I+P revision

Question 1

What is guided choice through incentives

Answer 1

This intervention is directly rewarding the behaviour it wishes to influence so this is an incentive.

Question 2

A test with low sensitivity

Answer 2

A test with a low sensitivity (for example sensitivity at 30%) means that the majority of cases go undetected (in the example 70% of cases would be missed)
- Many false negatives, not picking up true positives

Question 3

A test with high specificity

Answer 3

• Low number of false positives

- Correctly identifies those who do not have the disease

Question 4

Sufficient cause

Answer 4

If X is present, then Y is ALWAYS present

Question 5

Necessary cause

Answer 5

Y can only happen if X is present (no other causes)

Question 6

Incidence x disease duration =

Answer 6

prevalence

Question 7

Plausibility

Answer 7

reasonable pathway that links exposure to outcome

i.e The exposure very well could have caused the outcome

Question 8

Consistency

Answer 8

Same results if repeat in different time, place or person

- To establish consistency, it is therefore important that the same association is investigated in different studies

Question 9

Temporality

Answer 9

Establishes that the exposure precedes the outcome

Question 10

Specificity in epidemiology

Answer 10

causal factor relates only to the outcome in question - not often

Question 11

Biological gradient

Answer 11

• With linear association

- E.g. As exposure increases so does risk

Question 12

What is causal association

Answer 12

Association between two variables where a change in one makes a change in the other one happen

Question 13

Coherence between two studies

Answer 13

One causal association is coherent with other evidence on associations between the same exposure and different but similar markers.

Question 14

intervention study

Answer 14

Studying the effects of policies that target an exposure

Question 15

Inverse care law

Answer 15

Those who most need medical care are least likely to receive it. Conversely, those with least need of health care tend to use health services more`

Question 16

An advocate

Answer 16

a person who publicly supports or recommends a particular cause or policy

Question 17

Latent period

Answer 17

the time between exposure and infectiousness

Question 18

Infectious period

Answer 18

the time during which someone is able to transmit the disease

Question 19

Incubation period

Answer 19

the time between exposure and development of symptoms

Question 20

For someone to be infectious before they develop symptoms

Answer 20

the latent period must be shorter than the incubation period

Question 21

If the latent period is longer than incubation period

Answer 21

then someone is not infectious until after they have developed symptoms

Question 22

Epidemic

Answer 22

Increase, often sudden, in the number of cases of a disease above what is normally expected in that population in that area

Question 23

Pandemic

Answer 23

An epidemic that crosses international borders

Question 24

Which property of an infectious disease would you use as a basis for deciding on the level of control measures you would impose on a population

Answer 24

Transmissibility

Question 25

Trends in the NHS

Answer 25

• Increased care in the community
• Rising demand for A&E services
• Rising demand for GP consultations
• Reduction in number of beds

Question 26

Difference between healthcare and social care systems

Answer 26

• Healthcare is independent of personal finances
• In social care, you need to contribute to the cost of your care if your assets are above a certain threshold (around £23,000)