does it enter the skull?
Subclavian artery in the neck. It enters the skull through the foramen magnum
46
The vertebral artery supplies which 3 parts of the nervous system through which 3 arteries?
Vertebral artery supplies blood to spinal cord, medulla oblongata and cerebellum. Via the anterior spinal artery, posterior spinal artery and posterior inferior cerebellar artery.
47
The 2 vertebral arteries join to form a single artery in the midline called?
The basilar artery
48
The basilar artery gives off branches to supply which 3 parts? Through which 4 arteries?
Basilar artery supplies blood to the pons, cerebellum, and inner ear. Via the anterior inferior cerebella artery, pontine branches, labyrinthine artery and superior cerebellar artery.
49
The basilar artery ends by dividing into?
The 2 posterior cerebral arteries
50
Where does the posterior cerebral artery supply blood to? (4)
1. Midbrain 2. Medial aspect of occipital lobe 3. Base of temporal and occipital lobe
51
Where does the internal carotid artery originate from? How does it enter the skull and where is it situated?
The common carotid artery in the neck It enters the skull through the carotid canals and is situated within cavernous sinus
52
The internal carotid ends by dividing into?
The anterior cerebral artery and middle cerebral artery
53
Describe the anterior cerebral artery. (Where and function)
- Passes forward into the medial longitudinal fissure and then sweeps back to the parieto-occipital sulcus - Supplies most of the medial surface of the hemisphere (except medial aspect of occipital lobe)
54
Describe the middle cerebral artery. (Where and function)
- Pass laterally between temporal and frontal lobes - Emerges at lateral fissure, fans out to supply most of the lateral surface of the hemisphere (frontal, parietal, temporal and occipital lobes)
55
What is the Circle of Willis?
An anastomosis (connection) between the left and right arteries supplying the brain
56
Benefits of the Circle of Willis? Limitation of this benefit?
Helps to supply blood to the opposite side if there is SLOW occlusion of artery on one side -> allows time for communicating arteries to enlarge and accomodate increased blood flow Limitation: only works for SLOW occlusion, NOT fast occlusion
57
What does the anterior communicating artery help to connect?
Connects the anterior cerebral artery of both sides
58
What does the posterior communicating artery help to connect?
Connects the middle cerebral artery with the posterior cerebral artery
59
What medical condition can typically occur at the circle of Willis?
Aneurysms (abnormal out-pocketing of wall of a blood vessel) -> which can lead to stroke if it ruptures
60
Where does blood from the superficial part of the superior aspect of the brain drain into?
Into the superior sagittal sinus
61
Where does blood from the inferior part of the brain drain into?
Into the transverse sinus and superficial middle cerebral vein
62
Where does the superficial middle cerebral vein drains into?
The cavernous sinus
63
What is the cavernous sinus closely related to? (hint: includes cranial nerves)
Cranial nerves III, IV, V, and VI and A part of the internal carotid artery
64
Where does blood from the centre of the brain drain into?
The deep cerebral veins which drain into the venous sinus
65
Where does blood at the superior sagittal and straight sinuses flow into?
The transverse sinus -> sigmoid sinus -> internal jugular vein of neck
66
How does a subdural hemorrhage occur?
When cerebral vein ruptures at the superior cerebral vein as it drains into superior sagittal sinus
67
What is the SSx of subdural hemorrhage? How long does it take to occur and why?
SSx: dizziness, headaches, apathy, falling, confusion, and drowsiness Takes weeks to occur as the venous pressure is low hence seepage is low
68
How does the brain capillaries form the BBB? Function of BBB?
Brain capillaries have tight junctions between endothelial cells which form the BBB BBB prevents the random entry of water soluble substances into the brain parenchyma
69
How are metabolites removed from the brain?
By the CSF
70
What produces CSF?
A delicate, lacelike structure called the choroid plexus in cerebral ventricles
71
How does CSF travel from the choroid plexus to bathe the brain and spinal cord?
- It flows from the lateral ventricle -> 3rd ventricle, via the cerebral aqueduct -> the 4th ventricle - It then flows out of the 4th ventricle to bathe the whole brain and spinal cord
72
How is the CSF absorbed into the superior sagittal sinus?
By arachnoid granulations
73
What is the most inferior portion of the brain?
Medulla oblongata
74
What are the cranial nerves of the medulla oblongata? (4)
IX, X, XI, XII
75
What cranial nerves are the nuclei associated within the medulla oblongata? (5) What else is the nuclei also associated with in the medulla oblongata?
V, IX, X, XI, XII Also associated with cardiovascular and respiratory function
76
What does the cerebellum consist of? What is it connected to?
A midline portion (vermis) and 2 hemispheres Connected to the brainstem
77
Where does the spinal cord taper off into?
The conus medullaris
78

PR3153 (1 decks)

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