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3153 Patho+Anat > IC1 Anatomy > Flashcards

IC1 Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

CNS includes:

A
  • Brain
  • Spinal cord
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2
Q

Brain is located in ______, protected by ____________

A

Brain is located in cranial cavity, protected by skull and meninges

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3
Q

Spinal is located in ______, protected by ____________

A

Spinal cord is located in the vertebral column

Protected by meninges and surrounded by cerebrospinal fluid

*Three layers of meninges:
- Pia mater
- Arachnoid
- Dura mater

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4
Q

Forebrain includes:

A
  • Cerebrum / Cerebral cortex
  • Diencephalon (epithalamus, thalamus, subthalamus, hypothalamus)
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5
Q

Hindbrain includes:

A
  • Pons
  • Medulla oblongata
  • Cerebellum
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6
Q

Brainstem includes:

A
  • Midbrain
  • Pons
  • Medulla oblongata
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7
Q

Midbrain contains:

A
  • Colliculus (integrates visual, auditory, and somatosensory spatial information to initiate orienting movements of the eyes and head toward salient objects in space)
  • Dopamine cells, serotonin cells

*Damage to the midbrain causes movement disorder and failure to derive pleasure

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8
Q

What is the largest part of the brain?

A

Cerebrum

  • consists of two cerebral hemispheres
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9
Q

The two hemispheres of the cerebrum are separated by ________ and held together by _________

A

Separated by longitudinal fissure

Held together by large band of fibers called corpus callosum

*Corpus callosum connect homotropic areas of one hemisphere with the other, to allow left and right hemispheres to communicate

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10
Q

What is the cerebral cortex?

A

Cerebral cortex is a layer of grey matter on the surface of the hemispheres

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11
Q

Grey matter VS White matter

A

Grey matter - consists of cell bodies, neurons, glia

White matter - consists of axons

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12
Q

Gyri VS Sulci

A

Gyri: coiled surface structures

Sulci: grooves

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13
Q

Describe the separation of the frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital lobes

A

Central sulcus separates the frontal and parietal lobes

Lateral sulcus/fissure separates the temporal lobe from the frontal/parietal lobes

Parieto-occipital sulcus separates the parietal and occipital lobes

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14
Q

Functions of the frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital lobes

A

Frontal:

  • cognition, decision making, movement (motor)

Parietal:

  • taste, smell, somatosensory (touch, pain, temp, proprioception)

Temporal:

  • Formation of memory, hearing

Occipital:

  • Vision
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15
Q

Hypothalamus position

A

Hypothalamus forms the lower part of the lateral wall and floor of the third ventricle

(above the midbrain and below the thalamus)

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16
Q

What are the cranial nerves in the midbrain?

A

Cranial nerves III, IV

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17
Q

Midbrain has nuclei associated with:

A

III, IV, V

Visual and auditory pathways (optic chiasm)

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18
Q

What are the fiber tracts in the midbrain?

A

Ascending and descending fibers

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19
Q

Pons is located in the _________

A

Located in the hindbrain, inferior to the midbrain

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20
Q

Cranial nerves in the pons

A

V, VI, VII, VIII

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21
Q

Pons has nuclei associated with:

A

V, VI, VII, VIII

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22
Q

What fiber tracts in the pons

A

ascending and descending fibers

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23
Q

What is the most inferior portion of the brain?

A

Medulla oblongata

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24
Q

Cranial nerves in the medulla oblongata

A

IX, X, XI, XII

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25
Q

Medulla oblongata has nuclei associated with:

A

V, IX, X, XI, XII

Cardiovascular and respiratory function (e.g., heartbeat, breathing)

26
Q

What fiber tracts in the medulla oblongata

A

ascending and descending fibers

27
Q

Where is the cerebellum located?

What does it consist of?

A

Posterior to the pons and medulla oblongata, connected to the brainstem posteriorly

Consists of a midline portion (vermis) and is divided into two cerebellar hemispheres (connected by the brainstem)

Involved with coordinated motor control

28
Q

How is the spinal cord connected to the brain?

A

Foramen magnum

  • passage of the CNS through the skull
29
Q

Terminal end of the spinal cord is called:

A

Conus medullaris

  • Typically occurs at the L1 vertebral level in the average adult
30
Q

What are the type of cells in the CNS

A
  1. Neurons
  2. Glial cells (many diff types) - include oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, microglia
31
Q

Function of neurons

A
  • Generate/conduct impulses and are excitable
32
Q

Function of glial cells

A
  • Support and protect neurons
  • Non-conducting
  • 10 times the number of neurons
33
Q

Structure of a neuron:

A
  • Cell body (Soma) - also known as perikaryon
  • Axon (conduct impulses away from soma)
  • Dendrites (conduct impulse towards soma)

(IC2) Axons

  • Axon hillock (contains trigger zone) - part of cell body
  • Initial segment of axon - proximal part of the axon
  • Axonal branch or collaterals
  • Presynaptic axon terminal

(IC2) Types of neurons

  • Multipolar: single axon, one or more dendritic branches
  • Unipolar, pseudounipolar, bipolar
34
Q

[Neuron]

  • What does the cell body / soma contain?
A
  • Nucleus
  • Golgi complex
  • Mitochondria
  • Cytoplasmic organelles
  • Cytoskeletal elements
  • Inclusions
  • RER (nissl body - clumps of RER), SER
35
Q

[Neuron]

Axon structure

A
  • Long, slender processes that arise from the axon hillock in the cell body
  • Branch at the distal terminal end, axon collaterals

*Axon hillock contains the trigger zone

36
Q

[Neuron]

Axonal cytoplasm (axoplasm) lacks ________

Implications

A

Lacks ribosomes, RER, and golgi apparatus

Therefore, unable to synthesize new proteins or degrade old ones

Material transported back and forth between cell body and the axon terminus

37
Q

[Neuron]

What are the two types of transports between the neuron and its axon terminus?

A
  1. Anterograde transport
  • away from cell body to axon terminal
  1. Retrograde transport
  • away from axon to cell body (Return to cell body)
38
Q

[Neuron]

Fast component vs slow component

A

Fast component (50-400mm/day) transports cytoplasmic proteins and macromolecules that are required for metabolic and synaptic activity (e.g., metabolites, synaptic vesicles, glucose)

Slow component (1-4mm/day) transports cytoskeletal components

39
Q

[Neuron]

Dendrite structure

Components

A

Relatively short, and highly branched

Contain all the cytoplasmic components found in the cell body, except the Golgi apparatus

They still have ribosomes and RER, hence don’t require protein transport from cell body

40
Q

[Neuron]

Postsynaptic target for excitatory synapse is the dendrite.
Excitatory synapses are formed on top of the ________

A

Dendritic spines

41
Q

What is the presynaptic membrane?

A

A thickened region in the plasmalemma of the presynaptic axon terminal, that contains Ca2+ channels

42
Q

What is the synaptic cleft?

A

20-40nm wide space separating the presynaptic and postsynaptic membranes across which a neurotransmitter diffuses

43
Q

What is the postsynaptic membrane?

A

A thickened region in the plasmalemma of the receiving dendrite, containing neurotransmitter receptors

44
Q

[Glial cells in the CNS]

Structure of astrocytes

A

25%

Structure:

  • Largest in size
  • Expanded end-feet (pedicles) that terminate on capillaries or on the pia mater
45
Q

[Glial cells in the CNS]

Types of astrocytes

A

Fibrous astrocytes

  • Primarily in white matter
  • Long, spindly processes with few branches
  • Branched onto vessels to form BBB

Protoplasmic astrocytes

  • Located in gray matter
  • Thick, lightly branched processes
  • Closely apposed to neuron cell bodies
  • Branched onto neuron cell bodies for structural support
46
Q

[Glial cells in the CNS]

Functions of astrocytes

A
  • Regulate the composition of the intercellular environment and the entry of substances into it (what goes in and out of neurons)
  • Blood-brain barrier, mediate exchange of nutrients and metabolites between blood and neurons
  • Metabolize neurotransmitters - regulates glutamate homeostasis (e.g., glutamate glutamine shuttle)
  • Structural support to neurons, specifically synapses (astrocytic process holds pre and post synapses together, prevent cleft from becoming too wide)
  • Scar formation
  • Secretion of nerve growth factors
  • Water transport
  • Excess transport - cerebral edema

Astrocytes have their own membrane potential

47
Q

[Glial cells in the CNS]

Explain what is meant by tripartite synapse of astrocytes

A

Tripartite Synapse

  • Involve axon, astrocytic process, dendritic spine
  • Bidirectional communication between astrocytes and neurons
48
Q

[Glial cells in the CNS]

Structure and function of oligodendrocytes

A

60-80%

Predominant type of neuroglial cell in the white matter

  • Produce myelin sheath around myelinated fibers in the white matter (one oligodendrocyte => myelin sheath for multiple axons)

In the gray matter,

  • Oligodendrocytes are closely associated with neuron cell bodies, functioning as satellite cells (structural support to neurons)
49
Q

[Glial cells in the CNS]

Oligodendrocytes cell marker:

A

CNPase

50
Q

[Glial cells in the CNS]

Oligodendrocytes express _________

A

Nogo-A

  • myelin associated neurite-outgrowth inhibitor - inhibits axonal regeneration following injury and ischemia in the CNS
51
Q

[Glial cells in the CNS]

Function of microglia

A

5-10%

Small phagocytic cells that enlarge and become mobile after injury to the CNS

  • Brain macrophages (monocyte origin), phagocytosis
  • Secretion of proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-a and IL 1B), chemokines
  • Antigen presentation function (MCHII antigen)
  • Immunocompetent cells of the CNS

*Implicated in alzheimer’s disease, parkinson disease, cerebral ischemia (stroke)

52
Q

PNS includes:

A

12 pairs of cranial nerves

31 pairs of spinal nerves

  • 8 pairs cervical spinal nerves
  • 12 thoracic spinal nerves
  • 5 lumbar spinal nerves
  • 5 sacral spinal nerves
  • 1 coccygeal nerve
53
Q

PNS is composed of:

A
  • Neuron processes and cell bodies located outside the CNS
  • Neuroglial cells (Schwann cells and Satellite cells)
  • Nerve endings (afferent, efferent)
54
Q

Peripheral nerve structure:

A
  • Fascicles/bundles of nerve fibers (axons) that are surrounded by myelin sheaths or Schwann cells
  • Multiple fascicles make a nerve
  • Consist three connective tissue elements: epineurium, perineurium, endoneurium
55
Q

[PNS]

Epineurium

A

Connective tissue surrounding the entire nerve (ensheaths all the fasicles)

56
Q

[PNS]

Perineurium

A

Layer of dense connective tissue around each fascicle of nerve fibers

57
Q

[PNS]

Endoneurium

A

Thin, reticular layer that surrounds each individual nerve fiber (axon) and contains Schwann cells

58
Q

[PNS]

Function of Schwann cells

A
  • Schwann cells form the myelin sheath around myelinated axons
  • Individual Schwann cells myelinate portions of only one single axon (VS oligodendrocytes - branched, myelinate several axons)
59
Q

[PNS]

Structure of peripheral ganglion

A
  • Ganglia are encapsulated collections of neuron cell bodies, located outside the CNS
  • Contain satellite cells (for structural support) and connective tissue elements along with neurons
  • Nerve fibers

E.g., dorsal root ganglion - conduct impulses from cutaneous receptors and proprioceptors to the brain and spinal cord

60
Q

[PNS]

Satellite cells (amphicytes)

A

Satellite cells form a capsule of cells around neuron cell bodies located in the peripheral ganglia

Provide structural support

3153 Patho+Anat (10 decks)

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