IC1

Question 1

classifications of hormones - target

Answer 1

1) paracrine: group of cells secrete hormones that take effect on neighboring cells
2) autocrine: only cells that secrete got effect
3) endocrine: cells secrete hormone that travel to other sites of the body and take effect

Question 2

classifications of hormones - composition

Answer 2

1) peptide/proteins (hydrophilic)
- FSH/LH, TSH
- insulin, glucagon
- inhibin
- hCG

2) fatty acid derivatives

3) steroid (hydrophobic)
- testosterone, progesterone, estrogen/estradiol

4) tyrosine/amino acid derived
- T3/T4 (hydrophobic)

Question 3

classifications of hormones - transport

Answer 3

1) endocrine: no duct, straight to blood
2) exocrine: duct, to surrounding tissue

Question 4

classifications of hormones - effect

Answer 4

1) direct action on non-endocrine tissues e.g. GH, prolactin, ADH
2) modulatory effect on endocrine tissue e.g. TSH, ACTH, FSH, LH

Question 5

general endocrine gland

Answer 5

• rich blood supply
• cuboidal/columnar epithelium cell: secretory
• cords/clusters
• connective tissue: supportive framework

Question 6

pituitary gland - general

Answer 6

• hypothalamus + pituitary gland = neuroendocrine unit
• X control pancreas, adrenal cortex, parathyroid gland

Question 7

pituitary gland - anterior pituitary - general

Answer 7

darker colour

Question 8

pituitary gland - anterior pituitary - components - Pars Tuberalis

Answer 8

• undifferentiated (gonadotroph)
• chromophobe
• acidophil, basophil

Question 9

pituitary gland - anterior pituitary - components - Pars Intermedia

Answer 9

• melanotroph: melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH) -> melanocyte in epidermis

Question 10

pituitary gland - anterior pituitary - components - Pars Distalis - chromophils

Answer 10

• secretory cells, hormones stored in cytoplasmic granules

Question 11

pituitary gland - anterior pituitary - components - Pars Distalis - types of chromophils

Answer 11

1) acidophils
- somatotrophs: growth hormones to all body tissue
- mammotroph: prolactin -> mammary gland, testes

2) basophils
- gonadotroph: FSH, LH
- corticotrophs: ACTH/corticotropin
- thyrotroph: TSH

Question 12

pituitary gland - anterior pituitary - components - Pars Distalis - chromophobes

Answer 12

• pale colour
• X store or secrete hormones
• degranulated chromophil cells

Question 13

pituitary gland - posterior pituitary gland - general

Answer 13

• lighter colour

Question 14

pituitary gland - posterior pituitary gland - components

Answer 14

1) large amt of capillaries
2) Pars Nervosa
- pituicytes nuclei
- herring body: granules that store hormones
- unmyelinated axons

Question 15

pituitary gland - posterior pituitary gland - hormones released

Answer 15

• stored in neurohypophysis as granules in axons
• ADH
• Oxytocin (uterine contraction during labour)

Question 16

thyroid - types of cells - follicular cells

Answer 16

• cuboidal to tall columnar
• contains thyroglobulin
• under TSH control
• secrete T3/T4

Question 17

thyroid - type of cells - parafollicular cells

Answer 17

• develop from neural crest
• larger than follicular cell
• secrete calcitonin: Regulate Ca2+ levels

Question 18

parathyroid - types of cells - oxyphil cell

Answer 18

• more acidophilic
• degenerated chief cells
• more common in old people

Question 19

parathyroid - types of cells - chief cells

Answer 19

• small polygonal cells w round nuclei
• pale staining cytoplasm
• main cell to make parathyroid hormone

Question 20

parathyroid - effects of parathyroid hormone (PTH)

Answer 20

low Ca2+ levels -> chief cells secrete PTH

1) increase osteoclastic activity in bone = release calcium into blood

2) increase in calcium reabsorption in distal convoluted tubule

3) increase in Vit D absorption in small intestine

Question 21

adrenal gland - main function

Answer 21

homeostasis

Question 22

adrenal gland - adrenal cortex - general

Answer 22

• develop from mesoderm
• contain steroid secreting cells
• rich in lipid droplets w central nuclei
• more SER & mitochondria w enzymes for cholesterol synthesis

Question 23

adrenal gland - adrenal cortex - components

Answer 23

1) Zona gomerulosa
- mineralocorticoids (aldosterone)

2) Zona fasciculata
- glucocorticoid (cortisol)

3) zona reticularis
- dehydroepiandrosterone (androgen)

Question 24

adrenal medulla - general

Answer 24

develop from neural crest

Question 25

adrenal medulla - components

Answer 25

1) chromaffin cells
- innervated by preganglionic sympathetic neurons -> trigger release of epinephrine & norepinephrine -> glycogenesis

2) electron dense granules containing catecholamines

Question 26

Pancreas (Islets of Langerhans) - endocrine portion - type of cells

Answer 26

1) alpha cell (20%)
- glucagon (low blood glucose: glycogenolysis & lipolysis -> energy)

2) beta cell (70%)
- insulin (entry of glucose into cell)

3) delta cell (5-10%)
- somatostatin
** inhibit insulin & glucagon
** inhibit GH & TSH
** inhibit HCL secretion from gastric parietal cell

4) PP cell or F cell (1-2%)
- pancreatic polypeptide (stimulate gastric chief cell, reduce bile & pancreatic secretion)

Question 27

Pancreas (Islets of Langerhans) - exocrine portion - components

Answer 27

1) acinar cells
- secrete digestive enzymes

2) duct cells
- secrete Aq NaHCO3

Question 28

gonads - male (testes) - function of testosterones

Answer 28

1) growth & development of male reproductive structure
2) increased skeletal & muscular growth
3) enlargement of larynx + voice change
4) growth & distribution of body hair
5) increased male sex drive

Question 29

gonads - male (testes) - cell components

Answer 29

1) sertoli cells: provide support for spermatogenesis
2) germ cells/sperm cells
3) leydig cells: produce testosterone

Question 30

gonads - male (testes) - hormones released

Answer 30

1) testosterones
2) estradiol
3) inhibin
4) MIH

Question 31

gonads - female (ovaries) - function of estrogen

Answer 31

1) growth & development of female reproductive system & secondary sexual features
2) stimulate growth of egg follicle
3) influence neuroendocrine, skeletal, adipose, CVS
4) accelerate metabolism
5) controlled LH

Question 32

gonads - female (ovaries) - hormones secreted

Answer 32

1) estradiol
2) progesterone
3) inhibin

Question 33

pineal - hormones secreted

Answer 33

melatonin

Question 34

pancreas - hormones secreted

Answer 34

insulin, glucagon, somatostatin