Ib Flashcards
Intentional terms: abstraction tools for system description & prediction
- Physical stance physical properties and laws
- Design stance design principles (teleological)
- Intentional stance assumption of rational agency
Author of Intentional Stance
Dennett, 1987
Stages of Mentalising/Prediction
• First-order: system has beliefs, desires, wishes, hopes, …
• Second-order: system has beliefs, desires,… about beliefs, desires,…
(its own and of others); etc.
Application of Prediction
when complete, exact modeling is not available/practical
Problem and Solutions of Prediction
Problem: Representation not possible in first order predicate logics
Solutions:
Formally: modal logics, meta-languages (predicates for intentions)
– Semantically: possible world semantics ! logical omniscience problem (perfect reasoning)
Definition ToM and author
Ability to impute mental states to oneself and to others (Premack&Woodruff, 1978)
Characteristics of ToM
Importance of knowing what others do and do not know (Frith&Frith, 2010)
• Automatic, of importance for oneself (e.g., object recognition from different perspective
Innate Skills - Developmental Psychology
• Imitation of observed movements
• Nonverbal interaction with faces and human voices
! “social referencing”, already with nine months of age:
Facial expression of reference persons as information source
Abilities of children at 3
difficulties with wrong assumptions
e.g., crayons hidden in candy box
“what will other kids expect to be in the box?” ! “Crayons!”
also for own recent wrong beliefs:
“what did you think you would find in the box?” ! “Crayons!”
Pretense:
distinction of pretending to be a rabbit and being a rabbit
! From desires to beliefs as basis for explanations
Abilities at age 5
gradual understanding of
the representational nature of beliefs (beliefs can also be wrong)
Abilities before age 3
Desires: Already before age 3: understanding that desires… …may remain unrealised …determine emotions …of different persons may differ
Abilities at age 6
Distinction of experienced and pretended emotion from age ~6
– Inferential capabilities when facing ambiguities and
complex sources of information
– “Stream of consciousness”
• Unconscious movements while sleeping; conscious sitting still
(cf. also A.Schnitzler “Fräulein Else“, J.Joyce “Ulysses“, D.Lodge “Thinks…”,
Communication - two persons interaction and name
Interplay of involuntary (e.g. biological motion, mind-reading, mirroring) and
deliberate ostensive (attention-attracting) signalling to
“close the loop”
(Frith&Frith, 2010)
Father of Folk Psychology
Wilhelm Wundt (1916): “Völkerpsychologie”
Another name for Folk Psychology
“Naïve” or “common sense” psychology
Principles of FP
(Partial) explanation of human behaviour by means of useful mental constructs – Beliefs, desires, preferences – Intentions, expectations – Hopes, fears
Issues of FP
Status:
Scientific Theory (! Theory-Theory vs. Simulation)
– Reference for development of theories
– Scientifically useless, but useful in everyday life
Theory Theory
Cognitive development as “scientific paradigm changes”
– Successions of intuitive “Theories of Mind” for explanation of subjective
experience and observed behaviour
Philosophical interpretation of folk psychology
Assumption of actual internal (brain) states, corresponding to the abstract
mental entities and laws
– Possibility of prediction, interpretation, explanation
– Falsifiable ! theory change in the light of
counter examples, new data and results of experiments
– Questioning of the authority (=validity) of the conscious self (“I”)
• Knowledge about our own mind is as much of theoretical nature as
our knowledge about the minds of others
THE Paper on ToM
Baron-Cohen S., Leslie A.M., Frith U. (1985). Does the autistic child have a “theory of mind”? Cognition 21(1):37-46
Conclusions of THE Paper on ToM
Majority of autistics failed (80%), majority of others passed (85+%) to ensure the child has • knowledge of real current location of the object • accurate memory of previous location …All pass
Simulation
Modular approach
• Maturation of innate “Theory of Mind”-modules
Modules of ToM
Eye direction detector, intentionality detector,
shared attention mechanism (pointing, gaze following)
develop at ~18 months
What is Simulation
Simulation of/Imagination of putting oneself in someones’ place
(also important for onself àanticipation, planning)
• Important role of socialisation and social interaction
Name Simulation
Baron-Cohen, Leslie
Paradigms of Cognition
Modularity vs. distributed processing - local vs. global properties
Cognitivism vs. Emergent Systems vs. Hybrid Systems
Explain Pricniples of Cognitive Engineering and Name
Wilson et al.2013,
- macro- micro-cognition
- experimentation and Observation
- C - cognitive psychologists
- B - Cognitive System Engineers
