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Pharmaceutical chemistry - MC > Ian Bradshaw > Flashcards

Ian Bradshaw Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a covalent bond?

A

Sharing of a pair of electrons when forming a bond

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2
Q

What is an ionic bond?

A

Transfer of electrons when forming a bond

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3
Q

What is an orbital?

A

Shows the probable distribution of electron density

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4
Q

What is the hybridisation theory?

A

Mixing of the 2s and 2p atomic orbitals to form a hybrid orbital

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5
Q

Triple bonds involve which type of hybridisation?

A

sp hybridisation

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6
Q

Single bonds involve which type of hybridisation?

A

sp3 hybridisation

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7
Q

Double bonds involve which type of hybridisation?

A

sp2 hybridisation

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8
Q

What bonding is present in a pi bond?

A

1 strong sigma bond

1 weaker pi bond

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9
Q

What bonding is present in a triple bond?

A

1 strong sigma bond

2 weaker pi bonds

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10
Q

What hybridisation is present in a C-N single bond?

A

sp3 hybridisation

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11
Q

What hybridisation is present in a C-N double bond?

A

sp2 hybridisation

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12
Q

What hybridisation is present in a C-N triple bond?

A

sp hybridisation

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13
Q

What is a canonical structure?

A

A structure which shows the possible distribution of electrons within a molecule

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14
Q

What does it mean when a molecule has more canonical structures?

A

The more stable the molecule is

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15
Q

Why is benzene more stable than predicted?

A

As there are 6 sp2 carbon atoms present

So 6 pi electrons are delocalised around the ring structure

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16
Q

State the equation for the Huckel Rule?

A

4n + 2

17
Q

What are the two different types of bond breaking?

A

Homolytic fission

Heterolytic fission

18
Q

When a bond is broken homolytically what state are the products in?

A

Free radicals

19
Q

When a bond is broken heterolytically what state are the products in?

A

Ions

20
Q

Homolytic fission usually occurs under which conditions?

A

Gaseous phase or non-polar solvents

21
Q

Free radical reactions are usually catalysed by..?

A

Light or other free radicals

22
Q

Heterolytic fission usually occurs under which conditions?

A

Polar solvents in the absence of homolytic fission promoting factors

23
Q

What is the name of a positive carbon ion?

A

Carbocation

24
Q

What is the name of a negative carbon ion?

A

Carboanion

25
Q

What is the inductive effect?

A

The withdrawal or donation of electron density along a sigma bond

26
Q

What is a negative inductive effect?

A

When the atom (X) attached to the carbon is more electronegative and draws the electron density towards itself it has a negative inductive effect

27
Q

What is a positive inductive effect?

A

If the atom or group attached to the carbon atom is less electronegative the carbon attracts the electron density closer to itself and gains a delta negative charge

28
Q

What happens to the inductive effect as the chain length increases?

A

The effect diminishes down the carbon chain

29
Q

What is a positive mesomeric effect?

A

The pi system donates electrons or a lone pair is donated

30
Q

What is a negative mesomeric effect?

A

The pi system accepts electrons

31
Q

What happens to the mesomeric effect as the chain length increases?

A

The mesomeric effect is not affected by chain length

32
Q

What is an organic acid?

A

A substance that donates a proton

33
Q

What effect does a negative inductive and mesomeric effect have on an acid?

A

Make conjugate base or anion more stable so makes it more acidic as the pka is lowered

34
Q

What effect does a positive inductive and mesomeric effect have on an acid?

A

Makes the conjugate base or anion less stable so the pka increases so becomes less acidic

35
Q

What effect does increasing the number of negative inductive groups have on acidity?

A

Acidity is increased by the presence of more negative inductive groups

36
Q

If a negative inductive group is further away from the COOH group what effect does this have?

A

Decreases acidity

37
Q

What effect does increasing the number of positive inductive groups have on an acid?

A

Decreases acidity

Pharmaceutical chemistry - MC (8 decks)

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