Ian Bradshaw

Question 1

What is a covalent bond?

Answer 1

Sharing of a pair of electrons when forming a bond

Question 2

What is an ionic bond?

Answer 2

Transfer of electrons when forming a bond

Question 3

What is an orbital?

Answer 3

Shows the probable distribution of electron density

Question 4

What is the hybridisation theory?

Answer 4

Mixing of the 2s and 2p atomic orbitals to form a hybrid orbital

Question 5

Triple bonds involve which type of hybridisation?

Answer 5

sp hybridisation

Question 6

Single bonds involve which type of hybridisation?

Answer 6

sp3 hybridisation

Question 7

Double bonds involve which type of hybridisation?

Answer 7

sp2 hybridisation

Question 8

What bonding is present in a pi bond?

Answer 8

1 strong sigma bond

1 weaker pi bond

Question 9

What bonding is present in a triple bond?

Answer 9

1 strong sigma bond

2 weaker pi bonds

Question 10

What hybridisation is present in a C-N single bond?

Answer 10

sp3 hybridisation

Question 11

What hybridisation is present in a C-N double bond?

Answer 11

sp2 hybridisation

Question 12

What hybridisation is present in a C-N triple bond?

Answer 12

sp hybridisation

Question 13

What is a canonical structure?

Answer 13

A structure which shows the possible distribution of electrons within a molecule

Question 14

What does it mean when a molecule has more canonical structures?

Answer 14

The more stable the molecule is

Question 15

Why is benzene more stable than predicted?

Answer 15

As there are 6 sp2 carbon atoms present

So 6 pi electrons are delocalised around the ring structure

Question 16

State the equation for the Huckel Rule?

Answer 16

4n + 2

Question 17

What are the two different types of bond breaking?

Answer 17

Homolytic fission

Heterolytic fission

Question 18

When a bond is broken homolytically what state are the products in?

Answer 18

Free radicals

Question 19

When a bond is broken heterolytically what state are the products in?

Answer 19

Ions

Question 20

Homolytic fission usually occurs under which conditions?

Answer 20

Gaseous phase or non-polar solvents

Question 21

Free radical reactions are usually catalysed by..?

Answer 21

Light or other free radicals

Question 22

Heterolytic fission usually occurs under which conditions?

Answer 22

Polar solvents in the absence of homolytic fission promoting factors

Question 23

What is the name of a positive carbon ion?

Answer 23

Carbocation

Question 24

What is the name of a negative carbon ion?

Answer 24

Carboanion

Question 25

What is the inductive effect?

Answer 25

The withdrawal or donation of electron density along a sigma bond

Question 26

What is a negative inductive effect?

Answer 26

When the atom (X) attached to the carbon is more electronegative and draws the electron density towards itself it has a negative inductive effect

Question 27

What is a positive inductive effect?

Answer 27

If the atom or group attached to the carbon atom is less electronegative the carbon attracts the electron density closer to itself and gains a delta negative charge

Question 28

What happens to the inductive effect as the chain length increases?

Answer 28

The effect diminishes down the carbon chain

Question 29

What is a positive mesomeric effect?

Answer 29

The pi system donates electrons or a lone pair is donated

Question 30

What is a negative mesomeric effect?

Answer 30

The pi system accepts electrons

Question 31

What happens to the mesomeric effect as the chain length increases?

Answer 31

The mesomeric effect is not affected by chain length

Question 32

What is an organic acid?

Answer 32

A substance that donates a proton

Question 33

What effect does a negative inductive and mesomeric effect have on an acid?

Answer 33

Make conjugate base or anion more stable so makes it more acidic as the pka is lowered

Question 34

What effect does a positive inductive and mesomeric effect have on an acid?

Answer 34

Makes the conjugate base or anion less stable so the pka increases so becomes less acidic

Question 35

What effect does increasing the number of negative inductive groups have on acidity?

Answer 35

Acidity is increased by the presence of more negative inductive groups

Question 36

If a negative inductive group is further away from the COOH group what effect does this have?

Answer 36

Decreases acidity

Question 37

What effect does increasing the number of positive inductive groups have on an acid?

Answer 37

Decreases acidity