IC1 Flashcards

1
Q

what is present inside the plasma

A

albumin, fibrinogen, immunoglobulins, lipids, hormones, vitamins, salts.

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2
Q

what is serum

A

protein rich fluid lacking fibrinogen but containing albumin, immunoglobulins, and other components

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3
Q

what is the pH of blood

A

7.35-7.45 (slightly alkaline)

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4
Q

function of albumins

A

contribute to osmotic pressure

transport of lipids, steroid hormones

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5
Q

percentage of albumins in protein component of plasma

A

60%

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6
Q

function of globulins

A

transport of ions, hormones, lipids

immune function

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7
Q

percentage of globulins in protein component of plasma

A

35%

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8
Q

percentage of fibrinogen in protein component of plasma

A

4%

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9
Q

function of fibrinogen

A

essential component of clotting system

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10
Q

percentage of each plasma component?

A

water = 92
proteins = 7
other solutes = 1

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11
Q

what are the major electrolytes and what are their purpose

A

major: sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, chlorine, carbonate, phosphate, sulphate

osmotic pressure of bodily fluids
ions also necessary for vital cellular activity

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12
Q

what are examples of organic wastes in plasma

A

creatinine
urea
uric acid
bilirubin
ammonium ions

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13
Q

lifespan and production/destruction of red blood cells

A

generated in bone marrow

3-4 month lifespan

removed by macrophages, destroyed in liver and spleen

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14
Q

dimensions of RBC

A

6-8um diameter
2um thick

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15
Q

how much haemoglobin in males, females, infants?

A

m: 14-18g/dL
f: 12-16g/dL
infant: 14-20g/dL

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16
Q

explain sickle cell disease

A

point mutation of Hb beta chain = HbS

polymerise and aggregate when deoxygenated

increased blood viscosity and shortened RBC lifespan.

causes anemia and anoxia.

HbS resistant to malaria

17
Q

what is the leukocyte count in blood

A

6000-9000/uL of blood

18
Q

where do leukocytes originate from?

A

bone marrow and stem cells

19
Q

percentage of neutrophils in circulating WBC?

A

50-70%

20
Q

size and appearance of neutrophils?

A

12-15um in diameters

3-5 segmented lobes of nucleus connected by strands
the cytoplasm packed with pale granules containing bactericidal compounds

21
Q

function of neutrophils?

A

highly mobile

first WBC to arrive at the site of inflammation or phagocytosis

attacks and digests bacteria marked for destruction

22
Q

percentage of eosinophils in circulating WBC?

A

2-4%

23
Q

size and appearance of eosinophils

A

reddish orange granules
usually bi-lobed nucleus

24
Q

function of eosinophils

A

defend against large, multicellular parasites

phagocytose antibody coated bacteria/protozoa/cellular debris

exocyotsis of toxic compounds onto target surface

25
Q

percentage of basophils in circulating WBC?

A

<1%

26
Q

size and appearance of basophils?

A

deep purple/blue granules

usually bi-lobed nucleus obscured by these granules

27
Q

function of basophils

A

migrate to injury site to discharge contents of granules = histamine, heparin…to enhance local inflammation initiated by mast cells AND attract other WBCs

involved in infl reactions during immune response, chronic allergic reactions (anaphylaxis, asthma)

28
Q

percentage of monocytes in circulating WBC?

A

2-8%

29
Q

size and appearance of monocytes?

A

13-25um
(twice size of RBC)

LARGE nucleus, eccentrically placed, usually oval/kidney shaped

30
Q

function of monocytes?

A

stay in circulation for appx 24h before entering tissues to become macrophages

  • phagocytose and digest protozoa, virus, aged cells not effectively dealt w by neutrophils
  • antigen presentation
31
Q

percentage of lymphocytes in circulating WBC?

A

20-30%

32
Q

size and appearance of lymphocytes

A

slightly larger than RBC

thin halo of cytoplasm due to relative large nucleus

33
Q

function of lymphocytes

A

migrate back and forth blood and tissues

act as T and B cells.

34
Q

qty of platelets in blood

A

350,000 platelets/uL of blood on average (usually 200,000 to 400,000)

35
Q

size and appearance of platelets

A

1-4um
flattened disc like cell fragements
purple stained and granular appearance on blood smear (NO NUCLEUS)

36
Q

lifespan and production/removal of platelets?

A

9-12 days circulation

removed by splenic phagocytes

produced in bone marrow by megakaryocytes releasing its fragments

37
Q

sites of hematopoiesis with age

A

flat/irregular bones: sternum, vertebrae, ribs, hip bones
AND
long bones

with age, the bone marrow in shafts of long bones get progressively replaced by fat tissue (yellow bone marrow) = no longer able to produce blood ells.

38
Q

red bone marrow histology

A

meshwork of vascular sinuses (sinusoids) and highly branched fibroblasts (reticular cells; supporting structures).

interstices packed with hematopoietic cells producing RBC, WBC, platelets (megakaroyctes)

site of removal of worn out RBCs, along withliver and spleen.