IAS22

Question 1

anatomy meaning

Answer 1

study of human structure to understand human body

Question 2

levels of anatomy study (optional)

Answer 2

descriptive (form), functional (relation of form & function), clinical -> application in diagnosis and therapy

Question 3

anatomy vs histology vs cytology

Answer 3

anat: internal morphology, study of human structure
histo: study of tissue
cyto: study of cells & organelles

Question 4

eponym

Answer 4

person or thing after which sth else is named i.e. common name -> should be avoided

Question 5

anatomical terminology + e.g. lying down

Answer 5

description always done in standard anatomical position
prone: face down, supine: face up

Question 6

3 axes, 3 planes

Answer 6

axes: horizontal, saggital (front to back), vertical
planes: transverse, / horizontal, coronal / frontal, saggital (midsaggital & parasaggital)

Question 7

3 direction pairs

Answer 7

superior & inferior (vertical), lateral & medial (horizontal), anterior & posterior (saggital)

Question 8

3 movement pairs

Answer 8

abduction (up) & adduction (down) (frontal plane, saggital axis)
flexion & extension (saggital plane, vertical axis)
lateral & medial rotation (transverse plane, horizontal axis)

Question 9

anatomical space, space within space e.g.

Answer 9

consist of lumen enclosed by boundary
boundaries can be physical (anat. structures) or imaginary
lumen contains anat. structures, fluid or air
spaces within spaces exist: pericardial cavity in mediastinum in thoracic cavity

Question 10

gap terminology

Answer 10

gap: 2D openings, channels, etc. that connect diff. body parts
canal: 3D structure with at least 2 openings & walls between them
names e.g. opening, hiatus, inlet, outlet, ring, foramen, ostium; also some have specialized & unique name e.g. nostril

Question 11

body cavity

Answer 11

house brain, spinal cord & internal organs (viscera)
dorsal (cranial & vertebral canal)
ventral (thoracic, abdominal, pelvic)

Question 12

serous cavity types & structure

Answer 12

3P: peritoneal, pericardial, pleural
2 cont. membranes: parietal (outer) & visceral (peritoneum, pericardium, pleura)
outer layer lined by serosa that secrete thin film of lubricating fluid

Question 13

serous cavity functions

Answer 13

surrounds structures (abd. organs, heart, lung)
provide slippery, non-adhesive surface to reduce friction in movement of organs (between organs & body wall)
protects organs from external shock
allows organs to change shape & size
serous membrane used for transport of solutes & cells, body defense

Question 14

mucous cavity

Answer 14

lined by mucosa
mucus secreted by epithelial exocrine glands covers epithelial layer, for protection & lubrication
line body cavities & hollow passageways that open to external env., paranasal air sinus, middle ear, oral & nasal cavities

Question 15

synovial cavity

Answer 15

soft tissue between articular capsule & joint cavity of synovial joints, surround movable joints
lined by synovial membrane that secretes synovial fluid (clear, viscid, lubricating): reduce friction during movement
involves joint spaces & bursae (provide cushion between bone & tendon / muscle)

Question 16

fascial compartment

Answer 16

group of muscles working together functionally, supplied by mutual vessels & innervation
divided into multiple compartments for muscles & neurovascular bundles
function: hold structures together
e.g. upper & lower limb compartments

Question 17

fascial compartment clinical significance

Answer 17

• compartments may contain or direct the spread of an infection or a tumour
• fluid accumulation can cause ischemia and tissue necrosis if untreated

Question 18

anatomical compartment

Answer 18

area defined by anatomist, for description of area topography