Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

IB HL Historiography > IB HL History Historiography > Flashcards

IB HL History Historiography Flashcards

1
Q

October Revolution - CPSU view

A

Result of class struggle and Lenin’s brilliant leadership. Was a popular revolution

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

October Revolution - Liberal View

A

Robert Conquest:

Ruthless coup d’etat with limited popular support. Successful due to organisation and leadership.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

October Revolution - Revisionist View

A

Orlando Figes:

Revolution from below. Growing popular movement that would have overthrown the Provisional Government anyway.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Stalin’s Dominance - Power Politics

A

Robert Conquest:

A deliberate manipulation of genuine differences in order to gain supreme power for himself

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Stalin’s Dominance - Structuralist

A

Simon Montefiore:

Stalin was a product of Russian history and was a ruler in the long Tsarist tradition of absolute rule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Stalin’s Dominance - Socio-Cultural

A

Sheila Fitzpatrick:

Careerists flocked to the winning side. Since they tended to be conservative they backed Stalin over Trotsky

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Stalin’s Dominance - Ideological

A

Genuine political and economic differences between the leaders in the 1920s. Stalin was the centrist option

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Stalin’s Economic Intent - Aimless

A

Moshee Lewin:

Stalin did not know where his policies would go. His initial response to the grain crisis was an emergency measure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Stalin’s Ecnomic Intent - Deliberate

A

Robert Tucker:

Stalin adopted deliberate economic policies after he had defeated his political opponents

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Stalin’s Economic Intent - Second Revolution

A

Hiroaki Kuromiya:

This second revolution would enable Stalin to take his place alongside Lenin as a significant leader and revolutionary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Stalin’s Economic Success - Official Statistics

A

Alexander Nove:

Exaggerated successes but most historians agree that there were tremendous increases in production

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Stalin’s Economic Success - Collectivisation Somewhat Successful

A

Michael Ellman:

After 1928 grain deliveries to the state increased, allowing industrialisation to succeed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Stalin’s Economic Success - Collectivisation Disaster

A

James Milar:

Collectivisation was an economic disaster that made little contribution to the industrialisation programme

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Stalin’s Purges - Orthodox View

A

Robert Tucker:

Stalin launched the purges as he was suffering from paranoia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Stalin’s Purges - Rational Response

A

Isaac Deutscher:

The purges were a rational response to the existence of real opposition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Stalin’s Purges - Structuralist Views

A

Gabber Ritterspoon:

The NKVD and local party bosses were often out of control and frequently took matters beyond Stalin’s initial intentions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Mao’s Emergence - Soviet Marxist Views

A

Marxist histories tend to be critical of Mao Zedong and his followers. They paint Mao as a usurper or a deviationist (someone who corrupted Marxist theory)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Mao’s Emergence - Maoist-CCP perspectives

A

Official CCP histories are sympathetic to Mao. They portray him as a visionary leader whose contributions were pivotal to the success of the revolution.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Mao’s Emergence - Western Perspectives

A

Painted a negative picture of Mao, condemning him as malignant dictator in the same vein as Stalin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Mao’s Emergence - Post Mao Revisionism

A

Chang and Halliday:

Perceive Mao as a self-serving megalomaniac with little or no regard for anyone.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Hundred Flowers Campaign - Genuine Experiment

A

Phillip Short:
Mao may have wanted to experiment by allowing some democratic check on the party or an outlet for critics to let off steam

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Hundred Flowers Campaign - A trap

A

Chang and Halliday:

Mao intentionally set a trap to flush out intellectuals and opponents.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Cultural Revolution - Elitist Reflection on Society

A

Hong Yung Lee:
The Cultural Revolution began as a conflict between party elites but expanded rapidly into a conflict between elites and the masses.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Cultural Revolution - Social Mobility Theory

A

Anita Chan, Jonathan Spence:
Chan claims that the ‘new China’ of the mid-1960s offered fewer opportunities for social mobility. Competition for university places, government jobs and technical appointments had rapidly increased, leaving many with little chance of success.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Cultural Revolution - Long Term Factors

A

Lucian Pye:
Pye asked whether the political and social upheaval of 1966 had deeper causal roots in China’s history, such as its long tradition of peasant rebellions. Pye also noted that patriotism and loyalty had prevented China’s leaders and scholars from thinking critically

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Cultural Revolution - Buffer against Government

A

Tang Tsou:
Tsou argued that the Cultural Revolution was a functional expression of ‘people power’ that limited the power of the government and paved the way for reforms after the death of Mao.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Cultural Revolution - Reconsolidate Mao’s Power

A

Jung Chang:
The Cultural Revolution, according to Chang, was a grandiose attempt to restore Mao’s control of the CCP, by turning millions of his indoctrinated subjects against it.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Cultural Revolution - Continuing Revolution

A

Michael Lynch:

Mao “unleashed the Cultural Revolution to secure the continuation of the China he had created”.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Nazi Emergence - Sonderweg

A

It suggests that Nazism was no accident or aberration but a deadly culmination of German nationalism, authoritarianism and militarism – all of which date back to the Middle Ages.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Nazi Emergence - Product of the Great Depression

A

Largely blamed the conscious popular will for sweeping the Nazi Party into power

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Nazi Emergence - Marxist Viewpoint

A

Fascism in power is the most ruthless dictatorship of monopoly capital.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Nazi Emergence - Hitler’s personality

A

To achieve what he did Hitler needed - and possessed - talents out of the ordinary which in sum amounted to political genius, however evil its fruits.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Castro’s Emergence - Middle-Class Revolution

A

Thomas Skidmore:

Although Castro attracted peasant support, the rebel band itself was mainly middle class

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Castro’s Emergence - Working Class Revolution

A

Isaac Saney:
The Cuban Revolution was a national one, encompassing all sectors of Cuban society. However, critical to its success was the working class…the labour movement was a dominant force

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Castro’s Emergence - Socialist Revolution

A

Some orthodox historians have argued that Castro was a communist with a long term plan

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Castro’s Emergence - Nationalist Revolution

A

Leslie Dewart:

No evidence to suggest that he was a communist. Argues that nationalism was more important in his ideology.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Castro’s Maintenance - A Hero

A

A revolutionary hero who defied the capitalist order and inspired millions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Castro’s Maintenance - A Tyrant

A

A corrupt dictator with a failed economic ideology.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Treaty issues-Critical

A

AJP Taylor:

WWII demonstrates the extent to which issues of 1919 were unresolved

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Treaty Issues-Moderate

A

Baumont:

There were shortcomings but as a whole the Treaty righted age old wrongs.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Treaty Reponse-True Advance

A

Nicholls:

Post war Germany brought peace and a genuinely representative system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Treaty Response-Aborted Revolution

A

Craig:

Failed to change political attitudes and prejudices, dooming the Republic to failure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Treaty Response-Synthesis

A

Hiden:

A compromise between the two views, seeing the 1919 constitution as a synthesis between progressiveness and conservatism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

League of Nations- Pre-1940

A

a reliably stable, but diminishing optimism for the success of the League and the hope that despite the crises it faced, it would adapt and cement its place in history

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

League of Nations - Post war

A

united in condemning the League to a certain failure due to institutional inadequacy and poor response to international events, if not from its inception certainly from the early 1930’s.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

League of Nations-E.H. Carr

A

was able to see the failure of the League and its incompatibility with the power structures that governed the interwar years whilst his contemporaries needed the benefit of hindsight to reach the same conclusions.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Interwar era relations- Second Thirty Years War

A

Ian Kershaw:

WWI led to WWII and the interwar period was a break in the fighting

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Interwar era relations - Rejection of Thiry years war

A

PMH Bell:
he Thirty Years War is too simple an explanation. WWII was dependent on Hitler, who was dependent on the Great Depression

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

Nature of Japanese State-Not Fascist

A

Guy Wilson:

A statist, bureaucratic regime, but not fascist

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

Nature of Japanese State- Axis Similarity

A

Richard Sims:

While there are differences, there are shared features between the three regimes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

Manchurian Crisis- League inaction insignificant

A

A.J.P Taylor:

Manchurian crisis brought the League members together and made them more effective

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

Manchurian Crisis- League Inaction Significant

A

Ruth Henig:

League’s failure marked a decisive break with the idea of collective security

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

Pearl Harbor(Japanese)-Left Wing

A

Date the beginning of the war to 1931. Hold the “militarist capitalist clique” responsible

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

Pearl Harbor(Japanese)- Right Wing

A

Date the beginning of the war to Dec 1941 and assert Japan was freeing Asia from Western colonialism.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

Pearl Harbor(American)- Orthodox

A

War began in 1937 after Marco Polo bridge incident. Japan waged a war of aggression and expansion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

Pearl Harbor(American)-Revisionist

A

Japan’s actions up to 1941 aimed at purging Asia from Western corruption. The US provoked Japan into bombing Pearl Harbor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

Mussolini’s economy- Modernizing Dictatorship

A

A.J. Gregor:

Mussolini attempted to carry out rapid industrialisation of a backward economy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

Mussolini’s economy- Failure to modernize

A

J.S. Cohen:

Fascism failed to modernize because of its deference to traditional economic interests.

59
Q

German Economy- Reparations Crippling

A

J.M Keynes:

Reparations created real problems for the German economy

60
Q

German Economy- Reparations manageable

A

D. Peukert:

Repayments only 2% of Germany’s total national output in the 1920s, which was later reduced further.

61
Q

German Economy- No intention of major war

A

Alan Milward:

The plan was only for a series of short blitzkrieg wars in Eastern Europe

62
Q

German Economy- Hitler’s aim was always world power

A

Richard Overy:

Germany was never going to be ready by 1940, but 1943 was a realistic goal. Therefore Four-Year plan wasn’t a failure

63
Q

Collective Security - Fatality of US absence

A

Ruth Henig:

US absence and policy of isolationism fatally undermined the League from the beginning

64
Q

Collective security - US absence not fatal

A

Richard Overy:

Britain and France were strong enough in the 1920s to uphold the treaties.

65
Q

Pre-War German Reich - Intentionalist View

A

Hugh Trevor-Roper:

Hitler deliberately planned for war - even before he came to power - and had a programme which he deliberately pursued

66
Q

Pre-War German Reich Foreign Policy - Structuralist View

A

A.J.P Taylor:

Hitler’s foreign policy was improvised and based on making the most of opportunities as they arose

67
Q

Pre-War Italy - Responsible and sensible

A

Lowe and Mazari:

Sensible to align with Germany given the hostility from London and Paris

68
Q

Pre-War Italy - Irresponsible War Mongering

A

Denis Mack Smith:

Mussolini hoped to use destabilisation caused by Hitler’s aggression to further his own ambitions

69
Q

Soviet Foreign Policy- Collective Security

A

A.J.P Taylor:

Stalin’s policy was genuine. He hoped for an alliance with Britain and France.

70
Q

Soviet Foreign Policy - Germanist

A

Robert Tucker:

Stalin’s approaches to the West were a screen behind which he had close relations with Germany

71
Q

Soviet Foreign policy - Internal Policy Differences

A

Jonathan Haslam:

Genuine policy differences in the USSR over which foreign policy to pursue

72
Q

Appeasement - Orthodox

A

John Wheeler-Bennet:

Critical of Chamberlain and appeasement - a “guilty man” and an ineffective policy

73
Q

Appeasement - Revisionist

A

John Charmley:

Appeasement a realistic way of dealing with the 1937-39 situation

74
Q

Appeasement - Post Revisionist

A

Keith Middlemas:
Chamberlain ignored or rejected viable alternative policies. Criticises revisionists for relying on documents which support appeasement

75
Q

Appeasement - Modern

A

Richard Overy:

When the circumstances changed, so did Chamberlain’s policy and he later dropped appeasement

76
Q

Interwar French Foreign Policy- Blaming the British

A

Clemenceau:

The French felt they had been given inadequate support by the British.

77
Q

Interwar French Foreign Policy- Blame the French

A

Jean-Baptiste Duroselle:

The country was in terminal decline, wracked by deep social and political divisions and pervaded by a gloomy pessimism.

78
Q

Interwar French Foreign Policy- Justifiable French Weakness

A

Richard Overy:
France made mistakes, but here policies were pragmatic responses to the considerable difficulties
she faced.

79
Q

Causes of the Cold War- Orthodox View

A

Herbert Feis:

Result of Soviet ideology. The USSR seen as an expansionist state. The US was reacting to the communist threat.

80
Q

Causes of the Cold War- Revisionist View

A

William A. Williams:

Result of US economic policy. The USSR was focussed on security not expansion.

81
Q

Causes of the Cold War- Post Revisionist View

A

John Lewis Gaddis:

Doesn’t put all the blame on one power. The Cold War developed through misunderstandings.

82
Q

Causes of the Korean War - Nationalism

A

Bruce Cummings:

North Korean invasion was the result of Kim’s nationalist and revolutionary ideals

83
Q

Causes of the Korean War- Cold War

A

Michael Hogan:
Truman’s ‘national security state’ made the war inevitable since it needed a crisis to ‘militarize’ containment and assert its authority

84
Q

Korean War End- American pressure

A

Eisenhower:

Tough stance and threat of nuclear weapons were responsible for the armistice

85
Q

Korean War End- Soviet Domestic Concern

A

Dingman and Foot:

USSR’s willingness to sign an armistice was a result of internal economic and other domestic concerns

86
Q

Korean War Significance- Forgotten War

A

Lack of public attention received both during and after the war. Dwarfed by World War Two and Vietnam

87
Q

Korean War Significance-Significant

A

Mason:

Almost impossible to exaggerate the impact of the Korean War in shaping the course of the Cold War

88
Q

Khrushchev- CPSU View

A

Largely ignored in Soviet History until he was revived positively during the Gorbachev era to justify their own reform agenda

The inadequacies of his reforms were criticised but his attempt to remove the repressive aspects of Stalinism was seen as positive

89
Q

Khrushchev-Historians

A

A reformer, not a state builder, who attempted to improve the economy without addressing the underlying problems in the Soviet system.

90
Q

German Division- Orthodox

A

Stalin did aim to turn Germany, or at least the Soviet Zone, into a Marxist state. This triggered the division of Germany

91
Q

German Division- Revisionist

A

Stalin was flexible and a defensive response to Allied initiatives. Stalin’s offer in 1952 was genuine. Beria and Malenkov were also serious in their desire to reunite Germany

92
Q

German Division- Post Revisionist

A

Stalin was determined to keep a grip on a socialist East Germany. The US was an empire by invitation in Europe

93
Q

Berlin Crisis- Western View

A

Tractenberg:

Khrushchev’s motives were offensive and aggressive

94
Q

Berlin Crisis- European View

A

Gelb:
Khrushchev unleashed the crisis in response to pressure from hawks in the Kremlin and from Ulbricht. Motives were largely defensive and shaped by perceived threats

95
Q

Berlin Crisis- CPSU View

A

Western negative reaction to reasonable defensive measures

96
Q

Cuban Missile Crisis- Khurshchev Memoirs

A

The fate of Cuba and the maintenance of Soviet prestige

97
Q

Cuban Missile Crisis- 1970s Historians

A

A gamble with extremely high stakes to increase their bargaining power in the Cold War

98
Q

Cuban Missile Crisis- Post USSR view

A

Not principally because of Soviet nuclear inferiority but to spread Revolution throughout Latin America

99
Q

Cuban Missile Crisis Impact- Orthodox

A

Kennedy conducted himself ably during the crisis and was a successful statesman

100
Q

Cuban Missile Crisis- Revisionist

A

Kennedy almost turned a negotiable Cold War problem into a nuclear war. His threats were unnecessary and dangerous

101
Q

Cuban Missile Crisis - Post Revisionist

A

Overall Kennedy handled the crisis in a statesman like way and stood up to the ‘hawks’ in his administration who were pushing for a military response.

102
Q

Brezhnev - Criticial

A

Robert Service:

Most of the scare literature on Brezhnev is highly critical of him for his stagnation and conservatism

103
Q

Brezhnev - Balanced

A

Ernest Mandel:
Such critical judgements are too simplistic. The USSR experienced contradictory developments during the Brezhnev era. It was both dynamic and immobile with some long term social and economic growth

104
Q

Eastern Europe - Master:Puppet

A

Zbigniew Brezinski:

Dynamics of power seen as bilateral relationship between USSR and satellite

105
Q

Eastern Europe: Multilateral Alliance

A

Laura Crump:
This may have been the case in the early years of the Warsaw Pact but from 1960 an increasingly multilateral process developed.

106
Q

Vietnam War- Liberal Realist

A

George Herring:

The war was wrong on pragmatic, not moral grounds. It was unwinnable

107
Q

Vietnam War- New left

A

Gabriel Kolko:

The US was the villain. An imperialist power intent on dominating the Third World

108
Q

Vietnam War- Conservative

A

Harry Summers:

The war was a noble crusade against communism but that America leadership committed blunders

109
Q

Third World - Bipolar

A

The Cold War was a bipolar conflict. The third world is viewed through this bipolar lens

110
Q

Third World - Multipolar

A

Odd Ame Westad:
The Cold War was a multipolar conflict. Each country has its own story and the Cold War both influenced and was influenced by events in the third world

111
Q

Detente - Success

A

Mike Bowker & Phil Williams:

Reduced tension and the threat of nuclear war, managed competition, was never intended to end the arms race

112
Q

Detente - Failure

A

Richard Pipes:
Weak policy that allowed the USSR to gain advantage, a trick on the part of the USSR. A failure because it allowed the USSR to keep going and they collapsed soon after detente was abandoned

113
Q

Detente End - Reagan Victory School

A

Richard Pipes:
Military and ideological pressures gave the Soviets little choice but to abandon expansionism abroad and repression at home

114
Q

Detente End - Mutual Contribution

A

Rozanne Rideway:
Reagan contributed by moving from a hardline position to being willing to engage with Gorbachev, creating a new atmosphere of rapprochement.

115
Q

Eastern Europe - 1968 a precursor to 1989

A

Giovanni Arrighi:
Prague Spring overshadowed by 1989 events, which seemed to confirm that socialism could never reform or develop a “human face”

116
Q

Eastern Europe - 1968 demonstrates support for authoritarianism

A

Matthew Stibble:
1968 did not seriously undermine the USSR’s control of Eastern Europe, Soviet leaders contained dissent, other countries willingly supported intervention.

117
Q

1980s Soviet Economy - Growing Economy

A

Nomenklatura:
Centralised economy had delivered full employment, cheap housing, subsidised food. While growth was slowing, official figures still showed economic growth

118
Q

1980s Soviet Economy - Declining Economy

A

Abel Aganbegyan:

True growth rates were much lower than the official figures showed and the economy was in fact in decline.

119
Q

USSR changes - Suprising

A

Orthodox theories of the USSR, which saw it as a totalitarian state, were surprised by the diversity of opinion within the Soviet leadership

120
Q

USSR changes - Not Surprising

A

This diversity came as no surprise to revisionist historians who saw the USSR as a bureaucratic pluralist regime.

121
Q

Cold War 85-89 - Reagan Victory School

A

Richard Pipes:
Reagan’s resolve and hardline foreign policy, particularly regarding SDI, was the major factor behind the USA’s “triumph”

122
Q

Cold War 85-89 - Reagan Victory Critics

A

Raymond Cliff:
The USSR’s long term problems existed well before Reagan. Other factors such as internal Soviet weakness and Gorbachev’s subsequent change brought the Cold War to an end

123
Q

Eastern Europe 1989 - Gorby

A

Michael McGwire:
Gorbachev and his supporters deliberately began policies which they knew would end in the collapse of communist rule in Eastern Europe

124
Q

Eastern Europe 1989 - Flawed System

A

Vladimir Tismaneanu:

Ideological erosion engendered a fatal legitimacy crisis along with the rise of civil society.

125
Q

Eastern Europe 1989 - Role of Dissidents

A

Timothy Garton Ash:

Dissidents broke down the Soviet system with the rise of civic initiatives from below

126
Q

Eastern Europe 1989 - Multi-causal

A

Stephen Kolkin:

Failure of communism, role of Gorbachev and rise of the mass movement.

127
Q

USSR Collapse - Economic

A

Robert Knight:

Flaws of the Soviet economic system accumulated over decades. Impossible to reform the system gradually

128
Q

USSR Collapse - Nationalist

A

Edward Walker:

Republics were trapped in a centralised state and wanted out. When conditions became ‘freer’ they were able to escape

129
Q

USSR Collapse - Political

A

Nick Bisley:

Cold War confrontation provided legitimacy. Abandonment of confrontation meant the USSR lost their raison-d’etre

130
Q

USSR Collapse - Leaders

A

Yegor Ligachev:

Blames the radical democratic forces and Gorbachev’s leadership style.

131
Q

Yeltsin’s Economic Policies - Bad

A

Naomi Klein:
Highly critical of Yeltsin as a Russian Pinochet, violently pushing through unwanted ideologically driven neo-liberal reforms

132
Q

Yetsin’s Economic Policies - Necessary

A

Jeffry Sachs:
Good and necessary policies to improve the Russian economy that were undone by Russian corruption and lack of Western assistance. Doesn’t like the term shock therapy

133
Q

Yeltsin’s Legacy - Positive despite Failings

A

Strobe Tallbott:

He made sure the Communists did not come back. He established democracy in Russia

134
Q

Yeltsin’s Legacy - Negative

A

Boris Fyodorov:

Lack of economic understanding, only wanted personal power

135
Q

Poland’s Economic Reforms - Failure

A

Naomi Klein:
Did not cause momentary dislocation, as promised by Sachs, but caused a full blown depression. Made a mockery of democracy

136
Q

Poland’s Economic Reforms - Necessary

A

Jeffry Sachs:

I would not only stand by these idea but by the results. Poland actually transformed.

137
Q

Post Communist Solidarity - Positive

A

Recognition that Solidarity was indispensable in the battle against Communism and achieving a free political system.

138
Q

Post Communist Solidarity - Betrayal

A

Increased social inequality. Neoliberal policies vastly different to the original left wing ideals of Solidarity. Solidarity could not advocate for workers once it became the government

139
Q

Yugoslav Wars - Serb Aggression

A

This narrative tends to cast Serbia as aggressors, Bosnian Muslims as victims, Nato as rescuing heroes and Croatia as bemused onlookers.

140
Q

Yugoslav Wars - A Civil War

A

This was not a war of aggression but a civil war, with atrocities committed on all sides. Karadzic and Milosevic did not create the situation but harnessed it, and rode it like a wave.

The genesis of the conflict was in the dissolution of Yugoslavia and the rise of aggressive nationalism in the vacuum created by the collapse of Tito’s Brotherhood and Unity ideology.

141
Q

Yugoslav Wars - Serb Revisionism

A

Serbs did not mastermind and execute the crimes of the Bosnian and Kosovan Wars. They were the victims

142
Q

Milosevic - Intentionalist

A

This view sees Milošević as having dictated the pace of the Yugoslav crisis through well-articulated and planned objectives that drove the other republics away.

143
Q

Milosevic - Relativist

A

This view sees Milošević’s policies as responses to developments that were driven by leaders of Slovenia, Croatia, BiH, and Kosovo, and by the international community.Relativists perceive Milošević;s rule as a sequence of mistakes and failures.

144
Q

Milosevic - Apologist

A

This view shares the opinion held by relativists regarding the role of the other republics and of the international community in the disintegration of Yugoslavia. Yet they not only see his goal to preserve Yugoslavia as well-intentioned but also defend his politics and decision-making in general.

IB HL Historiography (1 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions