IB Core Population Flashcards
Outline what is meant by the rate of natural increase. [2]
Birth rate - death rate (1) usually expressed as % or per 1000 population (DOES NOT TAKE INTO ACCOUNT MIGRATION)
Explain one political cause of forced migration (2)
Civil war (1) in Somalia conflict has led many to flee to safe neighbouring countries such as Kenya (1)
Explain one political consequence of forced migration (2)
Rise of extremist groups in refugee camps (1) increased Al Shabaab terrorist attacks in Nairobi, Kenya (1)
Explain two policies that are used to promote gender equality
A quota system whereby a number of positions are reserved for women (1) In Afghanistan a quatre of the parliamentary seas are supposed to be reserved for women (1). Other e.gs STEM subjects in school to promote gender equality in the curriculum and legislation promoting equal pay for women.
Outline what is meant by fertility rate (2)
The number of births per 1000 women (1) a women gives birth to in her fertile years (1)
Suggest two reasons why fertility rates decline when the status of women is improved (2+2)
One reasons is that women have more access to contraception and birth control advice e.g from the NHS (1) which means they have more control over the number of children in their families (1) Another is employment rights for women, they might be have better education meaning they delay marriage and childbirth. They have better societal status, meaning they have more freedom and rights - given them more decision making powers.
Explain why some places have an uneven sex ration as a result of migration (2)
Influx of male construction workers into an oil rich nation such as the UAE, so there tends to be a larger propotion of men than women. Migration of males of fighting age to join army etc.
Explain why some places have an uneven sex ration as a result of ageing population (2)
Women tend to have a higher life expectancies than men (1) so in the over 65s there tends to be a greater proportion of women than men (1) other things could includ: Macho culture encourages risky behaviours meaning higher mortality rates as the population ages, males occupy more dangerous jobs, child mortality is higher for boys, women live longer, females are more willing to consult medical advice.
Suggest two potential socio-economic problems that could result from a greying population (3)
An ageing population would need more money to be spent on pensions (1) which would take a larger proportion of a nation’s GDP (1) as seen in the UK (1)
Suggest two potential socio-economic problems that could result from a falling population (2+2)
A declining population (1) mean that there will be a smaller workforce (1) which may mean that poeple are made to stay in work for longer (1). In recent years the retirement age in Canada has increased from 65 to 67 (1)
Explain two ways in which one named country benefits from a demographic dividend (2+2)
India has one fo the youngest populations and this will give an increase in economic growth (1) due to an increase in the proportion of independent population that provides a workforce (1) Other things you could say: Falling fertility rates - more women enter the workforce, boosting gender equality, lower proportion of children to support, frees up resources for investment in economic development/family welfare. Increase in FI (foreign investment) as the nation becomes more important on the global stage.
Explain one way in which people trafficking can be reduced (2)
Increased border controls (checking of paper work) // training of border control staff (1) e.g in South Africa the documents of any one travelling with children are closely checked (1) Other egs. Education e.g the Freedom Story in Thailand, School curriculums in Nebraska, Anti trafficking adverts in the UK in service stations, Measures to turn back migrations e.g in the Mediterranean - police patrol beaches e.g Dungeoness Beach in the UK which is a popular landing site for migrants.
Suggest how two groups of people have been affected by one pro-natalist or natalist policy you have studied (3+3)
Two different groups must be identified. E.g Young girls in China were abandoned in nurseries (1) due to the preference for having boys as a result of the One Child Policy (1) which has led to them having no legal status and a lack of opportunities for education or health care. Other groups: Parents with increased parental leave, Women can now enter the workforce, Men of marrying age cannot find a female partner because of gender imbalance, and minority groups are stopped from practising their culture.
Suggest how two groups of people have been affected by one pro-natalist or natalist policy you have studied (3+3)
Two different groups must be identified. E.g Young girls in China were abandoned in nurseries (1) due to the preference for having boys as a result of the One Child Policy (1) which has led to them having no legal status and a lack of opportunities for education or health care. Other groups: Parents with increased parental leave, Women can now enter the workforce, Men of marrying age cannot find a female partner because of gender imbalance, and minority groups are stopped from practising their culture.
Explain one environmental consequence of one named forced migration (3)
Northern Cameroon hosts Nigerian refugees who have escaped violence (1) this has caused rapid deforestation (1) as refugees need firewood for cooking (1) other e.g Lebanon has many Syrian refugees escaping war (1) the waste from information settlements is often dumped in an uncontrolled manner (1) this leads to soil and water pollution.
