IC1

Question 1

what is present inside the plasma

Answer 1

albumin, fibrinogen, immunoglobulins, lipids, hormones, vitamins, salts.

Question 2

what is serum

Answer 2

protein rich fluid lacking fibrinogen but containing albumin, immunoglobulins, and other components

Question 3

what is the pH of blood

Answer 3

7.35-7.45 (slightly alkaline)

Question 4

function of albumins

Answer 4

contribute to osmotic pressure

transport of lipids, steroid hormones

Question 5

percentage of albumins in protein component of plasma

Answer 5

60%

Question 6

function of globulins

Answer 6

transport of ions, hormones, lipids

immune function

Question 7

percentage of globulins in protein component of plasma

Answer 7

35%

Question 8

percentage of fibrinogen in protein component of plasma

Answer 8

4%

Question 9

function of fibrinogen

Answer 9

essential component of clotting system

Question 10

percentage of each plasma component?

Answer 10

water = 92
proteins = 7
other solutes = 1

Question 11

what are the major electrolytes and what are their purpose

Answer 11

major: sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, chlorine, carbonate, phosphate, sulphate

osmotic pressure of bodily fluids
ions also necessary for vital cellular activity

Question 12

what are examples of organic wastes in plasma

Answer 12

creatinine
urea
uric acid
bilirubin
ammonium ions

Question 13

lifespan and production/destruction of red blood cells

Answer 13

generated in bone marrow

3-4 month lifespan

removed by macrophages, destroyed in liver and spleen

Question 14

dimensions of RBC

Answer 14

6-8um diameter
2um thick

Question 15

how much haemoglobin in males, females, infants?

Answer 15

m: 14-18g/dL
f: 12-16g/dL
infant: 14-20g/dL

Question 16

explain sickle cell disease

Answer 16

point mutation of Hb beta chain = HbS

polymerise and aggregate when deoxygenated

increased blood viscosity and shortened RBC lifespan.

causes anemia and anoxia.

HbS resistant to malaria

Question 17

what is the leukocyte count in blood

Answer 17

6000-9000/uL of blood

Question 18

where do leukocytes originate from?

Answer 18

bone marrow and stem cells

Question 19

percentage of neutrophils in circulating WBC?

Answer 19

50-70%

Question 20

size and appearance of neutrophils?

Answer 20

12-15um in diameters

3-5 segmented lobes of nucleus connected by strands
the cytoplasm packed with pale granules containing bactericidal compounds

Question 21

function of neutrophils?

Answer 21

highly mobile

first WBC to arrive at the site of inflammation or phagocytosis

attacks and digests bacteria marked for destruction

Question 22

percentage of eosinophils in circulating WBC?

Answer 22

2-4%

Question 23

size and appearance of eosinophils

Answer 23

reddish orange granules
usually bi-lobed nucleus

Question 24

function of eosinophils

Answer 24

defend against large, multicellular parasites

phagocytose antibody coated bacteria/protozoa/cellular debris

exocyotsis of toxic compounds onto target surface

Question 25

percentage of basophils in circulating WBC?

Answer 25

<1%

Question 26

size and appearance of basophils?

Answer 26

deep purple/blue granules usually bi-lobed nucleus obscured by these granules

Question 27

function of basophils

Answer 27

migrate to injury site to discharge contents of granules = histamine, heparin...to enhance local inflammation initiated by mast cells AND attract other WBCs involved in infl reactions during immune response, chronic allergic reactions (anaphylaxis, asthma)

Question 28

percentage of monocytes in circulating WBC?

Answer 28

2-8%

Question 29

size and appearance of monocytes?

Answer 29

13-25um (twice size of RBC) LARGE nucleus, eccentrically placed, usually oval/kidney shaped

Question 30

function of monocytes?

Answer 30

stay in circulation for appx 24h before entering tissues to become macrophages - phagocytose and digest protozoa, virus, aged cells not effectively dealt w by neutrophils - antigen presentation

Question 31

percentage of lymphocytes in circulating WBC?

Answer 31

20-30%

Question 32

size and appearance of lymphocytes

Answer 32

slightly larger than RBC thin halo of cytoplasm due to relative large nucleus

Question 33

function of lymphocytes

Answer 33

migrate back and forth blood and tissues act as T and B cells.

Question 34

qty of platelets in blood

Answer 34

350,000 platelets/uL of blood on average (usually 200,000 to 400,000)

Question 35

size and appearance of platelets

Answer 35

1-4um flattened disc like cell fragements purple stained and granular appearance on blood smear (NO NUCLEUS)

Question 36

lifespan and production/removal of platelets?

Answer 36

9-12 days circulation removed by splenic phagocytes produced in bone marrow by megakaryocytes releasing its fragments

Question 37

sites of hematopoiesis with age

Answer 37

flat/irregular bones: sternum, vertebrae, ribs, hip bones AND long bones with age, the bone marrow in shafts of long bones get progressively replaced by fat tissue (yellow bone marrow) = no longer able to produce blood ells.

Question 38

red bone marrow histology

Answer 38

meshwork of vascular sinuses (sinusoids) and highly branched fibroblasts (reticular cells; supporting structures). interstices packed with hematopoietic cells producing RBC, WBC, platelets (megakaroyctes) site of removal of worn out RBCs, along withliver and spleen.