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IAEA Prelim Exam Mod1 Flashcards

1
Q

What does Toe stand for in energy measurement?

A

Tons of oil equivalent

It represents the amount of energy released by burning one tonne of crude oil, equivalent to 41.868 gigajoules or 11.63 Megawatt-hours.

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2
Q

What is the energy embodied in resources as they exist in nature called?

A

Primary

Examples include chemical energy in fossil fuels and kinetic energy in moving water.

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3
Q

What type of energy is referred to as secondary exergy?

A

Electricity

This includes fuels like gasoline, jet fuel, and heating oil.

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4
Q

What is useful energy?

A

Energy converted to end-use devices

Such as appliances and vehicles.

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5
Q

How much Toe is equivalent to 1 MWh of nuclear and geothermal energy?

A

.26 Toe

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6
Q

How much Toe is equivalent to 1 MWh of hydro, wind, and solar energy?

A

0.086 Toe

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7
Q

In 2018, what percentage of electricity was accounted for by fossil fuels?

A

19%

This statistic highlights the reliance on fossil fuels for electricity generation.

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8
Q

What was the percentage of bioenergy consumption in 2018?

A

10%
Reflects the contribution of bioenergy to the overall energy mix.

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9
Q

What percentage of energy consumption was from oil in 2018?

A

40%
Indicates the significant role of oil in energy consumption.

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10
Q

What percentage of energy consumption was from coal in 2018?

A

13%

Represents coal’s share in the energy consumption landscape.

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11
Q

What percentage of energy consumption was from natural gas in 2018?

A

15%

Shows natural gas’s contribution to energy consumption.

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12
Q

What is electricity?

A

Electricity is the ability of an electromagnetic field to do work, being converted to other forms of energy.

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13
Q

List some advantages of electricity.

A
  • Ease in production
  • Ability to instantly transfer large amounts over long distances with low losses
  • Universality
  • High efficiency of electrical technological installations
  • Preferred medium for communication
  • Serves as a crucial form of energy during transportation, distribution, and end-use phases
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14
Q

What is a disadvantage of electricity?

A

It is virtually impossible to store.

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15
Q

What is the target percentage of electricity that must be generated by renewable sources by 2030?

A

32%

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16
Q

What is the current efficiency range of solar photovoltaic systems?

A

12-18%

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17
Q

Which country is the largest producer of solar energy?

A

Germany

.

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18
Q

What is the capacity of wind energy in gigawatts (GW)?

A

625 GW

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19
Q

What is the capacity factor range for wind energy?

A

15-50%

The capacity factor indicates the actual output compared to maximum possible output.

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20
Q

What percentage of Norway’s electricity comes from hydropower?

A

99%

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21
Q

What is the largest hydropower plant and where is it located?

A

22.5 GW in China

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22
Q

What percentage does hydropower account for in renewable generation?

A

47%

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23
Q

Biomass is primarily derived from what type of materials?

A

Organic materials

Biomass can include plant and animal waste.

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24
Q

Geothermal energy is limited to areas near what geological features?

A

Tectonic plate boundaries

These areas have higher geothermal activity.

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25
What is the capacity of geothermal energy approximately?
196 MW ## Footnote This capacity indicates the potential output of geothermal energy systems.
26
What phase is tidal energy currently in?
Experimental stage ## Footnote Tidal energy technologies are still being tested for viability.
27
True or False: Tidal energy has a significant environmental impact.
True ## Footnote Environmental impacts are a concern during the development of tidal energy projects.
28
How many nuclear reactors were there as of 2020?
442
29
What is the CO2 emissions range produced by coal per kilowatt-hour?
850-1200g CO2/Kwh
30
What is the maximum output of current nuclear reactors?
up to 1600MW
31
What is the dominant design of nuclear reactors?
PWR
32
What type of uranium is primarily used in nuclear reactors?
U-235
33
What does radioactivity involve?
Radioactive elements lose energy and charge into different elements ## Footnote This process is fundamental to understanding nuclear decay.
34
What is the atomic mass unit (AMU)?
1/12 of a 12carbon atom = 1.66043 x 10^-27 kg which is made of a proton or neutron ## Footnote AMU is a standard unit of mass that quantifies mass on an atomic or molecular scale.
35
What is the mass of a proton or neutron in atomic mass units?
1 AMU ## Footnote This is a common reference point in atomic physics.
36
How is work defined in terms of Joules?
1 Joule is the work done when a force moves an object 1 meter in the direction of the force ## Footnote This definition is crucial for understanding energy transfer in physics.
37
What percentage of rest mass energy is attributed to particles?
Approximately 10^-96% ## Footnote This indicates the small fraction of mass that contributes to energy according to Einstein's theory.
38
What is the rest mass energy of a proton and neutron?
939.6 MeV 940.896MeV ## Footnote This value is important for calculations in particle physics.
39
What is the rest mass energy of an electron?
511 keV ## Footnote Electrons have significantly less mass than protons, which is reflected in their energy.
40
What characterizes a radioactive element?
Has more than 82 protons ## Footnote Elements with this number of protons are typically unstable and undergo radioactive decay.
41
What is alpha decay?
Emission of an alpha particle ## Footnote An example of alpha decay is 238U → 234Th + α.
42
What happens during beta decay?
A neutron transforms into a proton or vice versa, emitting a beta particle ## Footnote This process changes the atomic number of the element.
43
What is gamma radiation?
High-energy photons emitted by nuclei in an excited state ## Footnote Gamma rays are often released when an atom transitions from a higher energy state to a lower energy state.
44
Fill in the blank: A radioactive element emits an _______ particle, becoming unstable.
alpha ## Footnote Alpha particles are helium nuclei and are common in alpha decay.
45
True or False: A neutron has a greater rest mass energy than a proton.
False ## Footnote Protons have higher rest mass energy than neutrons.
46
What is an electron volt (eV)
Unit used to measure energy. 1eV = 1.60210 x 10^-19
47
What is neutron release primarily due to?
Nuclear fission ## Footnote Neutron release is a key concept in nuclear reactions, particularly in sustaining chain reactions.
48
Fission can occur for any nucleus with an atomic number greater than _____?
230 ## Footnote This relates to spontaneous fission, a process where a nucleus splits without external influence.
49
What is the half-life of 235U?
704 million years ## Footnote The half-life is the time taken for half the quantity of a radioactive isotope to decay.
50
Radioactivity is measured in _______.
Becquerels (Bq) ## Footnote The Becquerel is the SI unit for radioactivity, indicating the rate of disintegration of radioactive materials.
51
1 Bq corresponds to the disintegration of _____ radioactive nucleus per second.
1 ## Footnote This definition underscores the relationship between radioactivity and decay rates.
52
What is half life?
Rate of radioactive decay is proportional to number of atoms to reduce by 50%
53
What is the definition of absorbed dose?
The total amount of radiation energy absorbed per unit mass of tissue. ## Footnote Absorbed dose is measured in grays (Gy), where 1 gray = 1 joule/kg.
54
How is absorbed dose measured?
In grays (Gy), with 1 gray being equal to 1 joule per kilogram. ## Footnote This measurement quantifies the energy deposited in a mass of tissue.
55
What does a sievert (Sv) measure?
The biological effects of the absorbed dose, taking into account weighting factors (Wr). ## Footnote Sieverts are used to express the health effects of radiation on the human body.
56
What are weighting factors (Wr)?
Factors that account for the different biological effects of radiation on various tissues. ## Footnote Different tissues have different sensitivities to radiation exposure.
57
What are the average radiation exposures per person per year?
2.4 mSv. ## Footnote This figure represents the average background radiation exposure from various natural and artificial sources.
58
What are some examples of sources of radiation exposure?
* Cosmic radiation * Terrestrial radiation * Airborne radiation * Food and drink * Medical and industrial applications ## Footnote Each source contributes to the overall radiation dose individuals receive.
59
True or False: The level of cosmic radiation varies with latitude and longitude.
True. ## Footnote Cosmic radiation exposure is influenced by geographical location.
60
Who first discovered fission?
Otto Hahn and Fritz Strassmann in 1938
61
What is the reaction formula for Uranium-235 fission?
n + 235U → 117La + 87Br + 2n
62
What is the total energy released per fission?
200 MeV or 32 PJ
63
How does the energy produced by one gram of uranium compare to oil?
It produces more energy than the combustion of one ton of oil
64
What is binding energy?
Energy to remove a nucleon from a nucleus
65
Which isotopes are more stable, Lanthanum and Bromine or Uranium?
Lanthanum and Bromine are more stable than Uranium
66
How many neutrons are released per fission reaction?
2.5 neutrons
67
What does the multiplication factor 'k' represent in fission reactions?
The number of fissions in preceding generations
68
What is the reactivity equation for reactors?
K must equal 1
69
What are the three types of reactor conditions?
* Subcritical * Critical (Delayed) * Supercritical (Prompt)
70
What is the value of k for a supercritical reactor?
k > 1
71
What is the value of k for a subcritical reactor?
k < 1
72
What is the value of k for a critical reactor?
k = 1
73
What is radiography?
A diagnostic technique in which x-rays penetrate and create images of the affected organ ## Footnote Radiography is commonly used in medical imaging to diagnose conditions.
74
What is the use of industrial tracers?
To trace leaks and follow water flow ## Footnote Industrial tracers are often used in various sectors to monitor and control fluid dynamics.
75
What is the application of x-rays in food processing?
To preserve food products by sterilization ## Footnote This method helps in extending the shelf life of food items.
76
What is the purpose of using carbon dating?
To study fossils ## Footnote Carbon dating helps in determining the age of organic materials.
77
What percentage of nuclear generated electricity worldwide?
10%
78
What is the percentage of worldwide electricity generated by fossil fuels?
64%
79
What is the purpose of building a nuclear power plant?
To generate electricity
80
What is the definition of an atomic mass unit?
1/12 of a carbon-12 nucleus
81
In beta decay, apart from a nucleus, what else is emitted?
anti-neutrino
82
In atomic terminology, 'A' refers to?
number of protons and neutrons (nucleons)

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