IB9 Flashcards
A bus company operates a fleet of buses to provide transport for passengers in a busy city. The bus driver is the only bus company worker on each bus. Bus drivers are sometimes subject to violence.
(a) Outline why these bus drivers may be at an increased risk of violence
(b) Outline practical control measures to help reduce the risk of violence to these bus drivers.
(a)
•The fact that bus driver deals directly with the public(cash transactions ) is already one of the main risk factors that puts the driver at an increased risk of violence,
•Another very significant risk factor is lone working escepcially during night time.
• Carrying cash – this risks theft.
•Road rage incidents.
•Angry passengers. There is a higher risk in the afternoon and early evening when passengers are returning from work, particularly if they have had a long wait for a bus.
•Certain locations or bus termini are particularly at risk from vandals.
•Youths and anti-social behaviour.
•Drunk passengers and drug users.
(b)
-Specific training: to provide one day training as part of their induction which should deal specifically with violence and aggression. Liaison with police, Reading verbal and body language.
-Digital CCTV: very small digital cameras
-Cashless systems (smartcards, pre-paid tickets)
-Use well-lit streets; don’t take short cuts
-Company sick pay scheme: drivers who are assaulted in the course of their work through no fault of their own
-Attack alarms fitted on buses: pressing a button in the driver’s cab activates the alarm
‘This vehicle is under attack: dial 999”
-Safety film:to prevent missiles or shattered glass harming the driver, should be evualted to make sure it is effective.
-Assault screens: these are fitted in all new buses to separate the driver from the public.
-Vehicle tracking devices and alarms/communications to control room.
Farmers, veterinary workers and sheep shearers often need to manually handle live animals such as sheep, pigs or goats as part of their work. In these situations the load is the live animal.
(a) Describe factors associated with the load that increase the risk of these manual handling activities.
(b) Outline a range of other factors that should be considered when carrying out manual handling risk assessments in these situations.
(c) Outline practical control measures that could be used in these situations to help reduce the risk of a manual handling injury.
(a)
❋ The weight of the animal heavy and it is a little bit hard to predict since it is unidentified unless weighing the animal to be lifted prior handling.
❋ absence of grip rander the animal difficult to life it required a certain technique in order grip it.
❋ animals are considered unstable loads due to the animal unpredictable movement.
❋ animal size and awkward shape is another factor that increase the risk of manually handling it.
❋The animal breed and state also has a bearing on aggressive tendency.as
does the mood of the anima
❋ injured from horns/teeth/tusks/hooves.
(b)
❋The task the movements required of the worker as they handle the load ( what height load picked up carried or put down, repetitive task ?; does it involve stooping, twisting,
reaching above shoulder height, carrying distance)
❋The Environment in which the handing takes place, slippery surface, uneve,
Changes floor level (steps,stairs) Light level, temperature and humidity
❋Individual Capabilities of the worker carrying out the handling activities;
(does activiy require unusual ability, unusual size, technique, risk to vulnerable individuals (preg wom, pre-exsisting back injury)
(c)
❋possibility of avoiding manual handling
❋Specialist skills training in animal handling techniques and awareness of animal
behaviour
❋The need for handlers to work in pairs or part of a small team
❋Organise the work area to reduce the amount of lifting, bending, twisting and stretching required.
❋ the design of the layout of the workplace could have a bearing on greater efficiency of lifting and handling of the animals, the option of using platforms to raise the animal
❋Selection of the appropriate team or personal for the lift avoid assgniment of people with back injury.
❋Devices for animal handling including barricades, fixtures, crates, as well as Use mechanical aids to lift and carry heavy loads whenever possible.
❋Pre- work warm up of cold muscles before engaging in any manual work
❋Frequent breaks or break up repetitive tasks if possible
❋Selection of breeds on the basis of docility
❋in case the animal is in ab aggressive mood sedating the animal before handling is an option that should be consider
.
Outline what should be considered when selecting workplace seating to minimise ergonomic risks to workers.
i) need to consider the
❋needs of the individual, the type of work being carried out and the dimensions of the workstation items should be considered.
❋ if chair comfortable for the intended period of use?
❋ the lower back adequately supported
❋ upholstery sufficiently supportive and comfortable?
❋ Are edges sufficiently padded and shaped to prevent uncomfortable pressure on the thighs?
❋ Does the chair have adequate types and ranges of adjustment?
❋Are there special requirements for a chair at this particular workstation?
❋Are there special user requirements?
❋Are there special task requirements?
❋footrests required and, if so, are they suitable?
❋ Is the height adjustable to allow work to be carried out at or below elbow height?
❋ Does the backrest adjust sufficiently in height and depth to allow the user to gain support?
❋ Are armrests suitable for the task and workstation?
❋ Do the armrests allow the user to bring the chair far enough forward?
❋ Do the armrests allow adequate arm movement?
Work-Related Upper Limb Disorders (WRULDs) can develop if ergonomic principles are not followed when designing work tools and work equipment.
(a) Outline what is meant by the term ‘ergonomic principles’.
(b) Outline how the design of work tools and work equipment can help to minimise the risk of a person
developing a WRULD.
(a)
‘Ergonomic principles’ refers to the design of the workplace or task so that it takes into account the person(s) doing the task or activity. This ensures that there is a good fit between them and the tools, equipment, and workstation.
(b)
When designing work tools and equipment to minimise the risk of WRULD, there is a number of requirements to take into account.
Where possible, the grip strength required should be minimised, and the size of the hands of the workers and how they will hold the tool or equipment should be taken into account, including the needs of left-handed workers.
Handles should be shaped to facilitate a neutral wrist position and include a variety of sizes to accommodate all workers
The balance of the tool should reduce undue stress on the forearm and wrist and the force required to manipulate the tool and equipment should be minimised. In general, the need for repetitive movements or awkward postures should be avoided and the tool or item of equipment will need maintenance to keep it in good condition.
Finally, it is always important to involve users at the design stage and any proposed designs should meet appropriate standards
Identify the issues that should be thought about in relation to the job, the individual and the work environment when undertaking an assessment of ergonomic risks at a work location.
The Job
Here, issues such as the duration of time over which the worker has to carry out this job and the rest periods and formal breaks might be considered. Very importantly, the posture that the worker has to adopt to carry out the work must be considered; do they have to stoop over, bend, overreach, twist or adopt any other uncomfortable or straining postures? Are they able to sit? Also the amount of force that they have to exert must be considered; whether it is bodily effort to handle a load, or force through their wrist during tool handling. The kinds of movements that they might have to perform, which might be very small, or might involve whole body, or alternatively the complete lack of movement and the requirement to adopt a very static body position. The degree of repetition inherent in the job must be considered, as should the pace or rate of work. This may be dictated by a process or piece of machinery and therefore may be outside the control of the worker.
The Individual
Various personal factors would need to be considered during the assessment process. For example, the physical attributes of the person carrying out the work, such as their height, weight, reach, etc. would all have a bearing on ergonomic risk. Their mental abilities and skills may also have an impact. Some tasks require a high degree of manual dexterity, some require very good hand-eye co-ordination and some require fast mental processing. If these abilities are not present in the worker, then risk may be created. Specific groups of workers may be especially at risk because of their personal characteristics, such as young workers and new or expectant mothers. An individual’s competence to carry out an ergonomic task may depend on the amount of training they have received and their experience
Environmental
Finally, various issues associated with the environment in which the work is taking place can have an influence on ergonomic risk. The amount of space available for body movement, the temperature, humidity levels and light levels can all have an effect. For example, handling objects in a cramped dark space with high humidity will obviously increase ergonomic risk. As would attempting to undertake very fine, high dexterity work at a workbench with poor light levels.
(a) Identify typical symptoms of work-related upper limb disorders.
(b) Outline the main risk factors associated with the development of work-related upper limb disorders.
(a)
Typical symptoms of Work-Related Upper Limb Disorders (WRULDs) are pain and swelling in the joints, restricted movement, numbness and circulatory dysfunction. Since WRULD is a generic phrase that covers a range of different chronic soft tissue injuries, symptoms can involve the joints, tendons, ligaments, muscles, circulatory system and nerves.
(b)
❋ Force - the amount of force that has to be exerted through the shoulder, arm, wrist, hand, fingers or thumb. For example, a worker who has to use excessive force to close the grips of a hand-tool will be at greater risk than if less force was required to perform the same operation.
❋ Duration of time of exposure - the longer an individual has to perform the same operation for, the greater the risk, e.g. a DSE user who uses a screen for two hours a day is at relatively little risk when compared to another user who uses DSE for nine hours at a time.
❋ Frequency of use - significant exposure to a task at infrequent intervals creates little risk, whereas very frequent recurrent exposure creates greater risk.
❋ Posture - the body position of the individual influences the risk of developing a WRULD. If the person is sitting or standing, their body posture, and in particular the way that they hold their arms, wrists and hands, makes a difference.
❋ Pace of work - if a task has to be performed quickly, and at a pace dictated by others (or a machine), then risk is increased compared to the situation where the worker themselves can determine how fast or slow to work depending on their comfort.
❋ Repetition - any task that is highly repetitive in nature, that involves making the same movements again and again, is likely to create risk of WRULD when compared to a task that is either highly varied, or can be done in a variety of acceptable ways.
❋ Rest breaks - if these are available then risk is decreased. But if rest breaks are infrequent and insufficient to allow physical recovery of the shoulders, arms, etc., then risk is increased.
❋ Individual characteristics - no two people are identical and WRULDs are unpredictable in nature. One person may be affected by a task, whereas another person is unaffected by the same task and never suffers even passing discomfort, let alone clinically diagnosed ill health.
Identify the ergonomic factors associated with the risk of injury to airport baggage handlers and outline how the level of risk can be reduced.
Various factors will affect the risk of injury that is associated with the task; i.e. what the workers are actually doing with the baggage. They may be picking up, carrying and/or putting down. They may be pushing or pulling, which of course involve different posture and muscles. If picking up, they may be operating at a range of heights; from floor level (bad) to waist height (good) and upwards to above shoulder height. The task may involve stooping (bad) or very frequent lifting (again increases risk). It might require workers to twist rather than move their feet. The pressures of the airport may mean that workers do not get adequate rest between bouts of activity and may therefore become more prone to fatigue injuries. There will be occasions when the rate at which baggage handling has to be performed is dictated by machinery, and workers cannot speed up or slow down to suit themselves but have to work at a dictated pace
The loads that baggage handlers have to deal with will vary greatly in their physical characteristics. They may be heavy, or large in size. They may be unstable or difficult to grasp. They may have a centre of gravity that is not positioned centrally within the load, or even a centre of gravity that shifts around within the load. All of these factors increase risk
The environment in which this handling work is being carried out may be indoors or outdoors. If outdoors, then environmental parameters are difficult to control and will be affected by the weather and by time of day/night. Even indoors, space constraints, lighting noise, temperature and the condition of floors and surfaces will all play a part in influencing risk.
the individual capabilities of the workers themselves will influence the risk of injury during these manual handling operations. Worker physique, personal fitness, health and physical skill and ability all play a part in determining how likely an individual is to be injured carrying out any one manual handling task
The level of risk to workers might be reduced by adopting a number of control options, starting with elimination of the need to move loads by manual effort. This could be achieved by complete automation and mechanisation of baggage lifting. This can be done using lifting trucks, roller or belt conveyors and other mechanical devices that remove the need for the workers to put their hands on the baggage at all. This approach will not be reasonably practicable in all instances and then mechanical handling aids, such as motorised pallet trucks, motorised hoists, etc., might be employed.
This means that the handlers still have to exert some form of effort in order to achieve the work, but they are not directly applying effort to the load itself. Even this approach will not be appropriate to all circumstances, however, and then handling aids such as trolleys, sack trucks, etc. should be used. These require the handlers to use body effort to move the load, but confer some sort of mechanical advantage. Finally, handling may have to be done fully manually and, in these instances, training must be supplied to workers. Team lifting should also be used where necessary, labels should be fixed to unusual or awkward loads and appropriate staff selection and occupational health arrangements must be put in place to ensure that only people with the appropriate capabilities are recruited into, and remain in, those positions that require handling.
(a) Outline the ill-health effects that might arise from using display screen equipment.
(b) Outline the key factors to be considered in assessments of workstations for users of display screen equipment.
(a)
Poor ergonomics and includes musculoskeletal injury and discomfort arising from excessive periods of continuous intensive keyboard work at a badly designed workstation.
Eye and eyesight effects such as sore eyes and headaches produced by poor position and legibility of display screen equipment screens
Effect results from poor job design and organisation cause fatigue and stress
(b)
The equipment includes the screen, keyboard, mouse, document holder, desk, ancillary equipment on the desk, chair, footrest, etc. An important factor here is that the equipment should be suitable for the user in question and should be appropriate to the type of work undertaken. Thus, a pool typist may have a document holder to allow easy transfer from paper to screen. However, an accountant may rely on spreadsheets so no document holder would be necessary in this instance.
There are minimum standards for many of the items of equipment listed. The screen, for instance, should tilt and swivel and should have a stable, focused image. The desk should have enough space to be able to arrange all of the equipment on it in an ergonomic manner, e.g. having the mouse to the front of the desk, not tucked over the back of the keyboard. The chair must have a stable five-star base, adjustable height seat, adjustable height backs and adjustable tilt for the back, too.
The desk must be the right height for the user to adjust their chair to give a proper sitting position. They should be able to get their feet on the floor. If not, they will need a footrest. The user should be able to position the screen straight in front of them, with the top of the screen at eye height. There must be sufficient room to position the keyboard between the screen and user, with space for a wrist rest if desired.
With regards to the environment there are various factors mentioned here - heating, noise, radiation, but by far the most important factor is the availability of properly designed workplace lighting. This may be in the form of daylight, or strip light or lamps. However the lighting is supplied, it must be appropriately positioned or adjustable to avoid reflection and glare on the screen. Windows should have blind
(a) Outline the ill-health effects that might arise from using display screen equipment.
(b) Outline the key factors to be considered in assessments of workstations for users of display screen equipment.
(a)
Poor ergonomics and includes musculoskeletal injury and discomfort arising from excessive periods of continuous intensive keyboard work at a badly designed workstation.
Eye and eyesight effects such as sore eyes and headaches produced by poor position and legibility of display screen equipment screens
Effect results from poor job design and organisation cause fatigue and stress
(b)
The equipment includes the screen, keyboard, mouse, document holder, desk, ancillary equipment on the desk, chair, footrest, etc. An important factor here is that the equipment should be suitable for the user in question and should be appropriate to the type of work undertaken. Thus, a pool typist may have a document holder to allow easy transfer from paper to screen. However, an accountant may rely on spreadsheets so no document holder would be necessary in this instance.
There are minimum standards for many of the items of equipment listed. The screen, for instance, should tilt and swivel and should have a stable, focused image. The desk should have enough space to be able to arrange all of the equipment on it in an ergonomic manner, e.g. having the mouse to the front of the desk, not tucked over the back of the keyboard. The chair must have a stable five-star base, adjustable height seat, adjustable height backs and adjustable tilt for the back, too.
The desk must be the right height for the user to adjust their chair to give a proper sitting position. They should be able to get their feet on the floor. If not, they will need a footrest. The user should be able to position the screen straight in front of them, with the top of the screen at eye height. There must be sufficient room to position the keyboard between the screen and user, with space for a wrist rest if desired.
With regards to the environment there are various factors mentioned here - heating, noise, radiation, but by far the most important factor is the availability of properly designed workplace lighting. This may be in the form of daylight, or strip light or lamps. However the lighting is supplied, it must be appropriately positioned or adjustable to avoid reflection and glare on the screen. Windows should have blind
The Health and Safety Executive’s (HSE’s) manual handling assessment charts (MAC) is a tool that can be used to determine manual handling risks of various types of activity, including lifting operations. The MAC tool assigns numerical scores to a range of risk factors.
(a)
(i) Identify FIVE risk factors in the MAC tool that should be considered for a lifting operation carried out by an individual. (5)
(ii) For EACH of the risk factors identified in (a) (i), describe how the numerical scores vary as the lifting operation changes. (5)
(b) Explain why using the MAC tool alone may not result in a fully ‘suitable and sufficient’ risk assessment. (5)
(a) (i) A Load weight/frequency B Hand distance from the lower back C Vertical lift region D Torso twisting and sideways bending E Postural constraints F Grip on the load G Floor surface H Other environmental factors
(ii)
A Load weight/frequency (or repetition rate): as the load and frequency increase the score increases as well for this risk factor there are a load and weight/frequency graph from which the score and color will be noted from G=0 low level of risk to P= Purple =unacceptable level of risk.
B Hand distance from the lower back the more; the horizontal distance between the worker’s hands and lower back. distance from the lower back increased the more the score increases upper arms vertical and torso upright (hand close to back) low level of risk g/0 green
Upper arms angled away from torso AND torso bent forward (hands farm from the low back) high level of risk.
C Vertical lift zones: the vertical position of the worker’s hands at both the start and end of the
lift. if hand between knee and elbow height
it’s low level risk (G/0 green) if hands at floor level or below; hand at head height or above it’s high level of risk.
Torso twisting and sideways bending: If the person twists the torso in relation to the hips OR leans to one side as the load is lifted, the colour band is amber and the score is 1. If the torso both twists AND bends to the side as the load is lifted, the colour band is red and the score is 2.
b) the MAC tool is designed to assess the same weight throughout the working day and same carrying distance, those variable makes the mac tool insufficient in some situations;
And another reason is that the MAC doesn’t take into account the following information too such as individual capabilities and the requirement of manual handling operation regulation, People with knowledge and experience of the handling operations, industry-specific guidance, and specialist advice, consulting and the involved employees and safety representatives in the process.
An internet-based delivery organization operates a large warehouse where workers pick loads weighing between 2kg and 20kg. The workers carry these loads to an area where the items are stacked onto pallets.
The organization decides to use the HSE’s variable manual handling assessment chart (V-MAC) to assess the manual handling risks to its workers, who work 8-hour shifts.
(c) Outline why the V-MAC tool is suitable in this scenario. (4)
Delivery drivers use pallet trucks to load the stacked pallets on to
delivery vehicles.
(d) Comment on the use of the V-MAC tool in this situation. (1)
(c)
The VMAC tool is designed for assessing manual handling operations where the weight of the load varies. and the load weighinging is this scenarion is betwen 2kg and 2Okg so VMAC can be used to assess jobs where the weights handled change during the working day.
The work involves carrying the load to a different area and VMAC tool consider the distance carried .
the amount of time a task is carried out.
(d) won’t be useful in this situation because of VMAC assess risks posed by lifting, carrying, whereas this scenario involves pushing and pulling.
Window cleaners frequently use extending ladders. They unload the ladders from the roof of their van, carry them to position and extend them
to reach higher windows. When they have cleaned the windows, they load the ladders back on to the roof of the van before moving to the next
location.
(a) Outline manual handling risk factors when using these ladders.
You are not required to include any risks relating to working at height in your answer.
(b) The employer wants workers to store the ladders inside the van and not on the roof.
Comment on how this change could affect the manual handling risks.
(c) Outline ONE change in working practice that could eliminate the manual handling risks from using extending ladders for the window cleaners.
(a)
Task
- The task involves reaching above head height to unload the ladder from the roof of the van to the ground. the worker hold the load away from their trunk
- The length of the carrying distances between the van to the position
- the task involves a stooping worker has to stoop when adjusting the ladder during the loading.
- Lifting the load through a vertical distance when loading the ladder on the top of the van roof. the vertical distance from floor level to above the head.
- The weight of the ladder, which depends on the construction material, also the shape of the ladder makes it hard to lift.
- Individual capabilities, since the ladder is located at the top shorter people will face difficulty unloading the ladder.
- The environment where the handling takes place.
(b)
the change could affect the manual handling by eliminating the need of reaching above head height and decrease the vertical left distance which will reduce the existing risk, however, it might introduce new risks due to the restricted access, and the need to stoop when unloading the ladder outside of the vehicle. and increasing the distance between the hand and the lower back.
(c)
eliminate the need for ladder by the use of an extended brush or hose system or the use of MEWP
(a) Outline TWO considerations to help ensure that lighting is adequate and appropriate in the workplace.
(b) Identify THREE symptoms associated with visual fatigue.
Workers in a large open-plan office with windows and artificial ceiling lights carry out work using display screen equipment for a significant part of their working day.
A number of workers are complaining that the lighting in the office is not suitable.
(c) Consider what features of the lighting in the office might have led to these complaints. (5)
flickering effects, glare and reflections but few answers referred to light spectrum, colour temperature or blue/red light balancing. References were made regarding light colour being wrong but with no
the real explanation of what or why, and generally answers lacked the depth required for
an ‘outline’ command word.
(a)
- The type of work to be taken
- The amount of precision required and whether tasks
require general, local and/or localized lighting - The level of natural light available - The workplace layout giving attention to the effects of screens, furniture or racking
- the considerations of those objects casting shadows
- The different types and level of lightings required for stairs, corridors and outside security lights.
- The level of lighting in adjacent areas in order to
avoid the effects of moving from a strongly lit area to one which is dimly lit and vice versa; - The individual needs of the employee whether on account of age or disability - The possibility of glare on the display screen
- The colour and type of lighting fitted o prevent stroboscopic effects
- The need for emergency lighting particularly for fire escape routes
- The need for portable lighting when work has to be carried out in a confined space
- The ease of maintenance whether replacing spent bulbs or cleaning the light fittings for probable
- All glazed windows and skylights used for the lighting of workrooms shall, so far as is practicable, be kept clean on both the inner and outer surfaces and free from obstruction,
(b)
The symptoms of fatigue vary according to the task being carried out and the lighting conditions:
Symptoms of visual fatigue include irritation of the eyes (inflammation, itchiness), breakdown of vision (blurred or double vision), and referred symptoms (headaches, dizziness, fatigue).
(c)
• with natural light comes glare especially if the screen is facing against the source of the glare such as the window (which is the source of the glare). if the glare isn’t managed well it will have negative effects.
• Flicker which has negative effect discomfort and fatigue light flickering effects Voltage changes can be caused by dimmer switches or when electrical equipment drawing heavy currents are turned on (large capacity photocopier);
• Veiling reflections (i.e. high luminance reflections which can overlay/mask your view of the task, such as reflection
from a window overlaying information on a computer screen).
• low/high level of luminance, which a significant negative effects on the health,
low can be caused during the measurement they didn’t consider measuring the light without daylight.
- A high level it can happen when the need of the individual wasn’t taking into consideration.
- inappropriate color temperature of the artificial that doesn’t match with the natural light
- Illuminance differences between tasks and adjacent areas.
A worker on a production line is required to stand in front of his workbench, which is 750mm deep and set at waist height. The worker must frequently lift a 20kg item of equipment from his workbench onto an unpowered roller conveyor which is behind it. The conveyor is set slightly
higher than the workbench (see diagram).
(a) Explain why the current method of working is not acceptable.
(b) Outline practical measures that might be considered to reduce the ergonomic related risk to the worker.
(a)
To deduce that the degree of stooping and bending required coupled with the need to handle loads away from the body will increase stress to the lower back, with the frequency of the operation increases the risk with the result that injury, particularly to the back, would be caused.
The issue of handling loads at arm’s length, such as the fact that it imposes around five times the stress and the 20kg load size exceeds the good practice guidelines.
(b)
- Reducing the weight of the load.
- Providing a mechanical device such as a counterbalanced lifting arm to move the equipment onto the roller conveyor.
- Re-arranging the work station so that the conveyor is at the side of the bench enabling the equipment to be slid onto the rollers.
- Reducing the depth of the work station to reduce the distance the load has to be lifted away from the body.
- And the possibility of introducing job rotation together with the provision of frequent breaks for the operators
- The redesign of the workstation.
Workers in a busy restaurant frequently use hand-held trays to carry
plates of food and drinks from the kitchen to the customers’ tables.
These hand-held trays can be heavy and unstable.
There are regular incidents where workers drop the trays.
To help reduce these incidents, the employer has decided to introduce
non-powered trollies, on wheels, that will be used by the restaurant workers to transport their customers’ food and drink orders.
(a) Outline what the employer should consider when selecting suitable non-powered trollies for this task.
(b) Comment on how this change could affect the manual handling
risks to the workers.
(c) Comment on how this change could affect other risks to the workers and to customers’ safety and health.
(a)
■Seek advice from suppliers on the suitability of new lifting and handling aid
equipment for your business
■ Requesting equipment on a trial basis to check whether it solves the problem without creating new Ones
■ Involve employees and safety representatives during the selection process, so that you can be sure what you propose will work in practice and won’t introduce any new hazards.
■ Observing the equipment in use at other organizations;
■ Considering the requirements for maintenance;
■ Check equipment is CE-marked and within the safe working load.
■ Consider what maintenance will be required.
■ Consider whether the equipment will suit the area it will be used in, eg is there enough room to manoeuvre or enough headroom?
■ Check that the equipment is suitable for the floor area in terms of stability and
ground surface.
■ Consider other factors associated with introducing lifting and handling aids,
eg site safety, training, information and support.
■ Checking that braking controls were adequate and that the handle height was adjustable between waist and shoulder; and
■ That the design of the equipment was such as to prevent plates from falling off.
■ As far as introducing the use of the devices, this would require consideration of operator training, storage when not in use, maintenance arrangements and a procedure for reporting defects; and
(b)
The reduction in carrying heavy trays;, the introduction of the trollies presented a new manual handling risk. ( pulling/pushing the trollies )
(c)
Reduced risks of food being spilled on the floors and on staff/clients with a resultant reduction in risks of slips, trips, and falls. There was little mention of increased risks associated with fire exits being blocked and risks of the trollies moving on their own if not properly secured, bumping into customers.
