IC1 Flashcards
what is present inside the plasma
albumin, fibrinogen, immunoglobulins, lipids, hormones, vitamins, salts.
what is serum
protein rich fluid lacking fibrinogen but containing albumin, immunoglobulins, and other components
what is the pH of blood
7.35-7.45 (slightly alkaline)
function of albumins
contribute to osmotic pressure
transport of lipids, steroid hormones
percentage of albumins in protein component of plasma
60%
function of globulins
transport of ions, hormones, lipids
immune function
percentage of globulins in protein component of plasma
35%
percentage of fibrinogen in protein component of plasma
4%
function of fibrinogen
essential component of clotting system
percentage of each plasma component?
water = 92
proteins = 7
other solutes = 1
what are the major electrolytes and what are their purpose
major: sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, chlorine, carbonate, phosphate, sulphate
osmotic pressure of bodily fluids
ions also necessary for vital cellular activity
what are examples of organic wastes in plasma
creatinine
urea
uric acid
bilirubin
ammonium ions
lifespan and production/destruction of red blood cells
generated in bone marrow
3-4 month lifespan
removed by macrophages, destroyed in liver and spleen
dimensions of RBC
6-8um diameter
2um thick
how much haemoglobin in males, females, infants?
m: 14-18g/dL
f: 12-16g/dL
infant: 14-20g/dL
explain sickle cell disease
point mutation of Hb beta chain = HbS
polymerise and aggregate when deoxygenated
increased blood viscosity and shortened RBC lifespan.
causes anemia and anoxia.
HbS resistant to malaria
what is the leukocyte count in blood
6000-9000/uL of blood
where do leukocytes originate from?
bone marrow and stem cells
percentage of neutrophils in circulating WBC?
50-70%
size and appearance of neutrophils?
12-15um in diameters
3-5 segmented lobes of nucleus connected by strands
the cytoplasm packed with pale granules containing bactericidal compounds
function of neutrophils?
highly mobile
first WBC to arrive at the site of inflammation or phagocytosis
attacks and digests bacteria marked for destruction
percentage of eosinophils in circulating WBC?
2-4%
size and appearance of eosinophils
reddish orange granules
usually bi-lobed nucleus
function of eosinophils
defend against large, multicellular parasites
phagocytose antibody coated bacteria/protozoa/cellular debris
exocyotsis of toxic compounds onto target surface
percentage of basophils in circulating WBC?
<1%
size and appearance of basophils?
deep purple/blue granules
usually bi-lobed nucleus obscured by these granules
function of basophils
migrate to injury site to discharge contents of granules = histamine, heparin…to enhance local inflammation initiated by mast cells AND attract other WBCs
involved in infl reactions during immune response, chronic allergic reactions (anaphylaxis, asthma)
percentage of monocytes in circulating WBC?
2-8%
size and appearance of monocytes?
13-25um
(twice size of RBC)
LARGE nucleus, eccentrically placed, usually oval/kidney shaped
function of monocytes?
stay in circulation for appx 24h before entering tissues to become macrophages
- phagocytose and digest protozoa, virus, aged cells not effectively dealt w by neutrophils
- antigen presentation
percentage of lymphocytes in circulating WBC?
20-30%
size and appearance of lymphocytes
slightly larger than RBC
thin halo of cytoplasm due to relative large nucleus
function of lymphocytes
migrate back and forth blood and tissues
act as T and B cells.
qty of platelets in blood
350,000 platelets/uL of blood on average (usually 200,000 to 400,000)
size and appearance of platelets
1-4um
flattened disc like cell fragements
purple stained and granular appearance on blood smear (NO NUCLEUS)
lifespan and production/removal of platelets?
9-12 days circulation
removed by splenic phagocytes
produced in bone marrow by megakaryocytes releasing its fragments
sites of hematopoiesis with age
flat/irregular bones: sternum, vertebrae, ribs, hip bones
AND
long bones
with age, the bone marrow in shafts of long bones get progressively replaced by fat tissue (yellow bone marrow) = no longer able to produce blood ells.
red bone marrow histology
meshwork of vascular sinuses (sinusoids) and highly branched fibroblasts (reticular cells; supporting structures).
interstices packed with hematopoietic cells producing RBC, WBC, platelets (megakaroyctes)
site of removal of worn out RBCs, along withliver and spleen.
