ib bio 9.3 - 9.4 plant struct, grwth, repro

Question 1

define meristem

Answer 1

Meristems are tissues in a plant consisting of undifferentiated cells capable of indeterminate growth

Question 2

define indeterminate growth

Answer 2

plant growth in which the main stem continues to elongate indefinitely without being limited by a terminal inflorescence or other reproductive structure

Question 3

define node

Answer 3

A point in a plant stem at which one or more leaves are attached.

Question 4

define tropism

Answer 4

A tropism is growth or movement towards or away from an external stimulus, such as light, gravity or chemicals

Question 5

define phototropism

Answer 5

Phototropism is growth towards or away from an external light source

Question 6

define shoot

Answer 6

Apical meristems occur at shoot and root tips and are responsible for primary growth (i.e. plant lengthening)

Question 7

define shoot apex

Answer 7

Shoot apex is the apical part of the stem. It contains multipotent stem cells, Mitosis and cell division in the shoot apex provide cells needed for extension of the stem and development of leaves. Plant hormones control growth in the shoot apex. Plant shoots respond to the environment by tropisms.

Question 8

define pollination

Answer 8

Pollination - The process of pollen transfer from an anther to a stigma

Question 9

define fertilization

Answer 9

Fertilization - The fusion of a male gamete with a female gamete inside the ovule.

Question 10

define seed dispersal

Answer 10

Seed dispersal - The movement/transport of seeds away from the plant. Fruits which develop from fertilised ovules, function as a mean of seed dispersal

Question 11

define germination

Answer 11

Germination is the process by which a seed emerges from a period of dormancy and begins to sprout.

Question 12

define self pollination

Answer 12

self-pollination, the pollination of a stigma by pollen from the same flower or another flower on the same plant

Question 13

define cross pollination

Answer 13

Cross-pollination involves transferring pollen grains from one plant to the ovule of a different plant.

Question 14

define photoperiodism

Answer 14

photoperiodism, the functional or behavioral response of an organism to changes of duration in daily, seasonal, or yearly cycles of light and darkness

Question 15

angiosperm, gymnosperm (conifer), filicophytes, bryophytes

Answer 15

angiosperm: any plant that produces a flower or fruit. (flowers/trees)
gymnosperm: any vascular plant that reproduces by means of an exposed seed, or ovule (conifers)
filicophyte: any of numerous flowerless, seedless vascular plants that produce spores giving rise to free-living gametophytes and that often have dissected leaves (fern)
bryophyte: a small flowerless green plant of the division Bryophyta, which comprises the mosses and liverworts

Question 16

monocots vs dicots

Answer 16

monocot - single cotyledon, narrow/long leaf, parallel veins, vascular bundles (scattered), flower petals grow in multiples of 3
dicot - two cotyledons, broad leaf, network of veins, ring of vascular bundles, flower grows in multiples of five

Question 17

gymnosperms and dicots are…

Answer 17

the only types of plants that have both apical and lateral meristems

Question 18

gymnosperms and dicots are…

Answer 18

the only types of plants that have both apical and lateral meristems

Question 19

compare apical and lateral meristems

Answer 19

both - two types of meristematic tissue that are responsible for the growth of a plant
apical - primary growth (length), occurs at tip of shoots and roots, produces new leaves and flowers
lateral - secondary growth (wide), occurs at cambian (btwn xylem/phloem), produces bark on trees

Question 20

role of auxin in apical growth in plant stems and in apical dominance

Answer 20

auxin stimulates the growth of the apical bud and inhibits the growth of side shoots from lateral buds. auxin influences stem elongation, regulates formation, activity, and fate of meristems

Question 21

role of auxin in phototropism in plants

Answer 21

in a stem, the shaded side contains more auxin and grows longer which causes the stem to grow towards the light. auxin increases flexibility of plant cell walls which is main factor of limiting plant cell growth

Question 22

auxin changes…

Answer 22

patterns of gene expression in order to promote phototropism and apical growth in plants

Question 23

process of micropropagation, applications, and pros/cons

Answer 23

microprop is cloning identical cells/small pieces of plant tissue, used to regenerate new plants
applic - used for germplasm storage and protection of endangered species
pros/cons - facilitates growth, storage, and maintenance of plants within small spaces which makes it costly

Question 24

darwins experiments w coleoptiles of plants and the conclusion they made from experiments

Answer 24

if light was shone on a coleoptile from one side, the shoot bends/grows toward the light

Question 25

relationship between animals and flowers they pollinate

Answer 25

mutualistic relationship, pollinators receive nutrients and flowers are allowed growth and reproduction

Question 26

list and describe adaptations of flowers to attract animal pollinators

Answer 26

bright colored petals/sepals and intense odor/slight odor

Question 27

list and describe vectors for seed dispersal and outline why seed dispersal is important 4 survival of plant species

Answer 27

it helps plants to grow within new areas and animals can take fruit and spread it to new places. if plants grow too closely to one another, competition regarding nutrients, light, and water will occur

Question 28

list and describe environmental conditions necessary for seed germination

Answer 28

all seeds need water, oxygen, and proper temp in order to germinate. certain seeds need proper lighting as well. some germinate well in full light and others germinate in darkness

Question 29

explain the process (steps) of seed germination after favorable environmental conditions are encountered

Answer 29

temperature, moisture, air, and light conditions must be correct for seeds to germinate. water activates enzymes which begin seed growth, seeds grow a root to access water, shoots begin to appear, seed sends shoot towards surface to grow leaves to harvest

Question 30

role of phytochrome in flowering both short day and long day plants

Answer 30

(Pfr promotes flowering in long day and inhibits flowering in short day)

Question 31

describe and identify conditions necessary to induce flowering in long day and short day plants out of season

Answer 31

Short day plants can be forced to flower by artificially increasing dark time by using blinds or blocking out light during the day. With long day, turning on the grow lamps earlier, stop interrupting the night cycle