IB2 Flashcards

1
Q

Countries in the United Nations, including those in the European Union, have been working together with industry representatives and others to agree a classification and labelling system that can be used worldwide. The outcome is

A

The Globally Harmonised System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals, known as the ‘GHS’. The GHS provides a single system to identify hazards and to communicate them in transporting and supplying chemicals across the world i.e. label and safety data sheets

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2
Q

European Union (EU) Member States agreed to adopt the GHS across the EU through a direct acting Regulation

A

The Classification, Labelling and Packaging of Substances and Mixtures. This is also known as the ‘CLP Regulation’ or just ‘CLP’

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3
Q

In addition to CLP the European Commission presented a proposal for a new EU regulatory system for chemicals

A
REACH, which stands for: 
Registration
Evaluation
Authorisation of
Chemicals
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4
Q

All chemicals will require EU authorisation by ________ before the materials are allowed to be sold or imported within the EU. Their use may also be restricted

A

the European Chemical Agency (ECHA)

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5
Q

REACH is an EU Regulation that covers all chemicals (with a few exceptions) if they are manufactured or imported into the EU in quantities of _________

A

1 tonne or above

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6
Q

REACH is designed to

A

Improve information in the supply chain - many substances are data poor and this can lead to inadequate risk assessments.

Promote better risk management measures.

Facilitate compliance with CoSHH.

Encourage the use of safer alternatives for CMR substances.

Allow the free movement of substances on the EU market.

Question the need for animal testing.

Lead to improvements in Occupational health.

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7
Q

Under REACH, each producer and importer of chemicals in volumes of 1 tonne or more per year will have to register each chemical with the EU Chemicals Agency (ECHA), submitting information on:

A

The general technical, commercial and administrative information needed for all registrations is
specified in Annex VI of the REACH Regulation. This includes the following key information:
1) General information on the registrant
2) Identification of the substance
3) Information on the manufacture and use(s) of the substance
4) Classification and labelling of the substance
5) Guidance on safe use
6) Exposure information for substances in quantities of 1 to 10 tonnes.

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8
Q

CMR

A

CMRs are substances classified as Carcinogenic, Mutagenic or toxic to Reproduction, category 1 or 2, in accordance with
Directive 67/548/EEC. (‘Classified in accordance with Directive 67/548/EEC’ refers to substances listed in Annex VI of
the CLP Regulation with a harmonised classification and labelling and substances self-classified by the registrant).

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9
Q

Through REACH evaluation, public authorities will look in more detail at registration dossiers and at substances of concern

A

Completeness check
Compliance check
Dossier evaluation
Substance evaluation

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10
Q

Under REACH, the authorisation procedure aims to assure that the risks from Substances of Very High Concern are properly controlled and that these substances are progressively replaced by suitable alternatives while ensuring the good functioning of the EU internal market.

A

Substances with the following hazard properties may be identified as Substances of Very High Concern (SVHCs):

Substances meeting the criteria for classification as carcinogenic, mutagenic or toxic for reproduction

Substances which are persistent, bioaccumulative and toxic (PBT) or very persistent and very bioaccumulative (vPvB)

Substances identified on a case-by-case basis, for which there is scientific evidence of probable serious effects that cause an equivalent level of concern as with CMR or PBT/vPvB substances

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11
Q

A comparison between the approach of REACH and CoSHH

A

Although REACH places responsibility for the identification and assessment of chemical hazards and risks on those ultimately responsible for their manufacture or importation into the EU, this does not change the responsibility COSHH places on employers for assessing risks and deciding how to control them in the individual workplace. This means downstream users are now faced with two sets of obligations under REACH and COSHH.

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12
Q

The intention of the CLP Regulation is

A

before placing chemicals on the market, the industry must establish the potential risks to human health and the environment of such substances and mixtures, they should be classified, labelled and packaged appropriately. But because CLP adopts CHS, in time, the same classifications and labelling will be used throughout the world.

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13
Q

CHIP is a set of UK Regulations that

A

was were revoked from 1 June 2015 and no longer have legal effect. Chemical suppliers should comply with the CLP Regulation.

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14
Q

COSHH Regulations 2002 Amended by (The Classification, Labelling and Packaging of Chemicals
(Amendments to Secondary Legislation) Regulations 2015) defines a substance hazardous to health” means a substance (including a mixture) as

A

(a) which meets the criteria for classification as hazardous within any health hazard class laid down in the CLP Regulation whether or not the substance is classified under that Regulation
(b) for which the Health and Safety Commission has approved a maximum exposure limit or an occupational exposure standard;
(c) which is a biological agent;
(d) which is dust of any kind, except dust which is a substance within paragraph (a) or (b) above, when present at a concentration in air equal to or greater than—
(i) 10 mg/m3, as a time-weighted average over an 8-hour period, of inhalable dust, or
(ii) 4 mg/m3, as a time-weighted average over an 8-hour period, of respirable dust;
(e) which, not being a substance falling within sub-paragraphs (a) to (d), because of its chemical or toxicological properties and the way it is used or is present at the workplace creates a risk to health;

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15
Q

CLP

A

EC Regulation No 1272/2008 Classification, Labelling and Packaging or Substances and Mixtures (CLP)

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16
Q

An employee’s exposure to lead is significant if one of the following three conditions is satisfied:

A

1) Exposure exceeds half the occupational exposure limit for lead.
2) There is a substantial risk of the employee ingesting lead.
3) If there is a risk of an employee’s skin coming into contact with lead alkyls or any other substance containing lead in a form, for example: lead naphthenate, which can also be absorbed through the skin.

17
Q

Lead can also be easily absorbed through ingestion. To avoid this risk, it is important to

A

make sure that employees do not eat, drink or smoke in any place which is liable to be contaminated by lead.

18
Q

If there is significant exposure to lead, the monitoring of employees’ exposure should be carried out by both:

A

Air sampling.
Measuring the concentration of lead in their blood or their urine (for work with lead alkyls).
These two approaches have complementary roles.

19
Q

Action levels are concentrations of lead in blood set below the appropriate suspension limit. If these are reached or exceeded, the employer must:

A

Carry out an urgent investigation to find out why.
Review control measures.
Take steps to reduce the employee’s blood-lead concentration below the action level, so far as is reasonably practicable.

20
Q

Asbestos is classified as

A

a category 1 carcinogen

21
Q

exposure to asbestos at work

A

Directive 2009/148/EC - exposure to asbestos at work

22
Q

The duty holder has to take reasonable steps to find out if there are asbestos containing materials (ACM) on the premises and, if so, how much, where they are and what condition they are in. This can, but does not have to, involve a survey. A survey can be:

A

Management survey: This is to locate all materials that are likely to contain asbestos. It will usually involve the taking of samples to confirm the presence of asbestos. If no samples have been taken then it is assumed that all materials contain asbestos.
Refurbishment/demolition survey: These involve getting full access to all parts of the building using destructive inspection if necessary and will involve the taking of samples which are analysed to confirm whether asbestos is present. This type of is usually used before major refurbishment or just before demolition.

23
Q

No employer can carry out demolition, maintenance or any other work which exposes, or may expose, their employees to asbestos in any premises unless they have:

A

carried out a suitable and sufficient assessment as to whether it is asbestos, what type
of asbestos, contained in what material and in what condition is present or is liable to be
present in those premises; or
(b) if there is doubt as to whether asbestos is present in those premises he—
(i) assumes that asbestos is present, and that it is not chrysotile (white asbestos) alone

24
Q

An employer must hold a licence before undertaking any licensable work with asbestos. ‘Licenseable work with asbestos’ is defined as work:

A

where worker exposure to asbestos is not sporadic and of low intensity; or
where the risk assessment cannot clearly demonstrate that the control limit will not be exceeded ie 0.1 asbestos fibres per cubic centimetre of air (0.1 f/cm3) (averaged over a four hour period); or
on asbestos coating; or
on asbestos insulation or asbestos insulating board where the risk assessment demonstrates that the work is not short duration work, eg when work with these materials will take no more than two hours in any seven day period, and no one person works for more than one hour in that two hour period.

25
Q

Since the 2006 Control of Asbestos Regulations UK there has been a single Control Limit of

A

The single maximum limit value for airborne concentration of asbestos is 0.1 fibres per cm3 as an eight-hour time-weighted average (TWA).

If the limit value is exceeded, the reasons must be identified and appropriate measures taken to remedy the situation. Work may not continue before measures are taken. Effectiveness of measures shall be verified. In case limit values cannot be observed by other means, employers shall provide proper protective equipment. The use of these equipments may not be permanent and appropiate break periods shall be set.

Work involving some lower risk asbestos-containing materials (eg asbestos cement products and textured decorative coatings, among others) can be carried out if a risk assessment demonstrates that the control limit will not be exceeded and that any exposure to asbestos is expected to be ‘sporadic and of low intensity’.

Short Term Exposure Limit for this type of non-licensed work is 0.6 asbestos fibres per cubic centimetre of air (0.6 f/cm3), measured over 10 minutes.

This is an ACoP standard rather than being a regulation because there is no requirement for a STEL in the EU Directive on Asbestos

Any work which is likely to result in exposures at or above this level cannot be considered to be sporadic and of low intensity and should therefore only be carried out by a licensed contractor.

26
Q

The upper respiratory tract consists of

A

air passages - nasal cavity, larynx, trachea and bronchi (function is to filter, warm and moisten air and conduct it into the lungs)

27
Q

The lower respiratory tract consists of

A

lungs - bronchioles and alveoli