IC1 Flashcards

1
Q

classifications of hormones - target

A

1) paracrine: group of cells secrete hormones that take effect on neighboring cells
2) autocrine: only cells that secrete got effect
3) endocrine: cells secrete hormone that travel to other sites of the body and take effect

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2
Q

classifications of hormones - composition

A

1) peptide/proteins (hydrophilic)
- FSH/LH, TSH
- insulin, glucagon
- inhibin
- hCG

2) fatty acid derivatives

3) steroid (hydrophobic)
- testosterone, progesterone, estrogen/estradiol

4) tyrosine/amino acid derived
- T3/T4 (hydrophobic)

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3
Q

classifications of hormones - transport

A

1) endocrine: no duct, straight to blood
2) exocrine: duct, to surrounding tissue

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4
Q

classifications of hormones - effect

A

1) direct action on non-endocrine tissues e.g. GH, prolactin, ADH
2) modulatory effect on endocrine tissue e.g. TSH, ACTH, FSH, LH

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5
Q

general endocrine gland

A
  • rich blood supply
  • cuboidal/columnar epithelium cell: secretory
  • cords/clusters
  • connective tissue: supportive framework
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6
Q

pituitary gland - general

A
  • hypothalamus + pituitary gland = neuroendocrine unit
  • X control pancreas, adrenal cortex, parathyroid gland
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7
Q

pituitary gland - anterior pituitary - general

A

darker colour

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8
Q

pituitary gland - anterior pituitary - components - Pars Tuberalis

A
  • undifferentiated (gonadotroph)
  • chromophobe
  • acidophil, basophil
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9
Q

pituitary gland - anterior pituitary - components - Pars Intermedia

A
  • melanotroph: melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH) -> melanocyte in epidermis
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10
Q

pituitary gland - anterior pituitary - components - Pars Distalis - chromophils

A
  • secretory cells, hormones stored in cytoplasmic granules
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11
Q

pituitary gland - anterior pituitary - components - Pars Distalis - types of chromophils

A

1) acidophils
- somatotrophs: growth hormones to all body tissue
- mammotroph: prolactin -> mammary gland, testes

2) basophils
- gonadotroph: FSH, LH
- corticotrophs: ACTH/corticotropin
- thyrotroph: TSH

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12
Q

pituitary gland - anterior pituitary - components - Pars Distalis - chromophobes

A
  • pale colour
  • X store or secrete hormones
  • degranulated chromophil cells
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13
Q

pituitary gland - posterior pituitary gland - general

A
  • lighter colour
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14
Q

pituitary gland - posterior pituitary gland - components

A

1) large amt of capillaries
2) Pars Nervosa
- pituicytes nuclei
- herring body: granules that store hormones
- unmyelinated axons

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15
Q

pituitary gland - posterior pituitary gland - hormones released

A
  • stored in neurohypophysis as granules in axons
  • ADH
  • Oxytocin (uterine contraction during labour)
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16
Q

thyroid - types of cells - follicular cells

A
  • cuboidal to tall columnar
  • contains thyroglobulin
  • under TSH control
  • secrete T3/T4
17
Q

thyroid - type of cells - parafollicular cells

A
  • develop from neural crest
  • larger than follicular cell
  • secrete calcitonin: Regulate Ca2+ levels
18
Q

parathyroid - types of cells - oxyphil cell

A
  • more acidophilic
  • degenerated chief cells
  • more common in old people
19
Q

parathyroid - types of cells - chief cells

A
  • small polygonal cells w round nuclei
  • pale staining cytoplasm
  • main cell to make parathyroid hormone
20
Q

parathyroid - effects of parathyroid hormone (PTH)

A

low Ca2+ levels -> chief cells secrete PTH

1) increase osteoclastic activity in bone = release calcium into blood

2) increase in calcium reabsorption in distal convoluted tubule

3) increase in Vit D absorption in small intestine

21
Q

adrenal gland - main function

A

homeostasis

22
Q

adrenal gland - adrenal cortex - general

A
  • develop from mesoderm
  • contain steroid secreting cells
  • rich in lipid droplets w central nuclei
  • more SER & mitochondria w enzymes for cholesterol synthesis
23
Q

adrenal gland - adrenal cortex - components

A

1) Zona gomerulosa
- mineralocorticoids (aldosterone)

2) Zona fasciculata
- glucocorticoid (cortisol)

3) zona reticularis
- dehydroepiandrosterone (androgen)

24
Q

adrenal medulla - general

A

develop from neural crest

25
adrenal medulla - components
1) chromaffin cells - innervated by preganglionic sympathetic neurons -> trigger release of epinephrine & norepinephrine -> glycogenesis 2) electron dense granules containing catecholamines
26
Pancreas (Islets of Langerhans) - endocrine portion - type of cells
1) alpha cell (20%) - glucagon (low blood glucose: glycogenolysis & lipolysis -> energy) 2) beta cell (70%) - insulin (entry of glucose into cell) 3) delta cell (5-10%) - somatostatin ** inhibit insulin & glucagon ** inhibit GH & TSH ** inhibit HCL secretion from gastric parietal cell 4) PP cell or F cell (1-2%) - pancreatic polypeptide (stimulate gastric chief cell, reduce bile & pancreatic secretion)
27
Pancreas (Islets of Langerhans) - exocrine portion - components
1) acinar cells - secrete digestive enzymes 2) duct cells - secrete Aq NaHCO3
28
gonads - male (testes) - function of testosterones
1) growth & development of male reproductive structure 2) increased skeletal & muscular growth 3) enlargement of larynx + voice change 4) growth & distribution of body hair 5) increased male sex drive
29
gonads - male (testes) - cell components
1) sertoli cells: provide support for spermatogenesis 2) germ cells/sperm cells 3) leydig cells: produce testosterone
30
gonads - male (testes) - hormones released
1) testosterones 2) estradiol 3) inhibin 4) MIH
31
gonads - female (ovaries) - function of estrogen
1) growth & development of female reproductive system & secondary sexual features 2) stimulate growth of egg follicle 3) influence neuroendocrine, skeletal, adipose, CVS 4) accelerate metabolism 5) controlled LH
32
gonads - female (ovaries) - hormones secreted
1) estradiol 2) progesterone 3) inhibin
33
pineal - hormones secreted
melatonin
34
pancreas - hormones secreted
insulin, glucagon, somatostatin