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Part IIs > IAM > Flashcards

IAM Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 5 freedoms

A
  • Freedom from hunger and thirst
  • Freedom from thermal and physical discomfort
  • Freedom from injury and disease
  • Freedom to express normal patterns of behaviour
  • Freedom from fear and stress
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2
Q

The Welfare Quality Project (2009) defined 4 key principles for good welfare - what are they?

A
  • Good feeding
  • Good housing
  • Good health
  • Appropriate behaviour
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3
Q

Pigs and poultry cannot sweat as a way to lose heat - T/F?

A

True - they have to reduce body heat production

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4
Q

How can you use the way pigs are lying to assess thermal comfort?

A

Pig dung is found in the area that is cooler and pigs will lie in the area that is warmer
Can also look at the position they are lying in

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5
Q

Define in terms of heat production:

  • Digestible energy

- Metabolisable energy

A

DE - gross energy of food minus the energy lost in faeces

ME - digestible energy minus the energy lost in urine and through methane

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6
Q

Define basal metabolic rate

A

This is the minimal metabolism of a fasted animal (energy requirement for maintenance)

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7
Q

Define homeothermy vs poikilothermy

A

Homeothermic organisms allow metabolism to occur at an optimum constant rate due to maintenance of body temperature within narrow limits
Poikilotherms allow their body temperature to fluctuate with environmental temperatures and therefore their metabolic rate varies

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8
Q

What are the 2 key sections of AWA 2006 that lay out individual welfare duty

A

Section 9 - duty of person responsible for animal to ensure welfare
Section 12 - regulations to promote welfare

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9
Q

Define sentience in terms of animal welfare

A

It is generally an animal centred approach to the world
Animals are aware of how they feel and it matters to them
They have the awareness and cognitive ability to understand interactions with the environment and the consequences of its acts

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10
Q

What is the difference between awareness and consciousness

A

Awareness - complex brain analysis to process sensory inputs and (mental) constructs based on memory
Consciousness - ability to percieve and therefore respond to selected features in the environment

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11
Q

What are the 3 components of emotion

A

1 subjective component (what one feels)
2 expressive components
- Behavioural component
- Neurophysiological component

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12
Q

Why might emotions be evolutionarily important

A

Emotions could be linked as indicators to potential fitness trajectories
Emotions may arise in situations that are ‘important’ to the organism - and hence influence survival and reproductive success

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13
Q

Define telos

A

Needs and interests that are a genetic part of an animal’s nature

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14
Q

What are the 4 tests that can be carried out to determine an animal’s needs

A
  • Preference/choice tests (motivation)
  • Operant testing
  • Aversion testing
  • Deprivation testing
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15
Q

Describe preference/choice tests (motivation)

A

This is where a cost is imposed on access to a resource by requiring the animal to do a task
Examines how hard an animal is prepared to work for a resource, and hence infers the value of that resource

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16
Q

Describe operant testing

A

This imposes a cost such as pressing levers or lifting weights on a
Can also determine price elasticity of demand - the proportionate rate at which the consumption of a resource varies with its price

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17
Q

Describe aversion testing

A

A choice, or strength of preference test in which the strength of motivation to avoid an aversive situation is measured

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18
Q

Describe deprivation testing

A

Studying the pathological effect of withdrawing something from an animal

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19
Q

What is alostasis?

A

Maintaining homeostasis for the whole animal - the process that keeps the organism alive and functioning - usually considered to include cognitive inputs relating to potential future events based on learning

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20
Q

Give 5 examples of causal factors associated with motivation in the body

A
  • Internal state (e.g. glucose levels)
  • External state (e.g. temperature receptors in the skin)
  • Oscillators (circadian rhythm)
  • Hormones - eg. ovarian cycle
  • Physical condition and general health status
  • Memory constructs (cerebral cortex key here)
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21
Q

What is the consequences of stress on the limbic system

A

Get signalling through the hypothalamus to the pituitary to lead to ACTH release - which stimulates the release cortisol from the adrenal cortex

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22
Q

What are the main hormonal responses to stress

A
  • Release of cortisol from HPA axis

- Release of adrenaline and NA

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23
Q

In terms of welfare - how do you define:

  • Comfort
  • Discomfort
  • Distress
A

Comfort - a state of equilibrium with the animal engaging in normal activities
Discomfort - deviation from the animals normal biological function - essentially how the welfare is deteriorating because the cost of coping is rising - and the animal may have difficulty meeting the cost (is altering biological function)
Distress - an aversive state where the animal cannot adapt completely to stressors, and hence shows maladaptive behaviours and pathological conditions

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24
Q

What is ductility

A

This is where different life regulating systems have different levels of ‘urgency of attention’

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25
Q

What are the 3 main scenarios in which you would measure welfare?

A
  • At an individual animal -at a point in time or over its lifetime
  • The welfare of a particular event in animals’ lives - e.g.breeding, transport
  • The effect of a production or husbandry system on a group of animals
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26
Q

Give 5 examples of questions that can be asked to assess the physical and anatomical welfare of an animal

A
  • What physiological indicators of pleasure does the animal demonstrate
  • To what extent are normal physiological processes and anatomical developments possible
  • Is the animal demonstrating physiological attempts to cope
  • To what extent is the animal immunosuppressed
  • What are the extent of disease processes in the animal
  • What is the extent of damage to its body
  • To what extend are its circumstances reducing its ability to grow and reproduce, or shortening its life expectancy
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27
Q

Give 5 examples of questions that can be asked to assess the behavioural welfare of an animal

A
  • What behavioural indicators of pleasure are demonstrated
  • To what extent are strongly preferred behaviours shown
  • To what extent are normal behaviours exhibited
  • Are they demonstrating behaviours associated with attempting to cope
  • To what extent are aversive behaviours shown
  • Are any pathological behaviours being shown (e.g. tail biting in pigs)
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28
Q

Draw out the EU welfare quality scheme 4 main needs (with 12 action points)

A 
Good feeding 
- Absence of prolonged hunger and thirst
Good housing 
- Comfort around resting 
- Thermal comfort
- Ease of movement 
Good health 
- Absence of injuries 
- Absence of disease
- Absence of pain induced by management procedures 
Appropriate behaviour 
- Expression of social and other behaviours 
- Good human-animal relationships 
- Absence of general fear
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29
Q

What are some potential problems with using physiological markers for welfare

A
  • Specificity - factors other than stress may affect the result
  • Invasive procedures can cause stress
  • Presence of human observers may cause stress (especially if animals are not used to human contact)
  • Some hormonal parameters used have a pulstile nature
30
Q

Where is the general response of the body to stress difficult to measure?
How do you do it?

A

Because it is very rapid and has a short half life (mediated by catecholamines and sympathetic nervous system)
Have to measure via the secondary effects such as HR and HR variability, pupil dilation and skin temperature
Although there are still confounding factors with these variables

31
Q

What are the physiological effects of cortisol?

A

It is released within 2-3 minutes of a stress event - it prepares the body to cope with stress by mobilising body reserves (through gluconeogenesis, protein breakdown and lipolysis)
Retains Na+ to help maintain blood volume, and also reduces inflammation

32
Q

How can you measure cortisol?

A

It has quite a long half life so plasma levels fall quite slowlly
Can also measure it in the urine, saliva and faeces

33
Q

What are some of the long term consequences of chronic cortisol release

A
  • Immunosuppression - mediated by interleukins - which impacts Ab function, T cells and macrophages
  • Increased susceptibility to and severity of infectious and neoplastic disease
  • Gastric changes such as ulceration
  • Production of cardiac lesions
34
Q

What are the problems with trying to measure cortisol levels?

A
  • Levels vary with age, circadian rhythm and reproductive status
  • Levels decline with chronic stress due to negative feedback and receptor downregulation
  • Levels do not rise or stay high for stressors such as heat, chronic confinement or chronic pain
  • There is no one cortisol level that can be used to define when an animal is stressed
35
Q

What other physiological measures can be used in place of measuring cortisol to look for long term stress?

A
  • Reproductive capacity - both offspring/fertility and LH/FSH levels
    -Stress-induced hyperthermia -mediated through interleukins, PGs and vasopressin (often seen in captured wildlife)
  • Production measures - BCS, weight, growth rate
    Leptin may indicate energy reserves
  • Other hormones such as oxytocin, vasopressin, ghrelin and beta endorphins
  • Telomere attrition (shorter in stressed animals)
  • Leukocyte coping capacity
36
Q

Prolactin levels rise with stress - T/F?

A

False - they fall

37
Q

What are the main physiological responses to emotional stress?

A
  • Adrenergic response (adrenal cortex)
  • Reduced LH, GRH and prolactin
  • Core body temperature increase
  • Ghrelin and LHD5
38
Q

What are the main physiological responses to pain stress?

A
  • Adrenergic response (adrenal cortex)

- Enzymes released by trauma and inflammatory markers

39
Q

What are the main physiological responses to energy depletion stress

A
  • Hormones such as insulin, glucagon and leptin

- Metabolic resources such as FFA, BHB, glucose and urea

40
Q

What are the main physiological responses to thermal stress

A
  • GAS (general adrenal response) in some species
  • Prolactin levels decrease
  • Core and skin temperature
  • Energy or osmotic challenge
  • Panting and sweating
  • Reproductive hormones in ruminants
  • Heat more of an acute risk than cold
41
Q

What is the GAS response

A

This is the general adrenal response - stress leads to release of catecholamines and cortisol

42
Q

What are the 5 main groups of abnormal behaviours?

A
  • Self directed - for example self mutilation or excessive licking/plucking
  • Environmentally directed
  • Directed at other animals (aggressive, sexual, mothering)
  • Failure of function - e.g. silent heat or impotence or failure of mothering/killing young
  • Anonymous reactivity - either prolonged inactivity or hyperactivity
43
Q

Define a stereotypic behaviour

Give 3 examples

A

A repeated, relatively invariant pattern of movement with no apparent function (often have become independent from their original cause)

Examples:

  • Pacing or circling
  • Bar biting
  • Head shaking
44
Q

What are the key predisposing and contributing factors involved with the development of stereotypical behaviours

A

Links to lack of control in environment or frustration
Can also link to barren or unpredictable environments

It involves dopaminergic neural systems (blocked by naloxone)
Self narcotisation with endogenous endorphins can enable animals to cope better with aversive environments

45
Q

What are the 7 points in the HACCP methodology

A

1) Conduct hazard analysis
2) Identify CCPs
3) Establish critical limits for CPPs
4) Establish CCP monitoring requirements
5) Establish corrective actions
6) Establish procedures to check that methodology is working
7) Establish record keeping procedures

46
Q

What is statute law?

A

It is passed as an act, but often secondary legislation can be made under it, so that regulations can be added and changed without the whole of parliament having to vote
(sometimes also allows for codes of practice to be made)

47
Q

Are Code of Practice legally binding?

A

No - but the actions of individuals can be judged against them and they can be potentially used to direct prosecution

48
Q

What are the 3 conditions under which you can be prosecuted

A
  • For committing an act
  • For ommission - neglect in the case of welfare
  • Vicarious liability - failing to take reasonable steps to ensure someone else doesn’t commit an offence
49
Q

What was the Treaty of Amsterdam (1997)

A

This protects animals as sentient beings

But there are derogations for national heritage, cultural norms and religious practices

50
Q

How does the law interpret ‘animals as property’?

A

Animals are considered property in law - but owners cannot do as they please they have duties to fulfil under welfare legislation such as AWA 2006
Wild animals are not considered as property generally - but may be protected under some legislation

But important to remember that not all legislation involving animals is made for their benefit - there are economics, public safety and public morality considerations

51
Q

What species are protected under the VSA 1966

A

Vertebrates, birds, reptiles and a number of amphibians but not fish

52
Q

Under what legislation are the following animals protected?

  • Vertebrates and some invetebrates for scientific purposes
  • Wild vertebrates
A
  • ASPA 1986 protects animals being used for scientific purposes
  • When in the wild - animals are protected by the Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981 and the Wild Mammal Protection Act 1996
  • When under the control of man - AWA 2006
53
Q

What are the main and related offences laid out under the AWA 2006

A

Main offences are unneccessary suffering and welfare offences
Others are mutilations, poisoning, fighting and baiting

54
Q

What animals are protected under AWA 2006 - and what are the exceptions?

A

The animals must be vertebrates, under the control of man (whether permanently or temporarily)

Exceptions

  • Animals under ASPA 1986 protection
  • Wild animals living in the free state
  • Nothing done in the course of ‘normal fishing’
  • Foetal or embryonic forms of the animal (i.e. before birthing or hatching)
55
Q

Who can be classed as the person ‘responsible’ for an animal under law?

A
  • The owner (unless they can show why this is not the case)
  • The person directly responsible for the care (can be someone delegated by the owner)
  • The person ‘in charge’ of the animal - may be the same as above or the person in physical control of the animal
  • Parents of guardians of children under 16
56
Q

What things are required for a prosecution under AWA 2006

A
  • THat it is a protected animal
  • That the action, or failure to act, caused an animal to suffer
  • The suffering was unneccessary
  • It was something that a person should reasonably ought to have known (codes of practice can help this)
57
Q

Under law - what do we mean by ‘neccessary suffering’

A

For example if the suffering was for a legitimate purpose:
- Such as part of veterinary care
- Protecting a person or other animal
- Proportional to the purpose of conduct concerned
Also was the suffering in compliance with relevant provisions (such as enriched cages or religious slaughter)

58
Q

What are improvement notices

A

These can be given by inspectors (not RSPCA and not police) - with instructions of how to improve welfare - it does not mean an offence has been committed but if you fail to act there can be court proceedings

59
Q

Who are AWA inspectors

A

They are not the police (although police have the power to follow legislation)
Inspectors are appointed by the secretary of state and are usually vet surgeons working for the AHVLA
Local authorities can appoint inspectors, but rarely do

60
Q

What is the law surrounding mutilations

A

It is illegal to interfere with bone or sensitive tissue unless for the animal’s benefit
Exemptions are specified in the secondary legislation
Tail docking - must comply ith specific working dogs legislation (2007 regulations)

61
Q

What is the law surrounding poisoning?

A

It is an offence to poison an animal or let them ingest substances you know to be poisonous
Do not have to show the animal suffered as a consequence of the ingestion in order to gain a conviction
But must prove the person knew the substance was poisonous
Poisons for legal vermin control are not included

62
Q

What is the law surrounding animal fighting

A
  • Does not include accidental fights - but have had an intent to cause a fight
  • Legitimate pest control (e.g. terriers for rat control) not included
63
Q

Which business activities involving animals require licences

A
  • Boarding cats and dogs
  • Hiring out horses
  • Keeping or training animals for exhibition (exceptions for zoos and circuses)
64
Q

What are ‘regulated procedures’ involving animals in scientific research

A

Regulated procedures are those that:
- May cause pain, suffering, distress or lasting har
- Are done for the benefit of science
Must be conducted under ASPA 1986

65
Q

What is ASPA 1986

How was it revised in 2010

A

Regulates live animal use in scientific research
Sets the limits of use, licensing and inspection systems

In 2010 it was recised to allow research to be conducted for:

  • Genetic modifcation
  • Veterinary and medical advances
  • Education
  • Environmental toxicology
66
Q

What research is not permitted under ASPA 1986

A
  • Cannot use great apes
  • Cannot conduct research for testing finished cosmetics products or ingredients primarily used for those products
  • Cannot use protected animals for tobacco or alcohol product testing
  • Cannot use protected animals for development or testing of offensive weapons
67
Q

The use of what animals in scientific research requires an extra application?

A

Horses, dogs and cats

68
Q

What is defined as a ‘protected animal’ under ASPA 1986?

A

Any living vertebrate (including Octopus vulgaris)
In terms of embryos and foetuses - they are protected from 2/3 of the way through ingestion or incubation period, and include free-living larval forms capable of independent feeding

69
Q

What regulatory bodies are responsible for ASPA 1986

A

Administration is overseen by the Home Office Science and Research Group - with help from the Home Office Inspectorate
Secretary of State has the ultimate decision
Most of the inspectors are vets - and have legal access rights to all designated areas of an establishment - and can conduct unannounced visits
They also review applications and advise accordingly

70
Q

What defined roles are required within an establishment under ASPA 1986

A
  • Establishment licence holder (responsble for testing within the premises)
  • Named vet
  • Named animal care and welfare officer
  • Named training and competency officer
  • Named information officer
71
Q

What are the roles of the Named Veterinary Surgeon under ASPA 1986

A
  • Must have one in all establishments were regulated procedures are conducted (including animals bred for research purposes)
  • All animals on procedure are under the care of the NVS - responsible for all veterinary care not specified under the experimental protocol (and the only one allowed to administer it)
  • NVS must be an MRCVS and hold an additional qualification
  • Must be aware of any drugs that could skew the experimental data - but welfare comes first

Part IIs (4 decks)

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