I+P revision Flashcards
What is guided choice through incentives
This intervention is directly rewarding the behaviour it wishes to influence so this is an incentive.
A test with low sensitivity
A test with a low sensitivity (for example sensitivity at 30%) means that the majority of cases go undetected (in the example 70% of cases would be missed)
- Many false negatives, not picking up true positives
A test with high specificity
- Low number of false positives
- Correctly identifies those who do not have the disease
Sufficient cause
If X is present, then Y is ALWAYS present
Necessary cause
Y can only happen if X is present (no other causes)
Incidence x disease duration =
prevalence
Plausibility
reasonable pathway that links exposure to outcome
i.e The exposure very well could have caused the outcome
Consistency
Same results if repeat in different time, place or person
- To establish consistency, it is therefore important that the same association is investigated in different studies
Temporality
Establishes that the exposure precedes the outcome
Specificity in epidemiology
causal factor relates only to the outcome in question - not often
Biological gradient
- With linear association
- E.g. As exposure increases so does risk
What is causal association
Association between two variables where a change in one makes a change in the other one happen
Coherence between two studies
One causal association is coherent with other evidence on associations between the same exposure and different but similar markers.
intervention study
Studying the effects of policies that target an exposure
Inverse care law
Those who most need medical care are least likely to receive it. Conversely, those with least need of health care tend to use health services more`
An advocate
a person who publicly supports or recommends a particular cause or policy
Latent period
the time between exposure and infectiousness
Infectious period
the time during which someone is able to transmit the disease
Incubation period
the time between exposure and development of symptoms
For someone to be infectious before they develop symptoms
the latent period must be shorter than the incubation period
If the latent period is longer than incubation period
then someone is not infectious until after they have developed symptoms
Epidemic
Increase, often sudden, in the number of cases of a disease above what is normally expected in that population in that area
Pandemic
An epidemic that crosses international borders
Which property of an infectious disease would you use as a basis for deciding on the level of control measures you would impose on a population
Transmissibility
Trends in the NHS
- Increased care in the community
- Rising demand for A&E services
- Rising demand for GP consultations
- Reduction in number of beds
Difference between healthcare and social care systems
- Healthcare is independent of personal finances
- In social care, you need to contribute to the cost of your care if your assets are above a certain threshold (around £23,000)
